Abstract: A switching circuit and a DC-DC converter including the same are provided. The switching circuit includes an output terminal, a plurality of input terminals, and a plurality of switches configured to selectively connect the plurality of input terminals to the output terminal. The plurality of switches include a first switch directly connected to the output terminal and a plurality of second switches connecting the plurality of input terminals to the first switch. The first switch is implemented using a high-voltage transistor. Each of the second switches is implemented using a low-voltage transistor. A gate of the high-voltage transistor is at least two times longer than a gate of the low-voltage transistor. The DC-DC converter increases or decreases a signal selected from among a plurality of input signals input through the input terminals by a predetermined voltage level.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same, a first insulation layer is removed from a cell area of a substrate and a first active pattern is formed on the first area by a laser-induced epitaxial growth (LEG) process. Residuals of the first insulation layer are passively formed into a first device isolation pattern on the first area. The first insulation layer is removed from the second area of the substrate and a semiconductor layer is formed on the second area of the substrate by a SEG process. The semiconductor layer on the second area is patterned into a second active pattern including a recessed portion and a second insulation pattern in the recessed portion is formed into a second device isolation pattern on the second area. Accordingly, grain defects in the LEG process and lattice defects in the SEG process are mitigated or eliminated.

Abstract: A filter frame is removably attachable to a box fan. The filter frame is adapted for receiving a standard HVAC-style filter for removing contaminants from air flow induced by the fan. In this manner, a cost-effective means for filtering a flow of air is provided for residential and commercial settings. The filter frame is adaptable to a variety of standard box fan types of different styles and dimensions. The frame is configured to accommodate standard filters, such as those readily available from retail hardware stores and home centers.

Abstract: A semiconductor device with a strain layer and a method of fabricating the semiconductor device with a strain layer that can reduce a loading effect are provided. By arranging active dummies and gate dummies not to overlap each other, the area of active dummy on which a strain layer dummy will be formed can be secured, thereby reducing the loading effect.

Abstract: In a motion estimation device and a video encoding device including the same, a motion estimation device provides a motion vector by performing a motion estimation algorithm, and includes a motion estimation unit including a processing elements that perform a calculating operation on pixel data of a block of a current frame and reference data in a search area of a reference frame and that output operation results on candidate blocks in the search area, in parallel; and a comparison and selection unit that compares the operation results provided from the motion estimation unit to each other, and that generates and outputs a motion vector corresponding to the block of the current frame.

Abstract: An access control method of a semiconductor device includes providing an inputted password as an input of a hash operator; performing a hash operation in the hash operator and outputting a first hash value; controlling the hash operator so that the hash operation is repeatedly performed in the hash operator by providing the first hash value as an input of the hash operator when the first hash value and a second hash value stored in a nonvolatile memory do not coincide; and setting an access level with respect to the inner circuit according to the repetition number of times of the hash operation of the hash operator when the first and second hash values coincide.

Abstract: A system-on-chip comprises a power-off domain block; and a power-on domain block that analyzes externally transferred data during a power-down state of the power-off domain block, wherein the power-on domain block executes an operation of the power-off domain block or a wake-up operation, based on an analyzed result of the externally transferred data.

Abstract: Provided is a computer-implemented method for providing a common index securities fund that provides liquidity in a plurality of small business borrowers in a defined class. The method comprises providing a pool of cash from a lender to the fund; generating loans from the fund to borrowers; depositing the loans in interest-bearing accounts; providing interest from the interest bearing accounts to the lender and the borrowers; and, upon withdrawal of the loans from the interest-bearing accounts, repaying the loans to the lender and commencing a payment stream by each borrower to the fund, including adjusting one or more payments in the payment stream using an index having a value relationship to the class.

Abstract: A light emitting device that provides white light of various color temperatures by using a double-sided light emitting element, a light emitting system comprising the same, and a method of fabricating thereof are provided. The light emitting device includes a double-sided light emitting element including a first light emitting element on one side of a substrate and emits light having a first wavelength and a second light emitting element on the other side of the substrate and emits light having a second wavelength, wherein the first wavelength and the second wavelength are different each other, a first variable resistor coupled to the first light emitting element and adjusting a first driving power applied to the first light emitting element, and a second variable resistor coupled to the second light emitting element and adjusting a second driving power applied to the second light emitting element.

Abstract: A radio frequency identification (RFID) interrogator for determining a bandwidth of a backscattering signal to be backscattered by an RFID tag and a method of operating the same are provided. The RFID interrogator senses a predetermined frequency band to determine whether the predetermined frequency band has been occupied and determines a sensing result. The RFID interrogator further controls the bandwidth of the backscattering signal in response to the sensing result.

Abstract: A plurality of nanowires is grown on a first substrate in a first direction perpendicular to the first substrate. An insulation layer covering the nanowires is formed on the first substrate to define a nanowire block including the nanowires and the insulation layer. The nanowire block is moved so that each of the nanowires is arranged in a second direction parallel to the first substrate. The insulation layer is partially removed to partially expose the nanowires. A gate line covering the exposed nanowires is formed. Impurities are implanted into portions of the nanowires adjacent to the gate line.

Abstract: In a semiconductor device having a recessed gate electrode and a method of fabricating the same, a channel trench is formed in a semiconductor substrate by etching the semiconductor substrate. A first semiconductor layer is formed on the semiconductor substrate that fills the channel trench. A second semiconductor layer is formed on the first semiconductor layer, the second semiconductor layer having a lower impurity concentration than the first semiconductor layer.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a three-dimensional semiconductor memory device including three-dimensionally arranged transistors includes forming a thin film structure comprising a plurality of thin films on a semiconductor substrate, patterning the thin film structure such that a penetration region is formed to expose the semiconductor substrate, forming a polycrystalline semiconductor layer to cover the resultant structure where the penetration region is formed, patterning the semiconductor layer to locally form a semiconductor pattern within the penetration region, and performing a post-treatment process to treat the semiconductor layer or the semiconductor pattern with a post-treatment material containing hydrogen or deuterium.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display (LCD) panel driver with a self-masking function using a power-on reset signal, and in a method of driving the same, the LCD panel driver includes a power-on reset signal generation unit that generates a power-on reset signal in response to a supply voltage applied to a LCD panel; a latch unit that receives a start pulse signal instructing that source lines of the LCD panel be driven and generates first and second set signals for setting an initial value of an output signal of a flip-flop to be in a predetermined default logic level, in response to the power-on reset signal; and a counter unit that generates a start pulse masking signal by masking at least one pulse of the start pulse signal in response to the first and second set signals and the start pulse signal.

Abstract: Disclosed are a semiconductor memory device, and a method of driving the same, and a cyclic redundancy check code generating circuit capable of performing cyclic redundancy check. A semiconductor memory device according to an aspect of the present invention includes a memory cell array, a data processing unit receiving data that is read from the memory cell array and selectively outputting at least some of the data according to ordering information, bit structure information, and burst length information, and a check code generating unit generating a cyclic redundancy check code to detect an error in the data being output, the check code generating unit generating and outputting the cyclic redundancy check code by using the read data, the ordering information, the bit structure information, and the burst length information.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is manufactured by a method including processes of trimming and molding resist patterns. A resist layer formed on a substrate is exposed and developed to form the resist patterns. The resist patterns are trimmed using a first gas plasma to change the profiles of the resist patterns. Widths of the trimmed resist patterns are increased using a second gas plasma to form processed resist patterns.

Abstract: Provided is a method of forming patterns for a semiconductor device in which fine patterns and large-width patterns are formed simultaneously and adjacent to each other. In the method, a first layer is formed on a substrate so as to cover a first region and a second region which are included in the substrate. Both a blocking pattern covering a portion of the first layer in the first region and a low-density large-width pattern covering a portion of the first layer in the second region are simultaneously formed. A plurality of sacrificial mask patterns are formed on the first layer and the blocking pattern in the first region. A plurality of spacers covering exposed sidewalls of the plurality of sacrificial mask patterns are formed. The plurality of sacrificial mask patterns are removed.

Abstract: An image display system includes: a frame buffer including plurality of lines; a memory controller conducting writing and reading operations with the frame buffer; an image data provider supplying image data to the memory controller and generating a writing address; a display controller generating a reading address and receiving image data that is read from the frame buffer by the memory controller; a tearing-protection bus arbiter storing a burst length, receiving the writing and reading addresses, and selectively outputting the writing and reading addresses; and a display device displaying the image data by the display controller. The reading address contains a start address for the reading operation and the writing address contains a start address for the writing operation.

Abstract: Knowledge research and mapping system and method automatically construct a knowledge research map representing the researched topics, their inter-relationships, and related responses retrieved through the processing of, for example, a natural language or Boolean query that is automatically submitted via a knowledge search tool to a database.