Abstract: A one-trip squeeze pack system has a unique service seal unit design using concentric tubing, with the inner tubing an extension of the traditional wash pipe and is later used as the production tubing. The inner tubing contains a ported sub which can be isolated in various positions within the outer tubing by way of seals located above and below the ported sub. This seal unit is raised and lowered on the production string and isolated at various positions in order to accomplish setting the packer, running a packing job, reversing out packing fluid, and receiving production fluids.

Abstract: A method of maintaining the integrity of a sheath, in particular a cementing sheath in a well consists in calculating or estimating variations in well pressure and/or in well temperature and/or in the variations in in-situ stresses, which may occur during the lifetime of the well, evaluating the stresses in the sheath as a function of the above variations, determining the nature of the stress likely to be first in causing deterioration of the sheath, and the risk thereof, and evaluating the influence of the elastic properties of the sheath, of the rock and/or of the casing on this stress, in order to select a sheath which is capable of attenuating this deterioration. The method is of particular application to oil, water, gas, and geothermal wells.

Abstract: There is a provided a liner setting tool for running liner or casing into a well bore which comprises an elongate body for attachment to the casing or liner, but which allows for movement of the liner setting tool relative to the liner or casing. The elongate body has radial outlets which may be closed or open in alternative states, whereby these radial outlets may be used for circulating fluid in order to clean the well bore.

Abstract: A mounting assembly for a shank including a shank holder having a passage for receiving the shank, the passage having at one end opposite tapering surfaces which define with the leading edge of the shank opposite tapering spaces for receiving wedge members. Bolts are provided between the wedging members and holder to urge the wedging members longitudinally of the passage to wedge the shank in a selected position relative to the holder.

Abstract: A hermetic enclosure having an air pressure adjustable function, which can adjust inside air pressure of the hermetic enclosure, is provided. In order to prevent devices in the hermetic enclosure from corroding, the hermetic enclosure having an air pressure adjustable function provides a main body having a clearance part and a packing fixing groove, a door, and packing that is fixed to the packing fixing groove of the main body. And the door is jointed with the main body by placing the packing between the door and the main body in a state that the door is able to slide on the packing. And when inside and outside air pressure of the hermetic enclosure becomes different, the door moves on the packing and the clearance part of the main body is changed, and the inside and outside air pressure is adjusted to be almost equal.

Abstract: A panel used in an enclosure for housing at least one electronic component, and an enclosure made of at least one of such panels is disclosed. The panel includes an electrically conductive layer, a separate, magnetically permeable layer connected to the electrically conductive layer, and a separate, extensionally damped layer covering at least 80 percent of a surface of the panel and attached to one or more of the electrically conductive layer and the magnetically permeable layer, where electrical and magnetic conductivity are maintained between all panels of the enclosure, and a ground is provided between circuitry of the electrical component and the electrically conductive layer.

Abstract: A hinge structure includes a first member (10), a second member (14), a first hinge member (15) which joins the first member and second member, and at least one curved surface member (26, 28) provided at least one of the first member and second member.

Abstract: A PCB package for shielding electromagnetic radiation from exiting or entering the package. In one embodiment the package includes first and second electrically conductive covers and first and second electrically conductive frames. The first frame electrically connected to the first cover and the second frame electrically connected to the second cover. The first frame is then electrically connected to the second frame. The first and second frames can be made of electrically conductive plastics or metals or any other electrically conductive materials. Methods of assembling the packages of the various embodiments are also set forth.

Abstract: A non-tangling line of conveyance includes a flexible outer and non-extendible tubular hose. Within the tubular hose a flexible non-extendible body member is placed. The body member is of a material that includes a plastic memory especially against torqueing. The body member is restrained against any substantial lateral movement. When the tubular conveyance is twisted in any direction, the inner body member undergoes a like motion. However, if the twisting of the tubular hose is released or ceased, the memory torque within the body member tends to force the line of conveyance into an untwisting state, thus avoiding any tangling, knotting or kinking of the conveyance line. The inner body member is restrained against substantially lateral movements by a multiple of electric conductors that are wrapped around the inner body member.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measurement device having a cable probe, and to a method for shortening the cable of the cable probe, which measurement device and method allow the cable to be shortened without the housing of the measurement device having to be removed from a container which contains the medium to be measured. The only tools which are required are a conventional screwdriver, pliers for cutting through and cutting off the cable of the cable probe, and/or a cutting tool like a blade for exposing the electrical conductors contained therein.

Abstract: A connection sleeve for a suction tube furnished with a wire protecting sheathing for strain relieve electrical conductors is disclosed. The wire protective sheathing is attached at the inner jacket face of the suction tube, wherein a sleeve body is partially plugged into the suction tube. An axial slot begins at the plug in end of the sleeve body, wherein the flanks of the axial slot transition into a pipe like shape formed for the receiving of the coordinated end of the wire protecting sheathing. The electrical conductors are led out of the sleeve body in the region of a section of the axial slot not covered by the suction tube, while an end of the strain relieve element protruding together with the electrical conductors out of the wire protecting sheathing is pull safe united with the sleeve body.

Abstract: An overhead cable designed to reduce the wind load acting upon the overhead cable in the lower wind speed zone even in a cable having a relatively small diameter, provided with twisted steel strands 1 serving as the tension-bearing core, aluminum strands 2 serving as a conductive layer arranged at the outer circumference of the twisted steel strands 1, and an outermost layer arranged at the outer circumference of the aluminum strands 2, constituted by twisting together a plurality of adjoining segment strands 3, and provided with a spiral groove Tr along the longitudinal direction in the outer circumferential surface region of each boundary portion of adjoining segment strands 3, wherein in the contour of the cross-section of this outermost layer, each groove Tr is comprised by an arc-shaped curve having a radius R centered around a vertex Ap of the regular polygon, and each part between adjoining grooves Tr is comprised by an arc-shaped curve which is concave with respect to a straight line connecting adjoin

Abstract: An oxide superconducting element wire (20) comprises a base material (1), an intermediate layer (2), and an oxide superconducting thin film (3). The base material (1) being long and flexible has a cross-section in a circular or a regular polygonal form perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the same. The periphery of the base material (1) is covered with an intermediate layer (2) and the periphery of the same is covered with an oxide superconducting thin film (3). The oxide superconducting thin film (3) has a portion in which a crystal orientation is three-axes aligned continuing in the longitudinal direction of the element wire (20).

Abstract: A wiring board comprising a substrate having applied on the same side surface thereof one or more terminals for connecting a semiconductor element and one or more terminals for external connection, in which the terminals for connecting the semiconductor element and the terminals for external connection are electrically connected, by a wire, with each other in the interior of the wiring board, and a semiconductor device comprising the wiring board having packaged thereon semiconductor elements. Processes for the production of the wiring board and the semiconductor device are also disclosed.

Abstract: An adapter usable for interconnection of a pair of drill components according to the invention includes an elongated adapter body having a first end and a second end, wherein the first end includes one of (1) a tubular wall defining a socket that opens outwardly at one end of the adapter and having at least one transverse opening therethrough configured to receive a removable retainer for mechanically interlocking a projection in the socket, and (2) the projection which fits into the socket, which projection has at least one transverse opening therein to receive the removable retainer. The second end includes a connecting portion different from the projection and the tubular wall defining the socket, such as a threaded projection or recess. The adapter preferably has a lengthwise fluid passage through it suitable for passing lubricating drilling fluid through the adapter to a drill head or back reamer.

Abstract: A method for enhancing gas or oil production by delivering a nitrogen rich gas produced from a non-cryogenic source into the well and/or reservoir where the gas and/or oil is located.

Abstract: A method of applying a wear-resistant material to a surface of a downhole component for use in subsurface drilling comprises forming a plurality of bearing elements, applying a layer of an electrically conductive, less hard material to each bearing element, and then bonding each bearing element to the surface of the component by welding or brazing to the surface of the component a part of the surface of the bearing element which comprises said less hard material, wherein the layer is of thickness greater than 0.05mm.

Abstract: To provide a vehicle driving apparatus capable of providing a sufficient driving force. A driving high-power generator is driven by an engine. A DC motor is driven directly by energy from the generator. A driving generator output voltage control circuit controls output voltage of the generator in accordance with the demanded driving force from the vehicle to control the motor.

Abstract: A motor assist apparatus for a vehicle having a motor for assisting driving force of an internal combustion engine. The motor assist apparatus is built in a motor housing installed between a cylinder block of the engine and the case of the transmission. The motor housing has a length in the cylinder line direction which is equal to the distance between the centers of cylinders of the engine. As a result, the motor assist apparatus can utilize a part of an engine with one more cylinder when adapting the motor assist apparatus to the vehicle engine.

Abstract: A hybrid vehicle is disclosed, in which the drive torque is controlled according to a target, and the engine operating point and the battery charging rate are controlled thereby as targeted to improve the fuel consumption rate of the hybrid vehicle as a whole An engine torque estimating unit estimates the engine torque based on the motor current, and an engine output correction unit.

Abstract: To provide a small-sized vehicle in which a convenient pocket is provided in a single driver's seat portion. Furthermore, a brake master cylinder is disposed by making effective use of space without reduction of the capacity of the pocket, and the maintenance of a reservoir tank of the brake master cylinder thus disposed is ensured. A meter cover portion is disposed in a pocket of an inner panel at a position offset rightwardly from the center in the width direction of the vehicular body to form small and large capacity pocket parts on the right and left sides of the vehicle. A brake pedal is disposed on the right side of a steering column extending in an approximate center line in the width direction of the vehicular body, and a brake master cylinder connected to the brake pedal is disposed behind the meter cover portion. Such a layout is advantageous since it allows a driver to easily operate the pedals while ensuring the pocket capacity.

Abstract: An electric power steering system, which controls an electric motor on the basis of a target electric current determined in accordance with a steering torque and applies a driving force from the electric motor to a steering mechanism. The system includes: a steering torque sensor; a target current setting circuit for determining the target electric current in accordance with the steering torque on the basis of an assist characteristic indicative of a relationship between the steering torque and the target electric current; a motor controlling circuit for controlling the electric motor on the basis of the target electric current; a traveling state judging circuit for judging whether or not a motor vehicle is in a slalom traveling state; and an assist characteristic modifying circuit for offsetting the assist characteristic from an initial characteristic level when the motor vehicle is in the slalom traveling state.

Abstract: A hearing aid retention and extraction device comprises a retention ring having an outer bonding surface and an inner grasping surface, and an elongate member extending from the retention ring. The retention and extraction device can be incorporated into a hearing device tip and allows both a hearing device and the hearing device tip to be simultaneously removed from an ear canal. When a user pulls on the elongate member, the retention ring cinches around the hearing device and prevents it from becoming separated from the hearing device tip. The cinching action of the retention ring also holds the hearing device in place within the ear canal.

Abstract: By forming a flange portion 16a1 protruding inward in the radial direction at an upper end portion 16a of a voice coil 16, a coiling sectional shape of the voice coil 16 is set to a L-shape. And, the upper end portion 16a of this voice coil 16 is bonded and fixed to a central flat portion 12b of a diaphragm 12. Hereby, by only increasing slightly the weight of the usual voice coil having an I-shaped coiling section, the large bonding area can be obtained between the voice coil 16 and the diaphragm 12, so that separation of the voice coil 16 can be prevented. Further, since other portions of the voice coil 16 than the upper end portion 16a thereof have the usual coil thickness, it is not necessary to expand the width of a cylindrical magnetic gap G in a magnetic circuit unit 18, whereby it is prevented that electroacoustic conversion efficiency of a speaker 10 lowers.

Abstract: A middle layer (22) having partitioned cavities (28) is sandwiched between an imperforate sheet (24) and an optional perforate sheet (26) to form a low resistance acoustic liner (22). A preferred method of manufacture of the low resistance acoustic liner (20) uses aspects of the buried septum technique including placing an uncured imperforate septum (36) between a support layer (32) and a partitioned cavity middle layer (22), pressing the middle layer into the imperforate sheet (24) and through the support layer (32), curing the imperforate septum 36 to form the imperforate sheet (24), removing the support layer (32), and attaching a perforate sheet (26) of roughly at least 15% open area to the top side of the middle layer. A preferred embodiment of inner and outer linings (47), (49) is provided. Each lining includes a combination of annuluses of absorptive and/or low resistance liners (51), (53).

Abstract: A ladder made of composite material comprises a plurality of rungs having an elongated body (19) provided with at least one connecting portion (3) adapted to engage an upright (4) of a ladder. Engagement means (5) locks the rung (2) to the upright (4); this means comprises a coupling element (6) made by co-moulding on the connecting portion (3) of the elongated body (19) or, alternatively, on the connecting seating (20) of the upright (4), a mechanical fastener (9) operatively acting in an installation housing (8) of the coupling element (6) and a locking element (10) adapted to prevent disengagement of the mechanical fastener (9).

Abstract: An elevator control apparatus solves a major problem with a conventional elevator control apparatus in that an elevator cannot be operated in case of a power failure of a commercial power source because the controlling apparatus constantly consumes power supplied from the commercial power source. The elevator control apparatus includes: a power storage unit for storing the DC power; a charge/discharge control circuit that controls a state of charge of the power storage unit, outputs a drive signal to charge the power storage unit with the DC power during a halt of the elevator based on operational information regarding the elevator received from the controller, and outputs a stop signal to stop charging when a voltage of the power storage unit reaches a preset predetermined voltage; and a charge/discharge circuit for starting charging the power storage unit with the DC power in response to the drive signal, and stopping the charging in response to the stop signal.

Abstract: An elevator control apparatus solves a problem in that electric power produced in a regenerative mode of an elevator is thermally consumed by a regenerative resistor or the like rather than being effectively used.

Abstract: An elevator control apparatus solves a problem in that charging and discharging characteristics of a battery used for a power storage unit changes with temperatures, and charging all regenerative electric power of the elevator may cause a sudden rise in the temperature of the battery especially at a low temperature, and a gas may be generated in the battery, leading to significant deterioration of the battery. The elevator control apparatus includes: a converter; an inverter; a controller for controlling a motor based on the AC power of a variable voltage and a variable frequency supplied from the inverter so as to operate an elevator; a power storage unit for storing the DC power; a thermistor for detecting a temperature of the power storage unit; a charge/discharge control circuit for controlling a charging and discharging electric energy based on the detected temperature and issuing a drive signal; and a charge/discharge circuit for charging and discharging the power storage unit based on the drive signal.

Abstract: An elevator control apparatus solves a major problem with a conventional elevator control apparatus in that a state of charge of a battery is not always maintained at 100% because of the need for securing an allowance for charging regenerative electric power, causing generation of an inert material in the battery with a resultant decrease in an apparent charging capacity of the battery and a shortened life of the battery.

Abstract: This invention provides a controller of an elevator for stably controlling regenerated power by using a cheap secondary battery of a low capacity without damaging energy saving effects obtained by charging.

Abstract: This invention provides a controller of an elevator capable of performing stable speed control by using a cheap power accumulating device of a low capacity even at a discharging control time. Therefore, the controller has a converter 2, an inverter 4, a power accumulating device 11 arranged between DC buses 3, a charging-discharging control circuit 15 for controlling charging and discharging operations of the power accumulating device, a power failure detector 22, a current measuring instrument 23 and a voltage measuring instrument 24 for respectively detecting an output current and an output voltage of the inverter, a car load measuring instrument 25, an encoder 20, and a speed control circuit 21A for controlling an operation of the inverter. The speed control circuit 21A calculates output power of the inverter, and calculates discharging ability power of the power accumulating device on the basis of a measuring value of charging and discharging states.

Abstract: This invention provides a controller of an elevator in which a space for mounting a power accumulating device can be saved and the controller can be applied to the elevator having no machine room. Therefore, the controller has power accumulating means arranged between DC buses between a converter and an inverter, and accumulating DC power from the DC buses at a regenerative operation time of the elevator and supplying the DC power accumulated on the DC buses at a power running operation time; and charging-discharging control means for controlling charging and discharging operations of the power accumulating means with respect to the DC buses. The power accumulating means is constructed by a secondary battery and a DC-DC converter for controlling charging and discharging operations of the secondary battery, and the secondary battery is constructed by connecting plural cells in series to each other.

Abstract: This invention provides a controller of an elevator for reducing the number of execution times of uniform charging of a power accumulating device and having higher energy saving effects. Therefore, the controller has a converter 2, an inverter 4, a power accumulating device 11 arranged between DC buses 3, a charging-discharging control circuit 15A for controlling charging and discharging operations of the power accumulating device, and a charging-discharging state measuring device 14A for measuring at least one of a temperature, charging and discharging currents, and charging and discharging voltages of the power accumulating device. The charging-discharging control circuit 15A sets the execution of uniform charging of the power accumulating device on the basis of an output of the charging-discharging state measuring device, and executes only the required uniform charging. Thus, an elevator with the power accumulating device having larger energy saving effects is constructed.

Abstract: This invention provides a controller of an elevator capable of performing smooth speed control by using a cheap power accumulating device of a low capacity even at a power failure time.

Abstract: This invention provides a controller of an elevator for stably controlling charging and discharging operations of a power accumulating device by using a cheap secondary battery of a low capacity, without damaging energy saving effects obtained by charging.

Abstract: In a bicycle brake, a lever of the brake is mounted articulated on a pivot. The pivot has an end head which is received in a blind hole made in the lever and opening out on to the rear wall of the latter. The head of the pivot is axially withheld against the bottom wall of the blind hole by means of a bushing surrounding the pivot and screwed to a threaded portion of the aforesaid blind hole. The head is therefore not visible on the front surface of the lever.

Abstract: A brake cable connector device used for a brake device, and serving for guiding a brake cable into engagement with a brake lever when an end portion of the brake cable is introduced through an opening formed through a backing plate into the interior of the brake device under assembling. The brake cable connector device includes a guide member which is formed separately from the brake lever and which is fixedly attachable to the brake lever. The guide member is configured such that an end of the brake cable is brought into contact with the guide member and guided into engagement with an engaging portion of the brake lever when the end portion of the brake cable is introduced into the interior of the brake device at a predetermined position of the brake device. The brake cable connector device includes a guide pipe which extends through the backing plate so that the brake cable is introduced through the guide pipe into the interior of the brake device.

Abstract: A combined disk and drum brake has two friction rings and an inside shoe brake, where the inside friction ring exhibits an annular channel. This annular channel serves to collect and drain water or water droplets entering into the brake disk, so that this liquid is drained over a gap between the outer friction ring and a shielding plate. Furthermore, the air guide channel is designed as a separate, water-draining channel in the brake disk.

Abstract: A rotary damper has an outer tube 13 having a tubular space 37 with its one end closed in the tube wall, and an inner tube 12 having a tubular space 27 with its one end closed in the tube wall and being smaller in diameter than the outer tube. An outer wall 21 of the inner tube 12 is inserted into a tubular space 37 of the outer tube 13, whereas an inner wall 32 of the outer tube 13 is inserted into the space 27. O-rings are installed in end portions on the open sides of the respective gaps between an outer wall 31 of the outer tube 13 and an inner wall 12 and between the inner wall 32 and the inner wall 22 of the inner tube 12, and the gap between the inner and outer tubes 12 and the 13 is replete with viscous substance.

Abstract: A power driving device comprises a fluid coupling operated by an engine, a wet-type friction clutch disposed between said fluid coupling and a transmission, and a fluid operation means for circulating the operation fluid through said fluid coupling and for feeding the operation fluid to the wet-type friction clutch. In the pump housing of the fluid operation means, there is disposed a hydraulic pump that works as a source of hydraulic pressure, there are formed passages for communicating said hydraulic pump with said fluid coupling and with said wet-type friction clutch, and there are disposed a relief valve for adjusting the pressure of the operation fluid blown out from the hydraulic pump, a control valve for changing over the passage communicated with the fluid coupling and a control valve for changing over the passage communicated with the wet-type friction clutch.

Abstract: Device for transmitting the movement to a fan (1) for cooling the coolant in a motor vehicle, comprising movement generating means (3,21) on which the fan (1) is mounted by means of an idle support (1a), a first electromagnetic clutch (30), engagement of which causes rotation of the fan at a number of revolutions equal to that of the movement generating means; a second clutch (60;160;260;360), engagement/disengagement of which causes rotation of the fan at a number of revolutions lower than that of the movement generating means or at zero revolutions; which comprises means (50;150;250;350) for engaging/disengaging the second clutch comprising an actuating element (41) coaxially displaceable, in both directions, with respect to the movement generating means (3;21), but idle upon rotation of the latter; coupling means (47;147;247c;347) which are coaxially locked in rotation with the movement generating means (3;21) and connected to said displacement actuating element (41) and are suitable for engagement with th

Abstract: Device for transmitting the movement to a fan (1) for cooling the coolant in a motor vehicle, comprising movement generating means (3,21) on which the fan (1) is mounted by means of an idle support (1a), a first electromagnetic clutch (30), engagement/disengagement of which causes rotation of the fan at a number of revolutions equal to that of the movement generating means or at zero revolutions; a second clutch (60;160;260;360), engagement/disengagement of which causes rotation of the fan at a number of revolutions lower than that of the movement generating means or at zero revolutions; means (62) of the electromagnetic type for engaging/disengaging the second clutch, in which said first clutch (30) is supported in a position substantially adjacent to the fixed base (10) of the engine casing and said clutch (60) is supported by a fixed shaft (13) in a position substantially projecting from the base (10) of the engine.

Abstract: A clutch drum is constituted by a two-piece construction of an inner drum and outer drum. The inner drum is provided with a step at the corner from its disc part to its outer tube, and the vertical wall of the outer drum is butt welded to the step. The inner drum serves as the cylinder for a piston, enabling its inner circumferential surface up to its tip to be utilized as a piston sliding surface of sufficient length even though the outer tube is short. An extension of the piston having a part for applying pressure to the friction plates is offset towards the vertical wall of the outer drum after crossing the tip of the outer tube, thereby further shortening the length of the clutch as a whole in the axial direction whilst guaranteeing the stroke gap between itself and the clutch hub.

Abstract: In a method and apparatus for unloading fragile products from a storage container, comprising a step of transferring the products by gravity from a container to an unloading station below along a given, straight unloading path, a product interception device, with a given linear movement along the unloading path, intercepts the products and accompanies them at a first given speed to the unloading station, until a continuous column of products is formed, substantially extending between the container and the unloading station; then, during product unloading, the column is gradually shortened by raising the unloading station at a second given speed.

Abstract: Apparatus for manufacturing fibrous insulation includes a porous conveyor mounted for transporting fibrous material in a machine direction in the form of pack. A pack lift blower is positioned beneath the porous conveyor, in a direction transverse to the machine direction, to direct gases upwardly through the porous conveyor to fluff the fibers within the pack. The pack lift blower has a nozzle that is readily removable and replaceable for cleaning without requiring interruption in the motion of the conveyor. The nozzle may also include slots which allow the passage of air and a reciprocal member which cleans the slots.

Abstract: Disclosed is a conveyor system for conveying objects along a conveyor path. The system permits conveyance of objects along an inclined path and accumulation of objects. The system comprises a modular, plastic, endless conveyor belt comprising plastic modules linked by means of a connecting pin, accumulation elements for accumulating objects provided in at least some of the modules, and with drive means for driving the belt. Accumulation elements are driver members positionable beneath the conveyor belt's carrying section surface (accumulation position) or above the conveyor belt's carrying section surface (driving position), and a guidance system disposed beneath the driver member path for position driver members in driving position.

Abstract: The electric shaver is provided with a push button switch contained in a case, a push button to press the push button switch disposed in the case switch window and switch it on and off, and a waterproof gasket disposed between the push button and the push button switch to seal the case switch window in a watertight configuration. The case has a switch window with a periphery ridge projecting outward from the perimeter edge. The waterproof gasket has an upper surface contact region to contact the periphery ridge upper edge and an inner surface contact region to contact the periphery ridge inside surface. An inner ring is disposed inside the waterproof gasket inner surface contact region to tightly connect the waterproof gasket inner surface contact region and the periphery ridge. The push button is disposed inside the inner ring in a manner allowing it to move in the direction it is pressed.

Abstract: A recording film is formed on a surface of a substrate, including the slopes, which are positioned on both sides of each information track and have surfaces not parallel to the surfaces of the information tracks. The surface of the substrate is sputter-etched by accelerated ions impinging against the substrate surface in a substantially vertical direction. The recording film on each slope is etched away based on the dependence of a sputtering rate upon an incident angle of the ions, while the recording film remains on the surface of each information track.

Abstract: An economical method of fabricating a high quality ZnO thin film with only NBE and without any deep-level emission at room temperature in order to replace conventional III-V group compounds such as GaN, and an apparatus therefor. The method comprises the steps of introducing argon (Ar) and oxygen (O2) into a vacuum chamber while maintaining a vacuum level of 1-100 mTorr in the vacuum chamber, preheating a substrate, depositing a ZnO monocrystal thin film on the substrate by RF magnetron sputtering while introducing carbon(C) or nitrogen (N) atoms from an atomic radical source installed over the substrate, and slowly cooling the substrate while maintaining a partial pressure of oxygen in the vacuum chamber at a partial pressure level used while depositing the ZnO thin film.