RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, FIBER OPTIC CONNECTOR MICROLENS WITH SELF-ALIGNING OPTICAL FIBER CAVITY, invented by Reid Greenberg et al., Ser. No. 12/862,614, filed Aug. 24, 2010;
which is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, FIBER OPTIC JACK WITH HIGH INTERFACE MISMATCH TOLERANCE, invented by Igor Zhovnirovsky et al., Ser. No. 12/793,513, filed Jun. 3, 2010;
which is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, FIBER OPTIC CABLE WITH HIGH INTERFACE MISMATCH TOLERANCE, invented by Igor Zhovnirovsky et al., Ser. No. 12/784,849, filed May 21, 2010;
which is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, PUNCH-DOWN FIBER OPTIC CABLE TERMINATION, invented by Igor Zhovnirovsky et al., Ser. No. 12/756,087, filed Apr. 7, 2010:
which is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, CONNECTOR JACK PROCESSING BACKCAP, invented by Igor Zhovnirovsky et al., Ser. No. 12/652,705, filed Jan. 5, 2010:
which is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, OFF-AXIS MISALIGNMENT COMPENSATING FIBER OPTIC CABLE INTERFACE, invented by Igor Zhovnirovsky et al., Ser. No. 12/581,799, filed Oct. 19, 2009;
which is a Continuation-in-Part of a pending application entitled, FIBER OPTIC CABLE INTERFACE, invented by Igor Zhovnirovsky et al., Ser. No. 12/483,616, filed Jun. 12, 2009. All the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to optical cables and, more particularly, to a fiber optical plug connector with a mechanism for aligning the core of an optical fiber with a plug microlens.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, optical fiber connectors are spring-loaded. The fiber endfaces (optical interfaces) of the two connectors are pressed together, resulting in a direct glass to glass or plastic to plastic, contact. The avoidance of glass-to-air or plastic-to-air interfaces is critical, as an air interface results in higher connector losses. However, the tight tolerances needed to eliminate an air interface make these connectors relatively expensive to manufacture.
FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a Transmission Optical SubAssembly (TOSA) optical cable plug (prior art). The plug 100 is made from a plastic housing 102 with a bored ferrule 106 to secure an optical fiber 108. The plug 100 also includes a plastic lens 110, manufactured as a subassembly, integrated into the plug. The lens 110 has a curved surface to create a focal plane where the plug mates with a jack 112. The lens permits a low loss air gap to be formed between the plug and a connecting jack. In addition to the expense of manufacturing a 2-part plug, the plug must be made to relatively tight tolerances, so that the lens focal plane aligns with the jack, which also increases the cost of the plug.
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an 8 Position 8 Contact (8P8C) interface (prior art). The ubiquitous 8P8C connector is a hardwired electrical connector used commercially and residentially to connect personal computers, printers, and routers. The 8P8C is often referred to as RJ45. Although the housing/body can be made as a one-piece plastic molding, the spring-loaded contacts and the necessity of cable crimping add to the complexity of manufacturing the part. Advantageously however, the spring-loaded contacts permit the part to be made to relatively lax tolerances.
As noted in Wikipedia, plastic optical fiber (POF) is an optical fiber which is made out of plastic. Conventionally, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a transparent thermoplastic (acrylic) alternative to glass, is the core material, and fluorinated polymers are the cladding material. Since the late 1990s however, much higher-performance POF based on perfluorinated polymers (mainly polyperfluorobutenylvinylether) has begun to appear in the marketplace.
In large-diameter fibers, 96% of the cross section is the core that allows the transmission of light. Similar to conventional glass fiber, POF transmits light (or data) through the core of the fiber. The core size of POF is in some cases 100 times larger than glass fiber.
POF has been called the “consumer” optical fiber because the fiber and associated optical links, connectors, and installation are all inexpensive. The conventional PMMA fibers are commonly used for low-speed, short-distance (up to 100 meters) applications in digital home appliances, home networks, industrial networks (PROFIBUS, PROFINET), and car networks (MOST). The perfluorinated polymer fibers are commonly used for much higher-speed applications such as data center wiring and building LAN wiring.
For telecommunications, the more difficult to use glass optical fiber is more common. This fiber has a core made of germania-doped silica. Although the actual cost of glass fibers is lower than plastic fiber, their installed cost is much higher due to the special handling and installation techniques required. One of the most exciting developments in polymer fibers has been the development of microstructured polymer optical fibers (mPOF), a type of photonic crystal fiber.
In summary, POF uses PMMA or polystyrene as a fiber core, with refractive indices of 1.49 & 1.59, respectively. The fiber cladding overlying the core is made of silicone resin (refractive index ˜1.46). A high refractive index difference is maintained between core and cladding. POF have a high numerical aperture, high mechanical flexibility, and low cost.
Generally, POF is terminated in cable assembly connectors using a method that trims the cables, epoxies the cable into place, and cures the epoxy. ST style connectors, for example, include a strain relief boot, crimp sleeve, and connector (with ferrule). The main body of the connector is epoxied to the fiber, and fiber is threaded through the crimp sleeve to provide mechanical support. The strain relief boot prevents to fiber from being bent in too small of a radius. Some connectors rely upon the connector shape for mechanical support, so a crimp sleeve is not necessary.
First, the strain relief boot and crimp sleeve are slid onto the cable. A jacket stripping tool must be used to remove the end portion of the fiber, exposing an aramid yarn (e.g., Kevlar™) covered buffer or cladding layer. Next, a buffer stripping tool is used to remove a section of the buffer layer; exposing the core. After mixing, a syringe is filled with epoxy. A bead of epoxy is formed at the end of the ferrule, and the ferrule back-filled with epoxy. The exposed fiber core is threaded through the connector ferrule with a rotating motion, to spread the epoxy, until the jacket meets the connector. At this point the crimping sleeve is slide onto the connector body and crimped in two places. Then, the strain relief boot can be slide over the crimp sleeve. After the epoxy cures, the core extending through the ferrule is polished with a lapping film. Then, the core is scribed at the point where it extends from the epoxy bead. The extending core potion is then cleaved from the connector and polished in multiple steps.
As noted in the above-referenced parent applications, the advantages of using a microlens in a plug or jack connector include the ability to focus light on point, such as a photodiode or optical fiber core face, while transceiving light in a collimated beam between connectors. However, the focusing of light on a fiber core face requires that the fiber core and microlens be properly aligned.
It would be advantageous if an optical connector plug had a mechanism for self-aligning an optical fiber core with a plug microlens.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According, a fiber optical connector microlens is provided with a focal plane aligning fiber trap. The microlens is made from a convex first lens surface, a second lens surface (planar or convex), and a fiber trap integrally formed with the second lens surface for aligning a face of an optical fiber core in a microlens focal plane. In one aspect, the fiber trap includes a barrel attached to the second lens surface and a clamping mechanism to prevent an inserted fiber core, with a diameter about equal to a barrel interior surface diameter, from being withdrawn from the barrel. A core stop limits the insertion of a fiber core into the barrel, and the microlens forms a focal point at the core stop, when transceiving light in a collimated beam via the first lens surface. The fiber trap clamping mechanism can be an irregular barrel interior surface to frictionally engage a fiber core exterior surface, or a constricted region of the barrel interior surface, having a diameter smaller than an uncompressed fiber core diameter. In another aspect, the fiber trap clamping mechanism is a corkscrew region of the barrel interior surface, with grooves having a diameter larger than the fiber core diameter and ridges having a passage smaller than the fiber core diameter.
As an alternative to the barrel, the microlens may include a channel to accept a fiber core, a core stop to limit the insertion of a fiber core into the channel, and a pivoting jaw fiber trap to prevent an inserted fiber core from being withdrawn from the channel. Any of the above-mentioned fiber trap variations may be combined with a fiber alignment cavity integrally formed with the second lens surface, to accept an optical fiber core. While the fiber trap controls the insertion of fiber core (Z axis), the fiber alignment cavity controls the fiber core positioning in the XY plane.
Additional details of the above-described microlens, and a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber trap mechanism, are provided below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a Transmission Optical SubAssembly (TOSA) optical cable plug (prior art).
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an 8 Position 8 Contact (8P8C) interface (prior art).
FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting a fiber optic cable.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are a more detailed depiction of the first plug microlens of FIG. 3.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional and plan views, respectively, of the first plug of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the first plug microlens of FIG. 3.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are drawings depicting a fiber optic cable with a cable section that includes a first plurality of fiber optic lines.
FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting communicating jack and plug microlens.
FIG. 9 is a model calculation graphically depicting the coupling efficiency of the system of FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a diagram depicting the fiber core acceptance angle.
FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the relationship between coupling efficiency and fiber lateral decentering (Δ).
FIG. 12 is a diagram depicting the effective focal length of the plug microlens.
FIG. 13 is a table of tolerances cross-referenced to fiber lateral decentering.
FIG. 14 is a graph depicting coupling efficiency as a function of photodiode (PD) decentering.
FIG. 15 is a diagram depicting the relationship between fiber decentering and lens tilt.
FIG. 16 is a diagram depicting the relationship between PD decentering and lens tilt.
FIG. 17 is a diagram depicting the relationship between PD decentering and groove (channel) placement error.
FIG. 18 is a diagram depicting the consequences of shortening the focal length of the plug, without a corresponding change in the jack lens.
FIGS. 19A and 19B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a first variation of a fiber optical connector microlens with a self-aligning optical fiber cavity.
FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 20D are partial cross-sectional views depicting a second variation of the fiber optical connector microlens with self-aligning optical fiber cavity, and FIGS. 20C and 20E are perspective drawings.
FIGS. 21A through 21B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a third variation of the fiber optical connector microlens with self-aligning optical fiber cavity.
FIGS. 22A and 22B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a fourth variation of the fiber optical connector microlens with self-aligning optical fiber cavity.
FIGS. 23A through 23C are partial cross-sectional views depicting a first variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism.
FIGS. 24A and 24B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a second variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism.
FIGS. 25A and 25B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a third variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism.
FIGS. 26A through 26C are partial cross-sectional views depicting a fourth variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism.
FIG. 27 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a fiber optical connector microlens with a focal plane aligning fiber trap.
FIGS. 28A and 28B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the fiber trap of FIG. 27 realized as a barrel.
FIGS. 29A through 29C are partial cross-sectional views depicting related first variations of the microlens fiber trap barrel of FIGS. 28A and 28B.
FIGS. 30A and 30B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a second variation of the microlens fiber trap barrel of FIGS. 28A and 28B.
FIG. 31 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a third variation of the microlens fiber trap barrel of FIGS. 28A and 28B.
FIGS. 32A through 32C are partial cross-sectional views depicting the fiber trap of FIG. 27 realized as a pivoting jaw.
FIGS. 33A through 33B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the microlens of FIG. 27 with the additional feature of a generic fiber alignment cavity.
FIG. 34 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the lens penetrating fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 19A and 19B combined with a barrel type fiber trap.
FIGS. 35A through 35C are partial cross-sectional views depicting the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a barrel type fiber trap.
FIGS. 36A and 36B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a pivoting jaw fiber trap.
FIGS. 37A and 37B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the tube fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 21A and 21B combined with a barrel and pivoting jaw fiber trap, respectively.
FIGS. 38A through 38C are partial cross-sectional view depicting a fiber optic connector plug with a focal plane aligning fiber trap.
FIGS. 39A and 39B are partial cross-sectional view depicting a fiber optic connector plug with pivoting jaw fiber trap.
FIG. 40 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a plug with the lens penetrating fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 19A and 19B combined with the barrel type fiber traps of FIGS. 28A through 31B.
FIGS. 41A through 41C are partial cross-sectional views depicting plugs with the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a barrel type fiber trap.
FIG. 41D is a perspective view of FIG. 41C.
FIGS. 42A and 42B are partial cross-sectional and perspective views, respectively, depicting a plug with the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a pivoting jaw fiber trap.
FIGS. 43A and 43B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a plug with the tube fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 21A and 21B combined with a barrel and pivoting jaw fiber trap, respectively.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 3 is a diagram depicting a fiber optic cable. The fiber optic cable 300 comprises a cable section 302 including at least one length of fiber optic line or core 304 having a first end 306 and a second end 308. A first plug 310 includes a mechanical body 312 shaped to selectively engage and disengage a first jack housing 314 (shown in phantom), and a microlens 316. As defined herein, the plug is mechanically engaged with the jack when the plug is fully inserted into the jack. In some aspects, a locking mechanism is enabled when the plug and jack are mechanically engaged. An RJ-45 connector is one example of such a locking type mechanical engagement (as shown). In other aspects, mechanical engagement is obtained with a pressure or friction type fit. A universal serial bus (USB) connector, microUSB, HDMI, and DisplayPort are some examples of a pressure/friction type of mechanical engagement. Alternately stated, a plug and jack are mechanically engaged when they are mated sufficiently to perform their intended electrical or optical functions.
The first plug microlens 316 has a planar surface 318 to engage the fiber optic line first end 306 and a convex surface 320 to transceive light in a first collimated beam 322 with a first jack optical interface 324. Likewise, a second plug 326 includes a mechanical body 328 shaped to selectively engage and disengage a second jack housing 330 (shown in phantom), and a microlens 332. The second plug microlens 332 has a planar surface 334 to engage the fiber optic line second end 308 and a convex surface 336 to transceive light in a second collimated beam 338 with a second jack optical interface 340.
A collimated beam is light whose rays are parallel, and therefore the beam spreads slowly as it propagates. Laser light from gas or crystal lasers is naturally collimated because it is formed in an optical cavity between two mirrors, in addition to being coherent. However, diode lasers do not naturally emit collimated light, and therefore collimation into a beam requires a collimating lens. A perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays to a focus at a single point. Conversely, a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light. Spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light. Many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from point-like sources.
The fiber optic cable first end 306 is formed in a focal plane 342 of the first plug microlens 316, and the fiber optic cable second end 308 is formed in a focal plane 344 of the second plug microlens 332. In one aspect, the first and second plug microlenses 316/332 are made from a polycarbonate resin thermoplastic such as lexan or ultem, and have respective focal lengths 342 and 344 in the range of 2 to 4 mm. The first and second plug microlens 316 and 332 transceive the collimated beams with a beam diameter 346 in the range of 1.2 to 1.3 mm.
As used herein, a jack is the “female” connector and a plug is a mating “male” connector. Note, a portion of the first plug body has been cut away to show the fiber line 304. In some aspects, a crimping plate is connected to a cradle portion of the body, to hold the fiber line in place. See parent application Ser. No. 12/581,799 for additional details.
FIGS. 4A and 4B are a more detailed depiction of the first plug microlens of FIG. 3. For clarity, only the microlens 316 is shown. The first plug microlens 316 has a lens center axis 400. As shown in FIG. 4B, there is a lens axis tolerance defined by a cone angle 402 of up to 0.5 degrees (+/−0.5 degrees from a perfectly aligned, or tolerance midpoint lens center axis) as a result of the first plug mechanical body tolerances, when engaging the first jack mechanical body. That is, due to “play” between the jack and plug housings, resulting from design and manufacturing tolerances, the lens axis may be misaligned as much as 0.5 degrees. Note: although misalignment is only shown in an XY plane, the lens axis tolerance may define a circular cone with respect to a perfectly aligned center axis.
The first plug microlens has a diameter 404 in the range of 2 to 3 mm, and the first collimated beam diameter (see FIG. 3, reference designator 346) is transceived within the microlens diameter 404. The first plug microlens 316 includes a cylindrical section 406 interposed between the planar surface 318 and the convex surface 320.
In one aspect, the first plug microlens cylindrical section 406 has a length 408 in the range of 4 to 6 mm and the convex surface 320 has a radius of curvature in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 mm. The second plug microlens, not shown, has the same lens dimensions and tolerances as the first plug microlens.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are partial cross-sectional and plan views, respectively, of the first plug of FIG. 3. A first plug cradle 500 has a channel or groove 502 to accept the fiber optic line first end 306 (not shown in FIG. 5A). The channel 502 has a center axis 504 with a tolerance 506 of up to 30 microns with respect to the lens center axis 400. Alternately stated, the center axis of the fiber line core may have a tolerance of up to 30 microns with respect to the lens center axis. The first plug includes a gap 508 between the microlens planar surface 318 and the first fiber optic cable first end of up to 0.4 mm. The second plug (not shown) likewise has a cradle, channel, dimensions, and tolerance as described above.
FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of the first plug microlens of FIG. 3. The first plug microlens modifies the magnification of light between the collimated beam 322 at convex surface 320 and a point 600 on the planar surface 318 along the lens center axis 400, forming a cone with an angle 602 of 10 to 11 degrees with respect the lens center axis 400. The second plug (not shown) likewise has the same magnification/demagnification features as the first plug microlens.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are drawings depicting a fiber optic cable with a cable section that includes a first plurality of fiber optic lines. In FIG. 7A, lines 304a through 304d are shown. Each fiber optic line 304 has a first end 306 and a second end 308. In the example of FIG. 7A, the first plurality is equal to four, but the cable section 302 is not limited to any particular number of lines. The first and second plugs 310/326 include the first plurality of microlenses, respectively 316a-316d and 332a-332d. Each microlens 316/332 has a planar surface 318/334 to engage a corresponding fiber optic line end and a convex surface 320/336 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam with a jack optical interface (not shown). Each fiber optic cable end 306/308 is formed in a focal plane 342/344 of a corresponding first plug microlens 316/332. A layer of cladding 700 is also shown surrounding the fiber cores 304. In one aspect the cladding diameter is about 0.49 mm and the core diameter is about 0.0625 mm. Typically, the cladding is covered with a buffer and plenum jacket, which is not shown because it is stripped away.
As shown in FIG. 7B, there may be multiple rows of microlenses, e.g., a top row and a bottom row. Note: a completely assembled plug would include top and bottom crimping plates (not shown), to secure the fiber lines 304 to the cradle 500. In one aspect, the first plug mechanical body has the form factor of an 8 Position 8 Contact (8P8C) plug mechanical body.
FIGS. 19A and 19B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a first variation of a fiber optical connector microlens with a self-aligning optical fiber cavity. The microlens 1900 comprises a convex first lens surface 1902 and a second lens surface 1904. Although the second lens surface 1904 is shown as planar, in other aspects it may also be convex (see FIG. 20A). A fiber alignment cavity 1906 is integrally formed with the second lens surface 1904 to accept an optical fiber core 1908. In this aspect, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 is formed in the lens second surface 1904. That is, the fiber alignment cavity penetrates the lens second surface 1904.
A lens body 1910 is interposed between the first lens surface 1902 and second lens surface 1904. The lens body 1910 has a lens body length 1912, and a cross-sectional area 1914 with a lens center axis 1916. In one aspect, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 has a center axis 1928 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. Typically, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 has a length 1918, aligned with the lens center axis 1916, which is in the range of 5 to 10% of the lens body length 1912. In one aspect, a focal point 1924 is formed inside the fiber alignment cavity 1906, when transceiving light in a collimated beam 1926 via the first lens surface 1902. Note, when the second lens surface 1904 is planar, it can be said that the focal point is formed as a result of the first lens surface, as the planar surface does not modify magnification. When the second lens surface is convex, the focal point is ultimately formed as a result of the second (convex) lens surface. Alternately stated, the focal point is formed in the focal plane of the first lens surface, as modified by the second lens surface. The effect of such a microlens with two convex lens surfaces can be seen in FIGS. 15-17, in the transceiving of light between a jack lens and an optical element (VCSEL or photodiode).
The first and second lens surfaces 1902/1904 may be formed from a polycarbonate resin thermoplastic such as lexan or ultem. The fiber alignment cavity 1906 has a minimal cross-section 1920 with a shape such as a triangle, a square, a rectangle, circle, or an oval (a circle is shown). Typically, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 accepts an optical fiber core 1908 having a first diameter 1922, and the cavity minimal cross-section 1920 is about 5% greater than the first diameter 1922. Note: these same dimensional features also apply to the other aspects of the fiber alignment cavity presented below.
FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 20D are partial cross-sectional views depicting a second variation of the fiber optical connector microlens with self-aligning optical fiber cavity, and FIGS. 20C and 20E are perspective drawings. An integrally formed cradle 2000 with a cradle surface 2002 extends from the lens second surface 1906. A channel 2004 is formed in the cradle surface 2002, with a center axis 2006 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. The fiber alignment cavity 1906 includes a bridge 2008 covering a portion of the channel 2004. As shown in FIGS. 20A and 20B, the bridge 2008 includes a first end 2010 connected to the second lens surface 1904, and an exposed second end 2012. FIG. 20C is a perspective drawing illustrating the variation of FIGS. 20A and 20B. As shown in FIG. 20D, the bridge 2008 includes an exposed first end 2010 separated from the second lens surface 1904 by an opening 2014, and an exposed second end 2012. FIG. 20E is a perspective drawing illustrating the variation of FIG. 20D.
FIGS. 21A through 21C are partial cross-sectional views depicting a third variation of the fiber optical connector microlens with self-aligning optical fiber cavity. In this aspect, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 includes an integrally formed tube 2100 extending from the lens second surface 1904, with a center axis aligned 2102 with the lens center axis 1916. As shown in FIG. 21A, the tube 2100 has a proximal end 2104 adjacent the lens second surface 1906 with a first diameter 2106 to accept an optical fiber core 1908, and a distal end 2108 with a second diameter 2110 to accept an optical fiber with a cladding layer 2112.
FIGS. 22A and 22B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a fourth variation of the fiber optical connector microlens with self-aligning optical fiber cavity. An integrally formed cradle 2000 with a cradle surface 2002 extends from the lens second surface 1904. A cradle channel 2004 is formed in the cradle surface 2002, with a center axis 2006 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. A crimping plate 2200 with an interior surface 2202 is mechanically secured to the cradle 2000. A number of means are known in the art to permanently or selectively secure the crimping late 2200 to the cradle 2000. The microlens alignment mechanism is not limited to any particular mechanism. In some aspects, the crimping plate 2200 is used to compress the fiber core and/or fiber cladding layer, to hold the fiber in place with respect to the microlens and cradle.
As shown, a crimping channel 2204 is formed in the crimping plate interior surface 2202, with a center axis 2206 aligned with the lens center axis 1916 (and channel center axis 2006). The fiber alignment cavity 1906 is formed between the cradle channel 2006 and crimping channel 2204. In another aspect not shown, the cradle and crimping channels have a first diameter to accommodate the fiber core and a second diameter to accommodate a fiber cladding layer.
FIGS. 23A through 23C are partial cross-sectional views depicting a first variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism. The plug 2300 comprises a mechanical body 2302 shaped to selectively engage and disengage a jack housing 2304 (shown in phantom), and a microlens 1900. As described above in the explanation of FIGS. 19 through 22B; the microlens 1900 has a convex first lens surface 1902 to transceive light in a collimated beam 2306 with a jack optical interface 2308, and a second lens (convex or planar) surface 1904. A fiber alignment cavity 1906 is integrally formed with the second lens surface 1904 to accept an optical fiber core. Typically, the mechanical body 2302 and microlens 1900 are a single injection molded piece made from a polycarbonate resin thermoplastic such as lexan or ultem. As in FIGS. 19A and 19B, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 penetrates the lens second surface 1904. As above, the microlens 1900 forms a focal point 1924 inside the fiber alignment cavity 1906, when transceiving light in a collimated beam 2306 via the first lens surface 1902.
FIG. 23B depicts a plug with a first plurality of microlenses, 1900a through 1900n, where n is a variable not limited to any particular value. Each microlens 1900 has a convex first surface 1902 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam 2306 with a first jack optical interface (not shown), the second lens surface 1904, and the fiber alignment cavity 1906 variation depicted in FIG. 23A. FIG. 23C is another partial cross-sectional view. Shown are m rows of microlenses 1900, where m is not limited to any particular value.
FIGS. 24A and 24B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a second variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism. As in FIGS. 20A through 20D, a lens body 1910 is interposed between the first and second lens surfaces 1902/1904, having a cross-sectional area with a lens center axis 1916. A cradle 2000 is integrally formed with the mechanical housing 2302 and microlens 1900, with a cradle surface 2002 extending from the lens second surface 1904. A channel 2004 is formed in the cradle surface 2002, with a center axis 2006 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. The fiber alignment cavity 1906 includes a bridge 2008 covering a portion of the channel 2004, with a first end 2010 connected to the second lens surface 1904, and an exposed second end 2012. In another aspect not shown here (see FIG. 20D), there is an opening between the bridge first end 2010 and the lens second surface 1904.
FIG. 24B depicts a plug with a first plurality of microlenses, 1900a through 1900n, where n is a variable not limited to any particular value. Each microlens 1900 has a convex first surface 1902 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam 2306 with a first jack optical interface (not shown), the second lens surface 1904, and the fiber alignment cavity 1906 variation depicted in FIG. 24A. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise m rows of microlenses, where m is not limited to any particular value.
FIGS. 25A and 25B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a third variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism. As in FIGS. 21A and 21B, a lens body 1901 is interposed between the first and second lens surfaces 1902/1904, having a cross-sectional area with a lens center axis 1916. The fiber alignment cavity 1906 includes a tube 2100, integrally formed with the mechanical body 2302 and microlens 1900, extending from the lens second surface 1904, with a center axis 2102 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. Although only a constant diameter variation is explicitly depicted here, the tube may have a second diameter to accept a fiber cladding layer as shown in FIG. 21B
FIG. 25B depicts a plug with a first plurality of microlenses, 1900a through 1900n, where n is a variable not limited to any particular value. Each microlens 1900 has a convex first surface 1902 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam 2306 with a first jack optical interface (not shown), the second lens surface 1904, and a fiber alignment cavity 1906 variation depicted in FIG. 25A. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise m rows of microlenses, where m is not limited to any particular value.
FIGS. 26A through 26C are partial cross-sectional views depicting a fourth variation of a fiber optic connector plug with an optical fiber self-alignment mechanism. As in FIGS. 22A and 22B, a lens body 1910 is interposed between the first and second lens surfaces 1902/1904, having a cross-sectional area with a lens center axis 1916. A cradle 2000 is integrally formed with the mechanical body 2302 and microlens 1900, with a cradle surface 2002 extending from the lens second surface 1904. A cradle channel 2004 is formed in the cradle surface 2002, with a center axis 2006 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. A crimping plate 2200 with an interior surface 2202 is mechanically secured to the cradle 2000. A crimping channel 2204 is formed in the crimping plate interior surface 2202, with a center axis 2206 aligned with the lens center axis 1916 and cradle channel 2004. The fiber alignment cavity 1906 is formed between the cradle channel 2004 and crimping channel 2204.
FIGS. 26B and 26C depicts a plug with a first plurality of microlenses, 1900a through 1900n, where n is a variable not limited to any particular value. Each microlens 1900 has a convex first surface 1902 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam 2306 with a first jack optical interface (not shown), the second lens surface 1904, and the fiber alignment cavity 1906 variation depicted in FIG. 26A. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise m rows of microlenses, where m is not limited to any particular value. Note: only the cradle channel 2004 can be seen in FIG. 26B.
FIG. 27 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a fiber optical connector microlens with a focal plane aligning fiber trap. The microlens 1900 comprises a convex first lens surface 1902 and a second lens surface 1904. As in the variations discussed above, the second lens surface can be either convex or planar. A planar surface 1904 is shown. A fiber trap 2700 is integrally formed with the second lens surface 1904 for aligning a face 2702 of an optical fiber core 1908 in a microlens focal plane 2704. The generic fiber trap 2700 is represented in phantom. Explicit variations of the fiber trap are presented below. A fiber trap is defined herein as a mechanism that controls the tolerance between a fiber core face and a focal point. Alternately stated, a fiber trap controls both how close, and how far, a fiber core face can from the second lens surface.
FIGS. 28A and 28B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the fiber trap of FIG. 27 realized as a barrel. A lens body 1910 is interposed between the first lens surface 1902 and the second lens surface 1904 has a cross-section 2800 with a lens center axis 1916. The fiber trap 2700 includes a barrel 2802 having a first end 2804 attached to the second lens surface 1904 and a clamping mechanism to prevent an inserted fiber core 1908, with a (uncompressed) diameter 1922 about equal to a barrel interior surface diameter 2808, from being withdrawn from the barrel 2802. The barrel also has a second end 2810. In this aspect, the fiber trap clamping mechanism is a constricted region 2812 of the barrel interior surface 2814, having a diameter 2816 smaller than the uncompressed fiber core diameter 1922.
FIGS. 29A through 29C are partial cross-sectional views depicting related first variations of the microlens fiber trap barrel of FIGS. 28A and 28B. In one aspect, the barrel 2802 includes a core stop 2900 to limit the insertion of the fiber core 1908 into the barrel 2802. The microlens 1900 forms a focal point 1924 at the core stop 2900, when transceiving light in a collimated beam 1926 via the first lens surface 1902. In FIG. 29A the core stop 2900 is formed in a cavity 2902 penetrating the second lens surface 1904. For example, the cavity 2902 can be a fiber alignment cavity (see FIG. 19A). In FIG. 29B, the core stop 2900 is formed at the second lens surface 1904. In FIG. 29C the core stop 2900 is formed in the barrel 2802, between the first end 2804 and the second end 2810.
Although not explicitly shown in every fiber trap variation, the three versions of core stops depicted in FIGS. 29A-29C, may also be incorporated into irregular interior surface and corkscrew barrel designs, as well in the pivoting jaw designs described below.
FIGS. 30A and 30B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a second variation of the microlens fiber trap barrel of FIGS. 28A and 28B. In this aspect, the fiber trap clamping mechanism includes an irregular barrel interior surface 2808 to frictionally engage a fiber core exterior surface 3000. In FIG. 30A the irregularity in the barrel interior surface is a surface roughness that may be the result of a chemical etching, coarse drilling, a cast mold with an irregular surface, or sanding operation. The roughness may be defined by minimum, maximum, and average barrel diameter per unit area. In FIG. 30B the irregularity results from “teeth” 3202 that are formed in the barrel interior surface 2808. The fiber trap clamping mechanism may use a large number of relatively fine teeth 3002, or a smaller number of relatively large teeth.
FIG. 31 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a third variation of the microlens fiber trap barrel of FIGS. 28A and 28B. In this aspect, the fiber trap clamping mechanism is a corkscrew region 3100 of the barrel interior surface 2808, with grooves 3102 having a diameter 3104 larger than the fiber core diameter and ridges 3106 having a passage 3108 smaller than the fiber core diameter.
FIGS. 32A through 32C are partial cross-sectional views depicting the fiber trap of FIG. 27 realized as a pivoting jaw. A channel 3200 accepts a fiber core 1908. The channel 3200 may be realized as a half-tube as shown, or the channel may be formed in a cradle as shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B. The core stop 2900 limits the insertion of a fiber core 1908 into the channel 3200. The fiber trap 2700 includes a pivoting jaw 3202 to prevent an inserted fiber core 1908 from being withdrawn from the channel 3200. As shown, the jaw 3202 compresses a region of the fiber core 1908, when the core is fully inserted in the fiber trap 2700.
FIGS. 33A through 33B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the microlens of FIG. 27 with the additional feature of a generic fiber alignment cavity. The general purpose of the fiber alignment cavity 1906 is to help align the center axis of a fiber core with the lens center axis 1916. The fiber alignment cavity 1906, represented in phantom, is integrally formed with the second lens surface 1904, to accept an optical fiber core 1908. The fiber alignment cavity 1906 has a center axis 1928 aligned with the lens center axis 1916. A variety of fiber alignment cavities are shown in FIGS. 19A through 22B. The microlens 1900 forms a focal point 1924 at the core stop 2900, along the fiber alignment cavity center axis 1928, when transceiving light in a collimated beam 1926 via the first lens surface 1902.
The core stop 2900, represented here as the second lens surface 1904, limits the “play” of the fiber core in a first direction 3300 along the Z axis 3302 and the fiber trap 2700 also limits the play of the fiber core in a second direction 3304 along the Z axis, which in this example aligns with the fiber alignment cavity center axis 1928. The overall play of the two mechanisms creates an acceptable Z axis tolerance 3306 around the focal point 1924. Further, the fiber alignment cavity 1906 creates an acceptable XY plane tolerance 3308 around the focal point 1924.
FIG. 34 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting the lens penetrating fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 19A and 19B combined with a barrel type fiber trap. The barrel 2802 fiber trap 2700 may be of the irregular surface, constricted diameter, or the corkscrew variety.
FIGS. 35A through 35C are partial cross-sectional views depicting the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a barrel type fiber trap. In this aspect, the bridge of FIGS. 20A and 20B may be the barrel (FIG. 35A). Alternately, the barrel fiber trap may be defined as a portion of the bridge (FIG. 35B), or the barrel may be separated from the bridge by a space (FIG. 35C). The barrel fiber trap may be of the irregular surface, constricted diameter, or the corkscrew variety. As shown in FIGS. 20A through 20D the bridge is supported by a cradle 2000 and may include a channel portion 2004.
FIGS. 36A and 36B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a pivoting jaw fiber trap. In this aspect, the bridge of FIGS. 20A and 20B may be defined as a portion of the jaw mechanism (FIG. 36A), or the jaw may be separated from the bridge by a space (FIG. 36B).
FIGS. 37A and 37B are partial cross-sectional views depicting the tube fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 21A and 21B combined with a barrel and pivoting jaw fiber trap, respectively. The barrel fiber trap may be of the irregular surface, constricted diameter, or the corkscrew variety.
FIGS. 38A through 38C are partial cross-sectional view depicting a fiber optic connector plug with a focal plane aligning fiber trap. The plug 3800 comprises a mechanical body 3802 shaped to selectively engage and disengage a jack housing 3804, and a microlens 1900. The microlens 1900 has a convex first lens surface 1902 to transceive light in a collimated beam 1926 with a jack optical interface 3806, a second lens surface 1904. A fiber trap 2700 is integrally formed with the second lens surface 1904 for aligning a face 2702 of an optical fiber core 1908 in a microlens focal plane 1924. The second lens surface 1904 can be convex or planar surfaces. Shown is a planar surface 1904. The core stop 2900 is the planar surface 1904. Alternately but not shown, the core stop can be part of a penetrating cavity, as shown in FIG. 29A. Shown in the figures is a generic barrel 2802 that is intended to represent each of the barrel varieties depicted in FIGS. 28A through 31B. The details of these barrel fiber traps are presented above and not repeated here in the interest of brevity.
FIG. 38B depicts a plug with a plurality of microlenses, 1900a through 1900n, where n is a variable not limited to any particular value. Each microlens 1900 has a convex first surface 1902 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam 1926 with a first jack optical interface (not shown), a second lens surface 1904, and a barrel 2802 fiber trap. FIG. 38C is another partial cross-sectional view. Shown are m rows of microlenses 1900, where m is not limited to any particular value.
FIGS. 39A and 39B are partial cross-sectional view depicting a fiber optic connector plug with pivoting jaw fiber trap. As in FIGS. 32A and 32B the plug 3800 includes a channel 3200 to accept a fiber core. In this aspect, the channel is embedded in a cradle 2000. Core stop 2900 limits the insertion of a fiber core 1908 into the channel 3200. A pivoting jaw 3202 prevents an inserted fiber core from being withdrawn from the channel 3200.
FIG. 39B depicts a plug with a plurality of microlenses, 1900a through 1900n, where n is a variable not limited to any particular value. Each microlens 1900 has a convex first surface 1902 to transceive light in a corresponding collimated beam 1926 with a first jack optical interface (not shown), a second lens surface 1904, and a pivoting jaw 3202 fiber trap. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise n columns of microlens and m rows of microlenses, where n and m are variables not limited to any particular value.
The plug microlens may also include a fiber alignment cavity integrally formed with the second lens surface, as described in the explanation of FIGS. 33A through 37B.
FIG. 40 is a partial cross-sectional view depicting a plug with the lens penetrating fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 19A and 19B combined with the barrel type fiber traps of FIGS. 28A through 31B. The barrel fiber trap may be of the irregular surface, constricted diameter, or the corkscrew variety. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise n columns of microlens, and/or m rows of microlenses, where n and m are variable not limited to any particular value.
FIGS. 41A through 41C are partial cross-sectional views depicting plugs with the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a barrel type fiber trap. FIG. 41D is a perspective view of FIG. 41C. In FIG. 41A the bridge and barrel 2802 are the same structure. In FIG. 41B the barrel 2802 is defined as a portion of the bridge 2008. In FIG. 41C the barrel 2802 may be separated from the bridge 2008 by a space. The barrel fiber trap may be of the irregular surface, constricted diameter, or the corkscrew variety. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise n columns of microlens, and/or m rows of microlenses, where n and m are variable not limited to any particular value.
FIGS. 42A and 42B are partial cross-sectional and perspective views, respectively, depicting a plug with the bridge fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 20A and 20B combined with a pivoting jaw fiber trap. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise n columns of microlens, and/or m rows of microlenses, where n and m are variable not limited to any particular value. In FIG. 42B a lid 4200 is shown. The lid may be used with any of the plugs shown in FIGS. 38A through 42B after assembly to protect the fiber, or trapping and aligning mechanisms, or to additionally crimp the fiber into place.
FIGS. 43A and 43B are partial cross-sectional views depicting a plug with the tube fiber alignment cavity of FIGS. 21A and 21B combined with a barrel and pivoting jaw fiber trap, respectively. The barrel fiber trap may be of the irregular surface, constricted diameter, or the corkscrew variety. Although not explicitly shown, the plug may comprise n columns of microlens, and/or m rows of microlenses, where n and m are variable not limited to any particular value.
FIG. 8 is a diagram depicting communicating jack and plug microlens. A transmitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) 800 has a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.259, so that light is emitted into a 30 degree cone at the 1/e2 point:
NA=1 sin 15°=0.259.
The NA of the fiber line 304 is 0.185, which translates into an acceptance angle cone of about 21 degrees.
One aspect of coupling efficiency is reflection (R). A normally incident reflection of ˜4.9% is typical of each air/lexan interface. For rays not normally incident, R is a function of angle of incidence and polarization:
n for Texan @ 850 nm˜1.568;
n′ for air=1;
R=((n−n′)/(n+n′)2˜4.9%;
Assuming each jack and plug use a microlens, there are 3 air-to-lexan interfaces. The fiber/plug interface is filled with index-matching fluid, so no reflection is assumed for this interface;
(1−0.049)3=86% optimal coupling efficiency.
FIG. 9 is a model calculation graphically depicting the coupling efficiency of the system of FIG. 8. The model shows that 86% of the transmitted light falls within a circle of about 0.07 mm, which is about the diameter of a particular POF optical fiber Core.
FIG. 10 is a diagram depicting the fiber core acceptance angle. Assuming a 70 micron diameter gradient index (GRIN) fiber core, the NA is 0.185, which translates to an acceptance angle of +/−10.7°. This assumption ignores the fact that the acceptance angle falls off towards to core edges.
Many of the system tolerances can be converted into an effective fiber lateral decenter. For example, VCSEL lateral decentering can be multiplied by the system magnification. Plug tilt can be accounted for by taking the taking the tangent of the tilt and multiplying it by the effective focal length of the plug lens. Most of the other tolerances tend to change the shape of the beam rather than causing the beam to “walk off” the face of the fiber end. With respect to the fiber line of FIG. 10, “lateral” refers to the X plane (in and out of the page) and Y plane (from the page top to the page bottom). The Z plane would be left to right on the page.
FIG. 11 is a graph depicting the relationship between coupling efficiency and fiber lateral decentering (Δ). The relationship is nonlinear, steeply degrading at about 30 microns of decentering, or about half the core diameter.
FIG. 12 is a diagram depicting the effective focal length of the plug microlens. Assuming a radius of curvature of 1.971 mm, an overall lens length of 5.447 mm, and a lexan material, the effective focal length of the plug is:
eflplug˜5.447 mm/nlexan;
eflplug=3.471 mm.
FIG. 13 is a table of tolerances cross-referenced to fiber lateral decentering.
The following is an equation for worst-case effective fiber decentering using tolerances T1 through T5 from the Table of FIG. 13:
The tolerances T1 and T2 are proportional to the system magnification (1.36), and the lens tilt is expressed as a tangent in radians, assuming a small-angle approximation. Note: T2 circuit misalignment refers to the relationship between the circuit board on which the optical elements (VCSEL and PD) are mounted and the microlens. T1 VCSEL/PD misalignment refers to misalignment between the VCSEL/PD and the circuit board. The T4 and T5 tolerances are outside the system magnification, and need not be system normalized.
In matrix form the equation is:
where
-
- 1.36=current system magnification;
- 3.471 mm=plug focal length; and,
- Ti=ith tolerance.
FIG. 14 is a graph depicting coupling efficiency as a function of photodiode (PD) decentering.
FIG. 15 is a diagram depicting the relationship between fiber decentering and lens tilt.
If θ=0.5°, then Δ=30.3 μM. Note: the angle θ has been exaggerated.
FIG. 16 is a diagram depicting the relationship between PD decentering and lens tilt.
If θ=0.5°, then Δ=21.9 μm.
FIG. 17 is a diagram depicting the relationship between PD decentering and groove (channel) placement error. The channel placement error may also be understood as a lens placement error relative to the channel.
The effective PD decenter=channel placement error*Msys;
where Msys is the system magnification (0.727=1/1.36).
A channel placement error of 7.1 μm results in effective PD decentering of 7.1 μm*0.727=5.2 μm in both the X and Y planes. The overall decentering (the hypotenuse of the triangle) is:
sqrt(52+52)=7.1 microns.
A placement error of 10 microns results in a PD decentering of about 10 microns.
FIG. 18 is a diagram depicting the consequences of shortening the focal length of the plug, without a corresponding change in the jack lens. If the plug focal length (fplug) is decreased, the loss in coupling efficiency due to plug angular misalignment can be reduced. However, the fiber core would be overfilled (exceeding the NA 0.185), which would result in some lost energy.
A fiber optic plug and microlens fiber alignment mechanism have been provided. Some examples of particular housing designs, tolerances, and dimensions have been given to illustrate the invention. However, the invention is not limited to merely these examples. Other variations and embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art.
