Abstract: An air conditioning system equipped with at least one first air conditioning system in which an outdoor unit is connected to plural indoor units through an inter-unit pipe and the plural indoor units are allowed to execute one of cooling operation and heating operation concurrently, at least one second air conditioning system in which an outdoor unit is connected to plural indoor units through an inter-unit pipe and the plural indoor units are allowed to execute both cooling operation and heating operation in mixture concurrently, and a controller that is connected to the first and second air conditioning systems through a communication line so that communications can be performed between the controller and each of the first and second air conditioning systems, wherein the controller transmits a switching instruction signal for instructing switching of an air conditioning operation to cooling operation or heating operation through the communication line to the first and second air conditioning systems all tog

Abstract: A self-contained, fully-integrated, energy efficient heating and cooling system or apparatus for conditioning the air on the interior of a building which includes a means for creating airflow through the apparatus, a section for cooling the airflow, a section for heating the airflow, a means for directing the airflow into the cooling section or into the heating section, a reheat device for tempering (i.e., reheating) the airflow exiting the cooling section, a return air section for receiving air returned to the apparatus from the building interior, and a means for pulling the returned air out of the return air section and venting the returned air to the environment outside of the building. The heating section of the present invention also provides a “four-pass” heat exchanger which may be assembled from sections of cast iron or other suitable materials, and a high efficiency combustion burner which may be integrated into the four-pass heat exchanger.

Abstract: A self-contained, fully-integrated, energy efficient heating and cooling system or apparatus for conditioning the air on the interior of a building which includes a means for creating airflow through the apparatus, a section for cooling the airflow, a section for heating the airflow, a means for directing the airflow into the cooling section or into the heating section, a reheat device for tempering (i.e., reheating) the airflow exiting the cooling section, a return air section for receiving air returned to the apparatus from the building interior, and a means for pulling the returned air out of the return air section and venting the returned air to the environment outside of the building. The heating section of the present invention also provides a “four-pass” heat exchanger which may be assembled from sections of cast iron or other suitable materials, and a high efficiency combustion burner which may be integrated into the four-pass heat exchanger.

Abstract: Cooling means for a heated surface comprising an enclosure for enclosing the heated surface and two oppositely charged interleaved radial arrays of microelectrodes positioned on the surface within the enclosure. The combined arrays have a closely spaced end and a periphery end. A volatile cooling liquid is contained in a reservoir within the enclosure but separate from the array. A slit-type restrictor is positioned between the reservoir and the array to restrict liquid flow from the reservoir toward the array. A portion of the closely spaced end of the array is positioned within the slit whereby the pumping action of the array draws only the amount of volatile liquid along the electrodes needed to form a thin evaporating film over the array area. The vapor from the thin film evaporator flows to a condenser where it is cooled, condensed to a liquid and returned to the liquid reservoir.

Abstract: A device and method that may be used at nearly any place to set and adjust a control system such as a thermostat, controller or computer having numerous parameters and options that may be selected for desired operation of an air management system. One may remotely, via a personal digital assistant, configure, commission, select, set or adjust the parameters and options of a control system, which may include, but not be limited to, temperatures, humidity, sensors, volume of air movement, fan or air mover behavior, the percentage of added fresh air, modulated and non-modulated control of valves and dampers, stages of cooling and heating at various zones, control of heat pumps, heaters and air conditioners, modes of occupied, unoccupied or standby of respective spaces in a building, for day and night, at selected times, on certain days, for specific buildings at particular locations.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for modifying the temperature of a bed environment. In preferred embodiments, the invention is a self-contained, forced air bed warmer which pre-heats the interior sheets and covers of a bed to provide a controlled micro-environment that facilitates relaxation into restful sleep on cold nights. Preferred embodiments include an air conditioning section comprising a body portion and a handle portion, said air conditioning section having an exterior surface that is adapted to receive an edge of a bed cover between said body portion and said handle portion; a fan; a heat transfer element; a temperature sensor; a control circuit connected to said temperature sensor; a timer mounted within said air conditioning section; and an elongated air delivery section having two ends with an air entrance at one end and a primary air exit at the other end.

Abstract: A heating unit having a heat pipe structure includes a heater and a cooling pipe disposed in an inner space of a holding table. The holding table and the cooling pipe are thermally insulated by a heat-insulating member, so that it is possible to prevent direct heat transfer from the cooling pipe to the holding table. Therefore, it is possible to rapidly perform a cooling processing while keeping the evenness of the temperature distribution of the mounting face and the temperature distribution of the substrate mounted on the mounting face, and consequently to appropriately keep the evenness of the film thickness and the line width of a wiring layer formed on the substrate upon heat processing.

Abstract: An apparatus includes heat-generating structure disposed in an environment having an ambient pressure, and a cooling system for removing heat from the heat-generating structure. The cooling system includes a fluid coolant, structure which reduces a pressure of the coolant to a subambient pressure at which the coolant has a boiling temperature less than a temperature of the heat-generating structure; and structure which directs a flow of the liquid coolant at the subambient pressure so that it is brought into thermal communication with the heat-generating structure, the coolant then absorbing heat and changing to a vapor. A method for cooling heat-generating structure disposed in an environment having an ambient pressure includes providing a fluid coolant and reducing a pressure of the coolant to a subambient pressure at which the coolant has a boiling temperature less than a temperature of the heat-generating structure.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for supplying cooling air to electronic equipment from ones of at least two sources. A detector detects whether the quality, such as the temperature of the cooling air from a source, is satisfactory and if not shuts the damper to that source and opens the damper to another source. A main controller provides additional control signals for controlling the dampers to protect the electronic equipment, or for shutting down the electronic equipment.

Abstract: A constant temperature refrigeration system for extensive temperature range application comprising a refrigerator, a low-temperature heat exchanger, a medium-temperature heat exchanger, a high-temperature heat exchanger, a pump, a first solenoid valve, a second solenoid valve, a third solenoid valve, a temperature sensor, a power regulator, a controller and a plurality of heaters, the temperature sensor is utilized for determining the working fluid temperature and compare the actual input temperature, the actual output temperature and the predetermined temperature, and the controller is utilized for switching the first solenoid valve, the second solenoid valve and the third solenoid valve for conveying the fluid to flow through various heat exchangers so that the working fluid is heated or cooled, with the result being that the working fluid temperature outputted is to reach the predetermined temperature, so as to acquire the working fluid having the exactly and precisely predetermined low temperature (?40° C

Abstract: An air-conditioning system with thermal storage system for storing cooling capacity. The storage system comprises a quantity of fill material that preferably comprises water or similar liquid that is located in a cavity in the ground. The fill material may also include a bed of gravel with the pool of liquid filling the void spaces in the gravel. Sidewalls of the cavity are preferably supported primarily by the mechanical properties of the earth and the fill material. The lower boundary of the cavity is impermeable liner. A cover that blocks solar radiation and preferably with thermal insulation covers the top of the fill material. A chiller and a pump supply cooled liquid during night or other times of reduced electrical costs and liquid from the storage flows through a liquid-to-air heat exchanger during peak demand periods.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plate-type heat exchanger, in which at least one first flow passage (16) for a first medium is provided between two plates (12 and 14), which form a plate pair (13). A plurality of second flow passages (18), which are connected in parallel, for a second medium are provided between two plate pairs (13). To provide a novel, improved heat exchanger, which is easier to produce, it is proposed that the second, parallel-connected flow passages (18) are formed in each case by one plate (14, 12) from adjacent plate pairs (13).

Abstract: A system and method for structure heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) that uses a heat exchanger to transfer heat between the structure and a subsurface storm water discharge chamber system is disclosed. Coils for heat management exchange are located in permanently collected runoff within a storm water management system beneath the frost line; the use of coils located within the retained runoff allows for improved heat exchange over coils placed within soil. Also described are a sensing device and feedback loop for HVAC control, to improve efficiency at ambient temperatures near the subsurface temperature.

Abstract: A vehicle HVAC control system including front and rear HVAC control systems for controlling a front HVAC system and a rear HVAC system, and a method for controlling the front and rear HVAC systems. A front set point temperature is used by the front HVAC control system to control operation of the front HVAC system. The front set point temperature is communicated to the rear HVAC control system. The rear HVAC control system derives a rear set point temperature, which is based upon the front set point temperature and a temperature adjustment value, to control operation of the rear HVAC system. The temperature adjustment value is one of a plurality of predetermined temperature adjustment values that may be selected by a rear seat passenger to adjust the rear set point temperature relative to the front set point temperature and thereby permit the rear set passengers to control the temperature of air delivered to the rear seat.

Abstract: The temperature distribution of a heating medium in the reactor is allayed and the occurrence of hot spots is repressed. In a shell-and-tube type reactor provided with donut type and disc type baffle plates, reaction tubes are disposed even in the holes formed in the donut type baffle plates and an empty space devoid of a configuration of the reaction tubes is formed at the center of the shell. According to this invention, (meth)acrylic acid and/or (meth)acrolein can be produced at a low energy by catalytic gas phase oxidation of propylene- or isobutylene-containing gas.

Abstract: A rethermalization system for food trays having a hot food side and a cold food side, the system includes a first thermal system having a heating source, a refrigeration coil and a blower; a second thermal system having first and second refrigeration coils and a blower; and a control system operable in one mode to activate the refrigeration coil of the first thermal system and the first refrigeration coil of the second thermal system, and operable in a second mode to activate the heating source of the first thermal system and the first and second refrigeration coils of the second thermal system.

Abstract: A constant temperature refrigeration system for extensive temperature range application comprising a refrigerator, a low-temperature heat exchanger, a medium-temperature heat exchanger, a high-temperature heat exchanger, a pump, a first solenoid valve, a second solenoid valve, a third solenoid valve, a temperature sensor, a power regulator and a controller, the temperature sensor is utilized for determining the working fluid temperature and compare the actual input temperature, the actual output temperature and the predetermined temperature, and the controller is utilized for controlling the first solenoid valve, the second solenoid valve and the third solenoid valve for conveying the fluid to flow through various heat exchangers so that the working fluid is heated or cooled, with the result being that the working fluid temperature outputted is to reach the predetermined temperature, so as to acquire the working fluid having the exactly and precisely predetermined low temperature (−40° C.

Abstract: An apparatus for refrigeration and heating comprising a refrigeration machine for providing cold and hot fluid, the cold and hot fluid delivered through a cold supply pipe and a hot supply/return pipe to a fan coil unit. An upstream two position three-way valve connected to the cold supply pipe and to the hot supply/return pipe, a modulating three-way mixing valve located downstream of the upstream two position three-way valve, and a fan coil unit pump located downstream of the modulating three-way mixing valve. The modulating three-way mixing valve is for allowing none, a portion of, or all of the fluid in the coil to be recirculated through the coil by the fan coil unit pump. A downstream two position three-way valve located downstream of the modulating three-way mixing valve and for returning fluid to the cold return pipe or the hot supply/return pipe. The fan coil unit for refrigerating a room or walk in cooler by pumping cold fluid through the coil.

Abstract: In a process to control the heating of a coating material for a roof covering, the coating material is heated using a heat exchange medium in a continuous process. The heat exchange medium is cooled in response to a slowdown or stoppage of the continuous heating process to maintain the temperature of the coating material below a predetermined level.

Abstract: A mix door (5) is arranged in air passages (10, 11) of an automotive air conditioning device. The mix door (5) is arranged to extend in a direction to shut an air flow blown from the upstream air passage (10) and swelled in a downstream direction with a predetermined radius of curvature. The door (5) is guided by arcuate cam grooves (19) and driven upward and downward to achieve open/close operation with the aid of a sliding mechanism (M). Compact construction, reduction in air flow resistance, smoothed handling, high sealing and high temperature controlling are achieved.

Abstract: A heating unit having a heat pipe structure includes a heater and a cooling pipe disposed in an inner space of a holding table. The holding table and the cooling pipe are thermally insulated by a heat-insulating member, so that it is possible to prevent direct heat transfer from the cooling pipe to the holding table. Therefore, it is possible to rapidly perform a cooling processing while keeping the evenness of the temperature distribution of the mounting face and the temperature distribution of the substrate mounted on the mounting face, and consequently to appropriately keep the evenness of the film thickness and the line width of a wiring layer formed on the substrate upon heat processing.

Abstract: A method and a device for the control/regulation of the heat flows caused by heat generators and heat consumers in a motor vehicle, at least on the basis of a momentary load state of the motor vehicle engine and the momentary vehicle operating conditions and ambient conditions. A control/regulation device makes a forecast of the load state of the engine cooling system lying ahead, on the basis of a model that takes into consideration driving condition-relevant quantities and the thermal inertia of the engine cooling system and of engine load-relevant ambient conditions lying ahead, recorded by a satellite navigation system, and carries out a corresponding control/regulation of all heat flows in the motor vehicle, especially of the engine cooling system.

Abstract: A method for cooking food in a refrigerated oven comprising a cool cycle, bake cycle, and warm cycle. The cool cycle maintains the food placed in the refrigerated oven at a temperature suitable to prevent the spoiling of the food prior to the initiation of the bake cycle. The food is cooked during the bake cycle. The warm cycle maintains the cooked food at a temperature suitable for serving on removal from the cooking chamber. In optional cool cycle can precede the warm cycle.

Abstract: An active temperature control system for a DUT utilizes a heat sink containing HFE7100 liquid and an electric heater. The liquid is cooled below the set point and the heater is used to bring the DUT up to the set point. Set points in the range of −10 degrees C. to +110 degrees C. can be achieved. The heat sink utilizes only a single coolant for all of the set points, allowing set points to be changed within a few minutes. At a given set point, the heater provides a quick response to offset the effect of self-heating and keep the set point deviation to within a few degrees C. Power following techniques can be utilized to achieve the quick response.

Abstract: A substrate cooling unit comprises a cooling plate on which the substrate is placed, a cooling temperature adjusting element which adjusts the cooling plate to a predetermined temperature, a temperature controller which controls a temperature of the cooling temperature adjusting element according to a transfer function, a temperature sensor attached to the cooling plate, and a control parameter changing section which changes at least any one setting of a proportional operation coefficient, integral time or derivative time among control parameters in the transfer function based on a temperature of the cooling plate detected by the temperature sensor after the substrate that is an object to be cooled is placed on the cooling plate.

Abstract: An air-conditioning system with thermal storage system for storing cooling capacity. The storage system comprises a quantity of fill material that preferably comprises water or similar liquid that is located in a cavity in the ground. The fill material may also include a bed of gravel with the pool of liquid filling the void spaces in the gravel. Sidewalls of the cavity are preferably supported primarily by the mechanical properties of the earth and the fill material. The lower boundary of the cavity is impermeable liner. A cover that blocks solar radiation and preferably with thermal insulation covers the top of the fill material. A chiller and a pump supply cooled liquid during night or other times of reduced electrical costs and liquid from the storage flows through a liquid-to-air heat exchanger during peak demand periods.

Abstract: The invention relates to a plate-type heat exchanger, in which at least one first flow passage (16) for a first medium is provided between two plates (12 and 14), which form a plate pair (13). A plurality of second flow passages (18), which are connected in parallel, for a second medium are provided between two plate pairs (13). To provide a novel, improved heat exchanger, which is easier to produce, it is proposed that the second, parallel-connected flow passages (18) are formed in each case by one plate (14, 12) from adjacent plate pairs (13).

Abstract: An energy-saving system including a primary heat recovery apparatus for recovering heat from the environment of a silencer box having a compressor and a power generator simultaneously coupled with an engine commonly built in the box for warming utility water, a refrigerant heat recovery apparatus for recovering the condensation heat of the refrigerant for warming utility water, a water heat recovery apparatus for recovering the water heat in the water jacket of the engine, and a flue gas heat recovery system having a first gas heat exchanger and a second gas heat exchanger for recovering the waste heat of the exhaust gas. A turbo-generator is driven by a steam turbine driven by the steam produced from the gas heat exchanger for generating electricity. Also at least an absorption-based air conditioner is driven by the waste heat as recovered from the energy-saving system.

Abstract: An energy-saving system includes a primary heat recovery apparatus recovering an environmental heat of a silencer box having a compressor and a power generator simultaneously coupled with an engine commonly built in the box for warming utility water, a refrigerant heat recovery apparatus recovering the condensation heat of the refrigerant for warming utility water, a water heat recovery apparatus recovering the water heat in the water jacket of the engine, a flue gas heat recovery system having a first gas heat exchanger and a second gas heat exchanger for recovering the waste heat of the exhaust gas, a turbo-generator driven by a steam turbine driven by the steam produced from the gas heat exchanger for generating electricity, and at least an absorption-type air conditioner as driven by the waste heat and recovered from the energy-saving system.

Abstract: In a temperature compensation apparatus for thermally loaded bodies made from materials of low specific thermal conductivity, a heat-distributing device having one or more heat-distributing bodies is adapted to surfaces of the thermally loaded body such that there remains between the thermally loaded body and the heat-distributing bodies a gap which is filled with a fluid for the purpose of the thermal coupling of thermally loaded bodies and heat-distributing bodies in conjunction with mechanical decoupling.

Abstract: The present invention provides an insulated container that is especially useful in cooling and transporting thermally sensitive materials such as pharmaceuticals, organs, tissues and vaccines. In general, the present invention comprises a container having a base unit and a lid. The container is insulated, preferably through the use of vacuum insulation paneling. A tray holding specimens is placed within the insulated container along with a coolant. To affect the rate at which the coolant draws heat from the specimen within the tray, another competing heat source is placed within the container along with the specimen and coolant. In the preferred embodiment, the competing heat source comprises expanded polystyrene panels coating the inner surface of the insulated container.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for selectively heating and/or cooling a preselected compartment of a vehicle by providing a substantially overlapping heating circuit and cooling circuit able to be activated to control temperatures for extended periods without running the vehicle engine.

Abstract: Disclosed herewith is a compact air conditioner for automobiles. The air conditioner includes an evaporator positioned and a heater core. A defrost vent is selectively opened and closed by a defrost door, and positioned in a mixing chamber. A face vent is opened and closed by a face door. A floor vent is divided by a second partition positioned behind the heater core, and selectively opened and closed by a floor door. A first partition is positioned between the evaporator and the heater core, and provided with a first blowing opening for allowing air to detour the heater core and a second blowing opening for blowing air to the heater core. A temperature regulating door is supported on both sidewalls of the air conditioner housing by its two side support arms. A heater chamber containing the heater core is defined by the first and second partitions and a pair of side partitions, is open at its bottom and communicates with the second blowing opening.

Abstract: A bedside rethermalization unit maintains food items placed on meal serving trays, including hot food items to be served at an elevated temperature, in a refrigerated state and rethermalizes hot food items at a desired time prior to meal serving. The unit is preferably in the form of a cart with castered wheels to enhance mobility. The cart includes a cabinet having an upper tray storage compartment for storing and rethermalizing a single day's worth of meals for a single individual, and a lower tray storage compartment for storage of soiled trays and eating utensils. Both compartments are refrigerated. A divider physically and atmospherically isolates the upper and lower tray storage compartments to inhibit contamination of uneaten meals in the upper compartment by soiled trays placed in the lower compartment. Rethermalization of hot food items in the upper compartment may be achieved by convection, conduction, induction, radiant heating, or any combination thereof.

Abstract: A mix door (5) is arranged in air passages (10, 11) of an automotive air conditioning device. The mix door (5) is arranged to extend in a direction to shut an air flow blown from the upstream air passage (10) and swelled in a downstream direction with a predetermined radius of curvature. The door (5) is guided by arcuate cam grooves (19) and driven upward and downward to achieve open/close operation with the aid of a sliding mechanism (M). Compact construction, reduction in air flow resistance, smoothed handling, high sealing and high temperature controlling are achieved.

Abstract: An automotive air-conditioner unit which is thin and suitable for use as a rear seat unit is composed of a blower unit with a centrifugal fan and a scroll casing, heat-exchanges for cooling and heating, and conditioned air outlets, all contained in an air-conditioner case. A backward centrifugal fan having a large blade angle is used in combination with a scroll casing having a small scroll angle to obtain high fan efficiency in the compact air-conditioner unit. An outlet duct requiring a higher volume of conditioned air is positioned closer to a scroll-starting position of the scroll casing than another outlet duct requiring a less volume. An air passage in the air-conditioner case is formed along a surface perpendicular to a rotational axis of the fan to reduce a pressure loss in the passage.

Abstract: A microwave oven comprises a magnetron; a body casing having a cooking compartment receiving microwaves from the magnetron and a cooling compartment formed adjacent to the cooking compartment; a thermoelement installed between the cooking compartment and the cooling compartment, and having a radiator and a heat absorber; a hot air transmitting unit transmitting hot air generated from the radiator of the thermoelement to the cooking compartment; and a cool air transmitting unit transmitting cool air generated from the heat absorber of the thermoelement to the cooling compartment. With this configuration, the cooking compartment can be used as a warmer. Also, the cooling compartment can be used as a cooler.

Abstract: A method of exchanging heat is disclosed. Process fluid is passed through a dry indirect contact heat exchange section while a main air stream is also passed through that section. The process fluid is passed through a second indirect contact heat exchange section while a second air stream is passed through that section. A third air stream is passed through a direct contact heat exchange section and mixed with the second air stream to define the main air stream. Evaporative liquid is selectively distributed over the second indirect contact heat exchange section and over the direct heat exchange section. The distribution of evaporative liquid over one section is independent of the distribution of evaporative liquid over the other section.

Abstract: A temperature regulating block for lab thermostatting systems has a receiving side with two kinds of seats in the form of differently shaped recesses to implement large-area contact-making seating of filled lower zones of two differently shaped kinds of receptacles filled with sample liquid. At least one temperature regulator is in contact with the block. The two kinds of seats are arranged in a regular, two-dimensional grid such that a seat of one kind in each case is located between four seats of the other kind.

Abstract: A material transport or heat exchanger system. The material transport or heat exchange system includes at least one component including a base material. The at least one component includes a top functional layer capable of adjusting wetting behavior of the base material. The top functional layer includes carbon and hydrogen, and at least one of a non-metallic element and a semi-metallic element selected from the group consisting of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th main group of the periodic table of elements, and mixtures thereof. A process for treating a surface of at least one component including a base material of a material transport or heat exchanger system. The process includes forming a top functional layer on at least a portion of the at least one component which is capable of adjusting wetting behavior of the base material.

Abstract: A control apparatus controls a vehicular air-conditioning system to control a fuel-combustion heater for producing combustion heat to heat a heating medium in a heating medium circuit which heats air flowing through a duct having air outlets openable into a passenger compartment, through heat exchange between the heating medium and the air with a heat exchanger disposed in the duct. The control apparatus has a shutdown controller for temporarily shutting down the fuel-combustion heater and an extinguishing controller for extinguishing the fuel-combustion heater based on a signal from the shutdown controller. The shutdown controller includes a shutdown signal entering unit for entering a shutdown signal to temporarily shut down the fuel-combustion heater and a shutdown signal canceler for canceling the shutdown signal in response to a canceling signal entered to cancel the shutdown of the fuel-combustion heater within a predetermined period of time after the shutdown signal has been entered.

Abstract: When implementing an origin reset, operating conditions for the origin reset are corrected in correspondence to changes in operating conditions such as the source voltage to implement an accurate origin reset.

Abstract: A method in which a temperature gradient is generated across a "gradient" block, and an apparatus comprising a block across which a temperature gradient can be generated. By setting up such a gradient, multiple reaction mixtures held in wells on the gradient block can be simultaneously run at temperatures which differ only slightly, thereby permitting an optimum temperature for the reaction to be quickly identified. In a preferred embodiment the gradient block is integrated into a thermal cycler used for nucleic acid amplification reactions.

Abstract: An apparatus for varying a temperature of a device under test (DUT). The apparatus comprises a plate having a surface area configured to couple to the DUT to transfer heat to and from the DUT by way of conduction. A heat exchanger is connected to the plate to set a temperature of the surface area of the plate to one of a range of temperatures by way of conduction. The heat exchanger circulates a plurality of fluids that each have a different nominal temperature, and the flow rates of the fluids are adjustable to vary the temperature of the surface area of the plate, thereby varying the temperature of the DUT.

Abstract: The electric lock system combines an electric lock with an energy control unit such that when a guest key is used in the lock, the lock communicates with the energy control unit to move from an unsold state to a sold state. Optionally, the guest key has information which tells the lock when the guest will leave and the lock communicates to the energy control unit to move from the sold state to an unsold state. Another option, includes a motion detector and door switch which allows the lock to detect the presence of the guest in the room and allows the lock to further employ an occupied and unoccupied state. The combination of the electric lock system and the energy control unit provides energy savings in the heating and cooling of the room.

Abstract: A closed cycle cryogenic refrigerating system with a fixed restrictor operates with a compressor inlet pressure in a range of 0.1 Mpa to 0.4 Mpa and compressor discharge pressure in a range of 1.5 Mpa and 2.5 Mpa. A basic cryogenic refrigerant mixture is used to which is added approximately 3% to 25% of helium, hydrogen and/or neon. A ratio of refrigerant density at the inlet of the fixed restrictor between steady-state operation and operation at the beginning of cool-down is in an approximate range of 7 to 17. Relatively rapid cool-down is achieved and evaporator temperature is maintained in an approximate range of 70K to 120K.

Abstract: Method and system for modifying a linear control algorithm which controls an automotive HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system using fuzzy logic. The control algorithm responds to signals generated by various climate control sensors to produce a desired vehicle air temperature as set by an operator of the vehicle. Fuzzy linear control achieves the following three functions: (1) calibration blending, (2) target set point adjustment, and (3) non-linear offset compensation. Fuzzy logic calculations are performed based on fuzzy rules and membership functions to provide nonlinear compensation and to allow the control to be expressed in the same heuristic terms that an occupant could use in describing the level of comfort.