Abstract: A composite membrane made of an asymmetric porous support and an ultrathin layer having a thickness of less than 100 nm is provided. A method of making the membrane and method for carrying out gas separations using the membrane are also provided.

Abstract: A dehumidifier used to remove moisture from a sealed container by isolating a ventilation passage, which is provided in the sealed container, in a plurality of stages by water-vapor permeable waterproof films so that the interior of the ventilation passage has a gradient of density of vapor, and moves the vapor particles from the interior of the container toward the outside air. A structure provided with a cylindrical member fixed to a wall of a box and forming a ventilation passage allowing communication between the interior and exterior of the box, and a bottomed multiplex cylindrical ventilation member. The walls of the ventilation member are formed by first and second waterproof films having minute water-vapor permeable through holes. The bottomed cylindrical ventilation member being provided in the cylindrical member, whereby the ventilation passage is isolated in three stages from the inner portion of the container toward the outer portion thereof.

Abstract: A gas separating composite membrane comprising two types of polyimide resin layers having different molecular structures and each having solubility in an organic solvent different from each other, the two layers being laminated being substantially independent or via a mixed layer, the first polyimide resin layer comprising a porous polyimide supporting membrane having a nitrogen gas permeation flux density at 25.degree. C. of at least 2 Nm.sup.3 /m.sup.2 /h/atm., and the second polyimide resin layer, which contributes to a gas separating performance comprising a fluorine-containing polyimide thin film containing at least three fluorine atoms in a repeating molecular structure unit which constructs the second polyimide resin layer has a very high gas permeation flux density while maintaining a high gas permeability, excels in heat resistance and chemical resistance, and satisfies a practical use in terms of cost.

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward a composition suitable for use in separating CO.sub.2 from gas streams containing CO.sub.2 especially H.sub.2 rich gas streams containing CO.sub.2 and CO. The composition comprises a hydrophylic polymer and at least one salt of an aminoacid, the salt of the aminoacid being present in an amount ranging from about 10 to about 80 wt % based on the total weight of the composition.

Abstract: A process for supplying a flow of nitrogen to a site having flowrate requirements varying between a nominal flowrate and a range situated thereabove comprising: a) passing compressed air into a main line in a separating assembly formed by at least two membrane separation lines mounted in parallel, wherein at least one of the separation lines can be shut off from the main line, the separating assembly having one of the following configurations: a1) when the flowrate requirements are situated at a level of the nominal flowrate, all of the membrane separators of the assembly are in operation, none of the separating lines being shut off; a2) when the flowrate requirements of the site exceed a predetermined flowrate, at least one of the lines of the separating assembly is shut off, keeping at least one separation line and its membrane separator in operation; b) advancing nitrogen gas obtained at the outlet side of each of the membrane separators to a collector connected downstream of the main line; c) evacuating g

Abstract: Semipermeable membranes of homogeneously miscible polymer alloys and a process for their preparation. In particular, semipermeable membranes of homogeneous polymer alloys which contain sulfonated, aromatic polyether ketones and at least one polyamide as the main constituents, wherein the polyamide is a completely aromatic polyamide.

Abstract: An oil- and water-repellent filter which contains a porous filter material that has its internal and external surfaces coated with a compound formed by combining a fluoropolymer having a fluorine-containing aliphatic cyclic structure in the main chain and a fluoropolymer containing polyfluoroalkyl groups. The coating imparts superior oil- and water-repellency without impairment to the flow of air or other gases through the filter.

Abstract: A self-adhesive vent filter adsorbent assembly with diffusion tube is provided for removing gaseous contaminants from an enclosure comprising a layer of polymer film forming a diffusion tube, two adhesive layers, at least one filtration layer and optionally an absorbent layer. An outside mounting assembly is also provided.

Abstract: The invention is a process for obtaining membranes having improved selectivity and recovery using a combination of heat treating and UV irradiation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fluid separation composite membranes prepared from sulfonated aromatic polymers in lithium salt form with sulfonic acid groups attached to aromatic rings that are incorporated into the main polymeric backbone.

Abstract: Multilayer composite membranes are produced in a one-step coating process that provides an interior gas separation layer and an external defect sealing layer.

Abstract: A multilayer membrane for separating gas mixtures includes a polymer supporting membrane with a voids volume of more than 50% and a coating of two or more separating layers made of two or more different polymers. A hollow capillary serving as the supporting membrane is guided through the central bore of a spinneret. The spinneret has one or several concentric annular slits and/or annular grooves, through each of which a solution of one of the polymers forming the separating layers is applied to the supporting membrane. The spinneret terminates in a sealed chamber in which the solvent or solvents of the polymer solutions is/are evaporated and removed. The coated supporting membrane is drawn out of the chamber and wound up, possibly following aftertreatment with heat and/or liquids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to composite membranes and membranes which are formed from modified poly(phenylene oxide) polymers having improved film forming properties and separation characteristics. The present invention further relates to poly(phenylene oxide) polymer and modified poly(phenylene oxide) polymer, having improved membrane forming characteristics and processes for producing the same.

Abstract: A gas permeable material having continuous pores through it, in which the pore interiors are coated with a coating composition of the formula: ##STR1## wherein B is selected from the class consisting of ##STR2## and R is (--CH.sub.2 --).sub.x wherein x is a cardinal number of 1-4;Y i s C.sub.n F.sub.2n+1 or ##STR3## where n is a cardinal number of 3-20 and R.sup.1 is H or alkyl of 1-4 carbon.

Abstract: Composite membrane, process for its production and its useA composite membrane for gas separation having a three-layer structure, constructed fromA) a supporting membrane layer made of porous polymer,B) a nonporous, gas-permeable intermediate layer,C) a permselective layer of regularly arranged organic molecules having a layer thickness of 3 to 100 nm,the layers (A) and (C) enclosing the intermediate layer (B), wherein the permselective layer (C) is constructed from regularly arranged amphiphilic molecules which contain one or two alkyl chains each having 7 to 25 carbon atoms per polar hydrophilic group.

Abstract: The invention provides carbon membranes for use in fluid separation processes, particularly gas separations, which are treated with a coating that provides a protective barrier which significantly limits permeation of water vapor or other impurities such as hydrocarbons without significantly inhibiting permeation of the faster fluid component or lowering selectivity. The composite membranes retain good fluid separation properties and are resistant to the adverse effects on membrane performance commonly observed in environments having high humidity. The coating is preferably an amorphous polymer of perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole. The membranes can be of a varied configuration: sheet form, hollow fiber, asymmetrical membranes and the like.

Abstract: This invention provides a composite gas separation membrane comprising: (a) a porous polyacrylonitrile structural support material having a polyacrylonitrile surface; (b) a gutter layer coating comprising a crosslinked polar phenyl-containing-organopolysiloxane material on the polyacrylonitrile surface of the structural support material, leaving an uncoated gutter layer surface; and (c) an ultrathin 6FDA type polyimide selective membrane layer coating on the uncoated gutter layer surface. In preferred embodiments, the phenyl-containing-organopolysiloxane material additionally comprises a silica-sol. Processes for making the composite gas separation membrane and for using the membrane to carry out gas separations are also provided.

Abstract: A gas separating asymmetric membrane such as a gas separating asymmetric hollow fiber comprises an aromatic polyimide comprising recurring units of the formulae (I) and (II): ##STR1## wherein A.sup.1 is a tetravalent unit having a diphenylhexafluoropropane structure, A.sup.2 is a tetravalent unit having a benzene structure, and A.sup.3 is a divalent aromatic unit which is a unit derived from a sulfur atom-containing diamine such as diaminodibenzothiophene, diaminodiphenylenesulfone, diaminothioxanthene-5,5-dioxide or diaminothioxanthone-5,5-dioxide. The aromatic polyimide contains the recurring unit of the formula (I) in an amount of 40 to 90 molar % and the recurring unit of the formula (II) in an amount of 10 to 40 molar %. Further, a process for the preparation of the gas separating asymmetric hollow fiber membrane is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for preparing gas separation membranes wherein a thin film of an amorphous fluoropolymer is spray-deposited as an aerosol onto a microporous substrate and rendered substantially continuous or defect-free by thermal and/or chemical treatment.

Abstract: A membrane for a filter device or a device for gas or liquid separation, the membrane being constituted by a porous structure made of at least one material selected from sintered ceramic, sintered metals, microporous carbon, microporous glass, and polymers, said structure including at least one microporous layer, wherein the entire outside surface and inside surface of the pores of said structure is covered by a thin and continuous film of a polyphosphazene, the thickness of said film lying in the range 0.01% to 10% of the mean diameter of the pores of said microporous layer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described by which photocopies can be obtained from documents and the like without the need for optical means for forming focused images of the documents.

Abstract: Electrophotosensitive materials having the structure ##STR1## wherein: A AND B REPRESENT ZERO, ONE OR TWO;L.sup.1 through L.sup.7, which may be the same or different represent hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, aryl or dialkylaminoarylvinyl; or any two of L.sup.1, L.sup.2, and L.sup.3 or any two of L.sup.4, L.sup.5, L.sup.6 and L.sup.7 may, together with the atoms to which they are attached, represent the elements needed to complete a carbocyclic ring;R represents alkyl, aryl, nitroaryl or hydrogen;A.sup.1 represents aryl or a heterocyclic nucleus including those nuclei defined for A.sup.2 below;A.sup.2 represents a N-alkyl substituted nucleus of the type used in cyanine dyes.

Abstract: In general, materials having the structure ##STR1## WHEREIN N EQUALS 1 OR 2;A represents phenylene, naphthylene, anthracenyl, anthracenediyl, and dibenzothien-diyl;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, which may be the same or different when taken alone represent hydrogen, cyano, alkylcarbonyl and arylcarbamoyl, arylcarbonyl, cyanoaryl;R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, when taken together, represent sufficient atoms to form substituted and unsubstituted radicals selected from the group consisting of furanylidene, fluorenylidene, pyrimidinylidene, thiazolidinylidene, pyrrolinyl, and indenyl, isoxazolinylidene, pyrazolinylidene and indanylidene, wherein said substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, cyano, aryl, oxo, thioxo, nitro, alkyl, nitroaryl, carbamoyl and cyanoalkyl; andAlkyl represents an alkyl group having from one to six carbon atoms; aryl represents an aromatic nucleus selected from the group consisting of benzene, naphthalene or anthracene, are useful in electrophoretic migration imaging processes.

Abstract: Electrophotosensitive materials having the structure ##STR1## wherein R represents a basic heterocyclic nucleus as well as groups such as hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, etc.;A.sub.1 represents a wide variety of basic heterocyclic nuclei;A.sub.2 represents aryl or may be the same as A.sub.1 ;G represents O or S;M is 0 to 3;N is 0 to 1; andL.sup.1, l.sup.2, l.sup.3, l.sup.4 and L.sup.5 represent hydrogen, alkyl or aryl.

Abstract: Trans-epindolidione is a useful yellow material in forming photoelectrophoretic migration images.

Abstract: In an electrophotographic process in which a photosensitive member such as CdS.nCdCO.sub.3 -resin photosensitive member having peculiar hysteresis characteristics is sequentially subjected to pre-charging step, hysteresis charging step, hysteresis exposure step, charging step and image-wise light exposure step, the adjustment of photosensitivity of the photosensitive member by variation of the amount of light in the hysteresis exposure step results in an improvement in image formation.

Abstract: An improved method of transferring an electrostatically developed image from a photoreceptor to a transfer member (e.g., a sheet of paper) in contact with the image including simultaneously (1) charging the transfer member to a polarity opposite to that of the toner forming the developed image, (2) exposing a photoconductive surface of the photoreceptor to light, and (3) charging the photoconductive surface to the same polarity as that of the toner particles.

Abstract: Electrophoretic migration imaging apparatus and method of the type using electrophotosensitive pigment particles are improved, e.g., as to image density and background, by providing an enlarged migration environment for the imaged electrode. In one embodiment the non-imaged electrode and pigment dispersion thereon are moved predeterminedly, in direction and rate, so as to supplant non-imaged electrode surface and dispersion presented to imaged electrode portions during each successive imaging sequence.

Abstract: In an electrostatic printing process utilizing a printing master formed by exposing and heat developing a photosensitive element formed from a reducible organic silver salt, image forming capability is enhanced by a preheating of the image-forming member prior to said exposure and heat developing of the exposed image.

Abstract: There are described novel yellow compounds which are represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein X is a member selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## The compounds may be used for various applications and preferably are utilized as imaging particles in the photoelectrophoretic imaging method.

Abstract: A magnetic imaging system is disclosed wherein an optical image is first reduced to a graphic image by employing a magnetizable marking material followed by magnetization of the graphic image and transfer of the imagewise pattern of magnetization to a magnetic substrate to provide a latent magnetic image. The latent magnetic image is utilized for the purpose of image duplicating by successive development and transfer steps or for electronic transmission of information. Improved latent magnetic images are provided by retoning the graphic image after magnetization and further magnetizing the retoned graphic image from which the latent image is produced. Also, polishing the redeveloped graphic image further improves the quality of the latent image.

Abstract: Electrophoretic image generation involving a conductivity pattern and a field produced by electrodes which are shunted in the process of image formation, the shunting being interrupted for a predetermined time to minimize background.

Abstract: A process for forming electrostatic latent images to be developed by a color toner. The process comprises steps of electrically charging a photoconductive layer of an ion-beam controlling screen, exposing the photoconductive layer electrically charged to a first image information, disposing a recording medium having a photoconductive layer so as to oppose to the exposed photoconductive layer, and applying ions to the photoconductive layer of the recording medium through the screen to form an electrostatic latent image having a background of charged potential. The photoconductive layer of the recording medium in which the electrostatic latent image is formed is exposed to a second image information to produce a corrected electrostatic latent image.

Abstract: There is disclosed a photoelectrophoretic imaging method wherein, after an image is formed on the surface of an electrode, the image is subjected to an electrical field, under darkened conditions, established between the electrode carrying the image and another electrode to enhance the image.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are provided for achieving substantially uniform charging of a single layer thermoplastic recording surface in either a positive or negative sense to a potential just below the frost threshold level, for exposing the thermoplastic surface to light in image configuration, and for applying a heat pulse to the thermoplastic surface for a time relatively short compared to the duration of the light exposure interval and during that exposure. The charging event is arranged so that the thermoplastic surface is raised only to a relatively low potential with respect to ground. More specifically, the consequent surface charge density on the thermoplastic surface is of a low enough magnitude that no frost is produced when the medium is cycled without exposure to light; furthermore, the quality of the recording is relatively insensitive to layer thickness.

Abstract: There is disclosed a photoelectrophoretic imaging system wherein a layer of an imaging suspension is arranged between a conductive transparent electrode and a second electrode, preferably a blocking electrode, subjected to an electrical field and exposed to an imagewise pattern of activating electromagnetic radiation to form an image on the transparent electrode which is subsequently transferred to a receiver member and fixed thereto. The conductive transparent electrode comprises a layer of a conductive material overlying a layer of polymeric material which overlies a substrate and is also utilized during the transfer and fixing of the image.

Abstract: An imaging apparatus including a means for converting graphic indicia into an electrical representations, a source of a coherent beam of optical radiation at a predetermined wavelength, a modulator for controlling the transmissive characteristics of a crystal which modulates the coherent beam in response to the electrical representations, a light deflector for scanning the modulated coherent beam in a scan pattern forming an image on a surface and means for developing the image from the surface and imaging a representation of graphic indicia by controlling the modulation and scanning of a coherent beam of optical radiation in a controlled pattern forming an image on a surface representative of the graphic indicia and developing the image.

Abstract: An image recording medium for recording incident radiation to provide a positive transparency is constructed of two electrically conductive composite layers containing photoconductive material between them. One of the conductive layers is opaque and the other is transparent to the incident radiation. A voltage, sufficient to cause holes to be produced in the opaque conductive layer in response to the incident radiation, is applied between the conductive layers. Various systems for controlling the recording process are described.

Abstract: An improved electrophoretic imaging process is provided wherein the improvement comprises the use of electrostatic charge-bearing particles having an electrically photosensitive pigment which is the reaction product of 2,3-naphthalenediol and a diazonium salt. Preferred pigments have the following structure: ##STR1## wherein: R.sup.1 is a lower alkoxy group or --OCH.sub.2 CONH.sub.2 ;R.sup.2 is H or NO.sub.2 ; andR.sup.3 is H or --SO.sub.2 NH.sub.2.

Abstract: Process for preparation of transparencies from a solid phase dispersion of photoconductive particles in an insulating binder matrix. In this process, a dispersion is initially formed from an insulating polymer resin and an organoselenium compound capable of undergoing selective decomposition in response to an appropriate stimulus, whereby elemental selenium is extruded from said organoselenium compound and deposited within the polymeric resin. As a result of this deposition of elemental selenium within the insulating layer, the layer is rendered photoresponsive and can be used in conventional electrophotographic processes. Subsequent to the development and fusion of a developer image on this imaging member, the extrusion/deposition reaction can be reversed and the selenium deposit erased thus leaving a toner image fused to a substantially transparent polymeric film.

Abstract: A method for color accenting selected portions of a photocopy wherein a photoconductive surface is exposed to a light image of the document being reproduced, the non-selected portions of the resulting latent image are erased prior to developing the image with a given colored toner, and the developed image is transferred to a copy sheet before a subsequent reproduction of the document is performed. During the subsequent reproduction, the non-selected portions of the latent image remain on the photoconductive surface and the selected portions are erased prior to development with a different color than the given colored toner of the non-selected portions of the document and the transfer of the non-selected portions to the same copy sheet that previously received the selected portions.

Abstract: An imaging system is disclosed wherein unpigmented transparent xerographic toner images are used to make color and full color pictorial transparencies and selected hard copy according to specific toner-tacking methods.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for reducing X-ray dosage required for xeroradiographic examinations without reducing the relative information capacity of the images produced during the examination. In particular, a charged xerographic plate is positioned adjacent the object to be examined and penetrating X-ray radiation is projected through the object onto the plate surface, forming a latent electrostatic image on the surface of the plate. The penetrating radiation utilized is of a substantially lower dosage than normally utilized. The image is then partially developed with developing powder and the partially developed image is then charged and exposed to substantially uniform radiation. The exposed charged image is finally developed by applying additional developing powder thereto resulting in an enhanced image or signal.

Abstract: Positive and negative copies are formed from both positive and negative originals by developing with both positively and negatively charged toner and selectively transferring toner of one polarity to produce a positive or negative print. The developer may be comprised of two toners and a single carrier; two carriers and a single toner or a single toner and a single carrier.

Abstract: In an electrophoretic reproduction process wherein a colored reproduction of an original is obtained by sequentially electrophoretically generating at least two visible monochromatic images, and superimposing said images in registry upon a copy web to form a colored reproduction, an improvement is provided comprising essentially eliminating back migration of marking materials from the copy web to the imaging suspension in the second and subsequent image generating steps by employing, in each instance, marking materials comprising a solvent tackifiable polymer and a colorant and/or a copy web containing a solvent tackifiable polymer, and applying to the copy web at least a partial solvent for said tackifiable polymer in an amount sufficient to render said polymer at least partially tacky before the second and before each subsequent image generating step.

Abstract: There are described novel yellow compounds which are represented by the formula ##STR1## wherein X is a member selected from the group consisting of ##STR2## The compounds may be used for various applications and preferably are utilized as imaging particles in the photoelectrophoretic imaging method.

Abstract: A liquid toner composition comprising carrier liquid and toner particles for the development of electrostatic charge patterns is described wherein the said liquid comprises (1) a bivalent or trivalent metal salt of an oxyacid derived from phosphorus containing at least one organic residue and (2) one or more members selected from the group consisting of amines, polyurethans and alkylated polymers of a heterocyclic N-vinyl monomer. By means of the materials (1) and (2) the polarity of the toner particles can be controlled to obtain optimum image density and contrast. When carbon blacks are used as toner material it is possible to control the polarity to obtain either positive-working or negative-working toner compositions.

Abstract: Plastic pigment spheric particles which form a matrix for diazotype reproduction materials are applied to a base sheet. Whether the diazo sensitizing solution is included in admixture with spheric plastic pigment particles or is applied thereafter as a second coating, a matrix is formed having a sensitized diazo layer dispersed throughout. Such diazo matrices permit control of contrast ratios over a wide range. Also such diazo matrices are transferable. The diazo matrix image can be made water fast by an after treatment by means of a solvent. Such a matrix lends itself to the heat development process by retaining the heat generated development agents within the matrix due to its thermoplastic character. In another aspect of the invention multi-color diazo reproduction on a single base sheet employing consecutive overcoatings of the matrix and diazo sensitizing solution after each development can be achieved.

Abstract: A photoelectrophoretic imaging machine for producing, in a preferred embodiment, full color copies from opaque originals or, alternatively, copies from transparencies.In a preferred embodiment, the formation of photoelectrophoretic images occur between two thin injecting and blocking webs at least one of which is partially transparent and the image formed is transferred to a paper web. The injecting and blocking webs may be disposable, thus, cleaning systems are not required. The injecting web is provided with a conductive surface and is driven in a path to the inking station where a layer of photoelectrophoretic ink is applied to the conductive web surface. The inked injecting web is driven in a path passing the deposition scorotron at the precharge station and into contact with the blocking web to form the inkweb sandwich at the imaging roller in the imaging zone.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for reducing X-ray dosage required for xeroradiographic examinations without reducing the relative information capacity of the images produced during the examination. In particular, a charged xerographic plate is positioned adjacent the object to be examined and penetrating X-ray radiation is projected through the object onto the plate surface, forming a latent electrostatic image on the surface of the plate. The penetrating radiation utilized is of a substantially lower dosage than normally utilized. The image is then partially developed with developing powder and the partially developed image is then charged and exposed to substantially uniform radiation. The exposed charged image is finally developed by applying additional developing powder thereto resulting in an enhanced image or signal.