Abstract: An optical system comprising a non-specular ceramic reflector surrounding one or more electrode-less bulbs containing a fill that forms a light-emitting plasma when excited with radio frequency, to be used in a fixture for illuminating subjects, for the purpose of high output lighting, such as lighting for image capture, horticulture, stadium, port, roadway, construction and area lighting. This ceramic reflector generates a uniform lambertian reflection specifically evening out the light emission from the electrode-less bulb producing a uniform beam of light with a spread between about 1 to about 300 degrees. This ceramic reflector greatly increases the amount of light falling on a given subject in comparison to the fixture without said reflector system.

Abstract: A portable power generation device includes a protective case and a power source. The protective case has a lower case portion and an upper case portion, the upper case portion including a plurality of upper case portion segments, wherein the upper case portion is rotatable with respect to the lower case portion between a closed configuration and an open configuration. The power source is sized to fit within the protective case in the closed configuration, rotatable with respect to the lower case portion, and supported by the protective case in the open configuration.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide an endoscope and its manufacturing method enabling to reduce a diameter of the endoscope required to have airtightness and facilitate a connecting work between a cable and a connector. A first tube body and a second tube body constituting an airtight container are relatively moved to extend and contract, so that it is possible to extend cables from a proximal end part of the second tube body by contracting the container, thereby enabling a connecting work between the cables and an airtight connector. After the completion of connecting work between the cables and the airtight connector, it is possible to store an extra length of the cables in the second tube body as well as to allow the airtight connector to engage with the proximal end part of the second tube body by extending the first tube body and the second tube body.

Abstract: A reusable electronic circuit assembling system facilitates assembly and testing of electronic circuits. The system has at least one baseboard and one or more assembling blocks magnetically or mechanically attached to the baseboard. Each assembling block has at least two electrically connected conductive clips located separately in the opening holes of the assembly block. Discrete electronic components are connected by selectively inserting the electrodes of the to-be-connected electronic components into the clips of the assembling blocks. A complete circuit is constructed by attaching the above block-component assemblies on the baseboard and connecting them in accordance with the desired circuit diagram.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a sensor is provided. The method includes providing a frame having a loop structure, and covering the frame with a coating material to provide a sensor body having at least one diaphragm structure. The one or more diaphragm structures of the sensor body bias an emitter housing and a detector housing of the frame toward one another. The sensor may be placed on a patient's finger, toe, and so forth, to obtain pulse oximetry or other physiological measurements.

Abstract: This invention is a manufacturing method of a liquid discharge head that includes a substrate having a plurality of discharge energy generating elements that generate energy that is utilized for discharging a liquid, and a discharge port forming member that constitutes a discharge port group including a plurality of discharge ports that discharge the liquid and flow paths that communicate with the discharge port group. The manufacturing method includes (1) disposing a photosensitive resin as material of the discharge port forming member on or above the substrate, and (2) forming an exposure pattern of the discharge port group using ultraviolet light in the photosensitive resin. In the aforementioned (2), the discharge port group is divided in a longitudinal direction and exposed, and the exposures are respectively performed so that regions in which there is a high degree of telecentricity face each other.

Abstract: A concentration photovoltaic CPV assembly system is provided that allows on-field assembly, space-efficient storage and optimized shipment. The CPV assembly system is configured to be stored and transported in an un-assembled state, and configured to be mounted on site while safeguarding the tight mounting tolerances and environmental protection requirements, as well as all the geometrical requirements of the optical system.

Abstract: A method of mounting at least one pressure port in a skin of an aircraft, where the port is made with a hollow tube implanted in the skin, optimizes conditions whereby each of the tubes is made flush with the skin so that static or dynamic pressure measurements are accurate and reliable. The method includes a step of leveling each of the tubes and a step of painting the skin. To achieve satisfactory leveling conditions for the tubes on each occasion, the leveling step is independent of the layer of paint deposited on the skin.

Abstract: The invention relates to a depiction arrangement for security papers, value documents, electronic display devices or other data carriers, having a grid image arrangement for depicting a target image (40) that is broken down into two or more partial target images (42, 44), having a motif image that is subdivided into a plurality of periodically or at least locally periodically arranged cells (24) in each of which are arranged mapped regions of one or more of the partial target images (42, 44), a viewing grid (22), composed of a plurality of viewing grid elements, that, when the motif image is viewed, reconstructs the complete target image (40) from the mapped regions arranged in the cells (24), the motif image being, independently of the cell subdivision, split into at least first and second microinformation regions (60, 62) in which the cells each include different combinations of mapped regions of the partial target images (40, 42), and the microinformation regions (60, 62) being arranged in the shape of

Abstract: In an aligning device, in plan view, a first recess of a first transfer jig allows an entire region of a second recess of the first transfer jig to be situated within the first recess of the first transfer jig by a predetermined interval. A first recess of a second transfer jig allows an entire region of a second recess of the second transfer jig to be situated within the first recess of the second transfer jig by a predetermined interval. When the first transfer jig and the second transfer jig overlap each other, the first recess of the second transfer jig allows the entire region of the second recess of the first transfer jig to be situated within the first recess of the second transfer jig by a predetermined interval. With the alignment object being transferred into a cavity of the first transfer jig, by causing the first transfer jig and the second transfer jig to overlap each other, the alignment object is transferred from the cavity of the first transfer jig to a cavity of the second transfer jig.

Abstract: A fully implantable cardiac pacemaker system is provided. The pacemaker system includes a pacemaker having an electrode sub-assembly containing an electrode and a base into which the electrode is embedded. It also includes an implantable package that has electronic components for providing electrical pulses to a patient's heart. The pacemaker also has a power supply and a flexible electrically conductive lead that connects the electronic components to the electrode. In addition to the pacemaker, the pacemaker system includes a removable insertion casing that is physically attached to the base portion of the electrode sub-assembly. Upon insertion of the pacemaker into a patient's heart, the pacemaker is detached from the removable insertion casing and deployed fully in the patient's chest. The pacemaker system has particular use in fetal applications.

Abstract: A CT system includes an x-ray source, a high-voltage power supply (HVPS) coupled to the x-ray source, and a high-frequency power distribution unit (HFPDU) having an input bus that is coupleable to a three-phase source, and having an output bus. The HFPDU includes a three-phase rectifier coupled to the input bus and configured to output a DC current to an inverter, the inverter configured to convert the DC current to an AC current, and output the AC current to a primary winding of an isolation transformer, and the isolation transformer having a secondary output to an isolation transformer, that is coupled to a full bridge rectifier, to produce DC current to the output bus and to DC bus loads of the CT system.

Abstract: A cochlear implant includes a sealed housing containing electronics for at least stimulation or collection of data and at least one antenna for communicating with an external device and a magnet configured to hold the external device in proximity to the sealed housing. The sealed housing includes an upper cover being closest to the skin when the device is implanted, and a lower cover that is hermetically connected to the upper cover. The lower cover includes an elevated region, a recessed region, and at least one feedthrough element formed in the recessed region of the lower cover. The recessed region provides space for a lead to connect to the feedthrough element and protects it from shock and other environmental risks.

Abstract: A grommet for a modular electronic device includes a body including a first side and a second side opposite the first side. A head extends from the first side of the body. A channel extends through the body and the head. At least one buttress extends outward and along a length of the body. The buttress extends outward a first length adjacent the first side and a shorter second length adjacent the second side.

Abstract: An electronic device comprises a power module comprising a first main surface and a second main surface opposite to the first main surface, wherein at least a portion of the first main surface is configured as a heat dissipating surface without electrical power terminal functionality. The electronic device comprises a porous metal layer arranged on the portion of the first main surface.

Abstract: The system of the present invention includes a conductive element, an electronic component, and a partial power source in the form of dissimilar materials. Upon contact with a conducting fluid, a voltage potential is created and the power source is completed, which activates the system. The electronic component controls the conductance between the dissimilar materials to produce a unique current signature. The system can also measure the conditions of the environment surrounding the system.

Abstract: A system for measuring soft starter current includes a current monitoring system having a controller and a current transfer device that includes a first sold state switching device. A first current sensor is coupled to the first solid state switching device and the controller to sense off-state current of the first solid state switching device. The controller is configured to determine an operational status of the first solid state switching device.

Abstract: A Klystron transmitter for use in weather radar systems has a transmitter module for operating with any of various Klystron tubes designed for different frequency ranges, such as a low S-Band range, a high S-Band range, and a C-Band range. Each of the Klystron tubes is designed to have similar operating characteristics, such as output power and operating voltages. In addition, the transmitter module has driver circuitry for driving the Klystron tube of the transmitter, and such driver circuitry is operable over a wide frequency range so that the same driver circuitry can be used for any of the contemplated bands. Accordingly, the same core transmitter circuitry can be used for any of the Klystron tubes allowing a manufacturer to control which of the contemplated bands is implemented by selecting the appropriate Klystron tube and stable local oscillator (STALO) for the desired band.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an optical molecular sensor, as well as methods and uses for such sensors in optical and medical devices. The sensor is based on traditionally inactive, limited or a combination thereof, materials that are regarded as such within surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The disclosed invention essentially includes the said material or materials as the substrate, micro-pattern features developed from the substrate, and a three-dimensional (3D) architecture of nanoparticle fibers that generally surround and envelop the micro-pattern features. The nanoparticle fibers are specifically designed to have a desirable 3D network depth and porosity, as well as nanoparticle average diameter, standard deviation, and nanoparticle separation (i.e. nanogap), as well as nanoparticle crystal phase composition, stoichiometry, and crystallinity.

Abstract: A method includes depositing a metal seal material onto a first component of a protective module. The method also includes placing a second component of the protective module into contact with the metal seal material. The components of the protective module define a cavity configured to hold one or more devices. The method further includes heating the metal seal material to create a metal seal between the components of the protective module. In addition, the method includes depositing an outer metal material over and in contact with the metal seal. Heating the metal seal material to create the metal seal could include performing an anneal process with a peak temperature of about 150° C. to about 200° C. The method could optionally include alloying part of the metal seal with part of the outer metal material to create alloyed regions between the components of the protective module.

Abstract: A nozzle heater assembly coupled to a hot runner nozzle includes a heater support made of at least two support segments spaced apart by a gap. A heater element secured to both support segments is configured to limit the gap between the two segments. The nozzle heater assembly to be coupled to a hot runner may also include in other applications a heater support formed of a single piece and configured as a hollow helical tube including at least two axial gaps. A heater element is secured to the helical tube, where the helical tube can be compressed or stretched axially to alter a clamping force generated when the helical tube and the heater are coupled to the hot runner nozzle.

Abstract: A device comprising: a handpiece having one or more attachment ports; a tubeset having one or more attachment features for connecting the tubeset to the one or more attachment ports in the handpiece; a removable tip having an attachment arm for attaching to the one or more attachment ports in the handpiece; wherein the device comprises one or more of the following: the handpiece includes an attachment port that attaches the handpiece to an active lead and a return lead and the device is adapted to use only the active lead or both leads so that the device can switch between bi-polar energy and mono-polar energy; the tubeset has one or more fluid conduits that are in fluid communication with the removable tip, wherein the removable tip is located at a distal end of the device; and the handpiece connects to one or more electrical input lines; the tubeset connects to one or more fluid lines, and the removable tip is free of direct connection to both the one or more electrical input lines and the one or more fluid

Abstract: An exemplary aspect comprises an apparatus comprising: (a) a microprocessor; (b) a wireless transmitter/receiver in communication with the microprocessor and operable to communicate over a wireless network with an application on a mobile device; (c) a light sensor in communication, via the microprocessor and the transmitter/receiver, with the application, and operable to detect and report ambient light levels in a vicinity of the apparatus; and (d) an accelerometer in communication, via the microprocessor and the transmitter/receiver, with the application, and operable to detect and report motion of the apparatus. In various exemplary embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise (and/or instead comprise): (1) a temperature sensor; (2) a humidity sensor; (3) a microphone; and/or (4) a passive infrared sensor.

Abstract: An interconnecting structure for electrically connecting a first electronic device with a second electronic device is provided. The first electronic device has two first bond-pads, and the second electronic device has two second bond-pads electrically connected to the two first bond-pads respectively. The interconnecting structure includes a signal transmission structure electrically connected to the two first bond-pads and the two second bond-pads; and a ground device disposed between the first electronic device and the second electronic device so that the first electronic device and the second electronic device have a same ground potential.

Abstract: Catheter apparatuses, systems, and methods for achieving neuromodulation by intravascular access are disclosed herein. One aspect of the present technology, for example, is directed to a treatment device having a therapeutic assembly that includes an elongated tubular shaft having a pre-formed spiral shape when in a deployed state (e.g., a radially expanded, generally spiral/helical shape) and a thermocouple assembly helically wrapped about the shaft. In one embodiment, the thermocouple assembly comprises first and second wires composed of dissimilar metals with the first wire including a plurality of exposed and insulated regions along the distal portion of the treatment device. The exposed regions of the first wire define a plurality of energy delivery portions positioned to deliver electrical energy (e.g., RF energy, pulsed energy, etc.) to target tissue adjacent a wall of an artery (e.g., a renal artery) to heat or otherwise electrically modulate neural fibers that contribute to physiological function (e.

Abstract: A corona igniter (20) includes a metal shell (32) with a corona reducing lip (38) spaced from an insulator (26) and being free of sharp edges (40) to prevent arcing (42) in a rollover region and concentrate the electrical field at an electrode firing end (48). The corona reducing lip (38) includes lip outer surfaces (88) being round, convex, concave, or curving continuously with smooth transitions (90) therebetween. The corona reducing lip (38) includes lip outer surfaces (88) presenting spherical lip radii (r1) being at least 0.004 inches. The corona igniter (20) also includes shell inner surfaces (104) and insulator outer surfaces (75) facing one another being free of sharp edges (40).

Abstract: High precision capacitors and methods for forming the same utilizing a precise and highly conformal deposition process for depositing an insulating layer on substrates of various roughness and composition are disclosed. The method generally includes the steps of depositing a first insulating layer on a metal substrate by atomic layer deposition (ALD); (b) forming a first capacitor electrode on the first insulating layer; and (c) forming a second insulating layer on the first insulating layer and on or adjacent to the first capacitor electrode. The methods provide an improved deposition process that produces a highly conformal insulating layer on a wide range of substrates, and thereby, an improved capacitor.

Abstract: Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) structures, methods of manufacture and design structures are provided. The method of forming a MEMS structure includes forming a wiring layer on a substrate comprising actuator electrodes and a contact electrode. The method further includes forming a MEMS beam above the wiring layer. The method further includes forming at least one spring attached to at least one end of the MEMS beam. The method further includes forming an array of mini-bumps between the wiring layer and the MEMS beam.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a flat panel detector such that the surface on the side of a fluorescent body layer of a scintillator panel which has the fluorescent body layer comprising a column crystal on the supporting body, is coupled to the planar light receiving element surface of a light-receiving element, comprising: a step of manufacturing the scintillator panel which has a larger area than that of the planar light receiving element surface; a step of trimming the edges of the scintillator panel, obtained by the step of manufacturing the scintillator panel, to correspond to the area of the planar light receiving element surface; and a step of coupling the edge-trimmed scintillator panel to the planar light receiving element surface, thus providing a flat panel detector which has an excellent productivity and that can be made small in size without non-image area.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method of manufacturing an inertial sensor using a polling method of a piezoelectric element performing a polling after packaging the piezoelectric element, the method of manufacturing an inertial sensor including: forming a driving electrode and a sensing electrode on a flexible substrate on which a piezoelectric material is deposited; electrically connection the driving electrode and the sensing electrode; packaging the flexible substrate; polling by applying voltage and heat to the driving electrode and the sensing electrode; and electrically separating the driving electrode from the sensing electrode by applying heat to the driving electrode and the sensing electrode.

Abstract: A multi-laser projection device includes: a plurality of first assemblies, each including a fixed assemblage of a respective laser diode and an associated first collimator lens; a second assembly that forms a fixed assemblage of a beam combiner and a respective second collimator lens that is fastened on an entry surface of the beam combiner and that appertains to a respective laser diode; and a deflection unit. The plurality of first assemblies, the second assembly, and the deflection unit are mounted in a common housing so as to be adjusted to one another.

Abstract: A CT system includes an x-ray source, a high-voltage (HV) tank coupled to the x-ray source, and an inverter coupled to the HV tank. The inverter includes an H-bridge configuration of switches comprising a first leg and a second leg, wherein the first and second legs include respective upper and lower switches, and at least one additional leg of switches having respective upper and lower switches. The system includes a controller configured to interleave switch operation between the H-bridge configuration and the at least one additional leg of switches.

Abstract: A touch panel producing method includes the following steps. Firstly, a first coiled sheet and a second coiled sheet are transferred in a specified direction. Then, the first coiled sheet and the second coiled sheet are laminated together. Then, a laminated structure of the first coiled sheet and the second coiled sheet is cut, so that a sensing plate section is produced. Then, the sensing plate section is removed from the laminated structure of the first coiled sheet and the second coiled sheet, so that a sensing plate is produced. Afterwards, a touch control circuit board is attached on the sensing plate. The first coiled sheet includes plural sensing regions. The second coiled sheet is an adhesive sheet. The sensing plate section includes one of the plural sensing regions.

Abstract: A seismic land vibrator, comprising a baseplate comprising a substantially flat, rigid member; at least one driven member that is connected with the baseplate and extends in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to baseplate; a rotation sensor that is coupled to the baseplate and adapted to provide a signal that is indicative of rotational movement of at least a portion of the baseplate.

Abstract: The electric display apparatus with a lighting system, comprising: an electric display column, a support frame, a display shelf, some lamps, some plastic strips and coppers. The electric display column includes some grooves and grids. The plastic strips are installed in the grooves; the coppers are installed in the plastic strips, and they are connected to the power supply. The multiple rectangular hanging holes distributing along the longitudinal direction of the grids; the hanging arms are installed on both ends of the support frame. The middle part of the hanging arm is installed with the guide groove, which bottom installed the positioning bolt. The insulating plastic material movable plug is fixed in the hanging arms, the interior of the movable plug inlaid with the electric copper, which is installed in the guide groove of the hanging arm. The display shelf is fixed to the support frame by the screw connection.

Abstract: A kiosk which has an inner work or exhibition area, the kiosk comprising a shell constructed from a plurality of panels 18, and a lighting array 48 in the shell which is used to alter the appearance of the kiosk.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to hand held electromechanical powered surgical handle assemblies for use with surgical end effectors capable of clamping, cutting and/or stapling tissue and methods of use thereof. The surgical device includes a handle assembly and a drive unit assembly removably and selectively connectable to a selected first connecting feature and second connecting feature of the handle assembly. The drive unit assembly includes a motor and a drive shaft driven by the motor.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing vehicles, comprising at least the steps of: providing a first shaped panel made of plastic material; providing a second shaped panel; coupling the first shaped panel to the second shaped panel so as to define a structural element of the vehicle, in which a hollow space is confined between the first shaped panel and the second shaped panel; before or during coupling, arranging conductive tracks in the hollow space, which conductive tracks define at least part of an electric equipment of the vehicle; filling the hollow space with polyurethane.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a pattern formation method includes: preparing a mask pattern for interference, a photoelectric conversion unit, and a processing object, the mask pattern for interference being periodically arranged a plurality of light transmissive portions, the photoelectric conversion unit being disposed apart from the mask pattern for interference; applying light to the mask pattern for interference to produce Talbot interference based on transmitted light of the light transmitted through the light transmissive portions; applying interference light produced by the Talbot interference to the photoelectric conversion unit to cause the photoelectric conversion unit to emit electrons based on the interference light; and forming a pattern by applying the electrons to the processing object.

Abstract: A modular connector system allows a user to configure physical and functional aspects of a sensor or electrical connector assembly to suit the requirements of a particular installation or application. A header module houses an electrical component, such as a photo sensor, a proximity switch, a safety sensor, etc. A variety of field modules and adapter modules are provided that can be selectively added to the header module to accommodate a wide range of applications. These field and adaptor modules can include power modules, communication modules, or other types of signal processing modules. The housings and electronics of the header, field, and adapter modules are designed such that the field and adapter modules can be rotated relative to the header module to suit physical environment of the connector's location.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a thermal conductivity detector, comprising a sensor block having two cavities for the purpose of accommodating gases, wherein one of the cavities is open and the other cavity is sealed and in each of the cavities there is disposed a thermistor and also sealing elements for the purpose of sealing the cavities, which sealing elements comprise electric current feed through elements, which are electrically connected to the respective thermistor disposed in the respective cavity. At least the sealing element in the sealed cavity is a glass to metal feed through element, which is welded to the sensor block to form a gas-tight joint. The present invention further relates to a method for the production of the thermal conductivity detector.

Abstract: A large-area probe card and method of manufacturing the same including an insulation plate including at least one contactor formed thereon, a main substrate disposed below the insulation plate, and a flexible signal connector vertically passing through the insulation plate and disposed between the at least one contactor and the main substrate to electrically connect the at least one contactor with the main substrate.

Abstract: Contemplated device, assembly and methods include a sensor feed through assembly that protects and seals a set of wires. The assembly has a body, a first seal, a second seal and a cover. The wires thread through a first opening on the body through a second opening of the first seal and exit orthogonally between the first seal and the second seal. The cover tightens the entire assembly and secures the wires between the two seals. The entire unit can be coupled to other pressurized vessels under different temperatures and pressurized environments.

Abstract: A method for assembling a touch control display apparatus includes: mounting a frame member to an assembly surface of a touch control panel; fixing a display panel to one of the frame member and the assembly surface of the touch control panel such that a display surface of the display panel faces the touch control panel; mounting at least one electronic component on a section of the frame member that is not covered by the display panel; and coupling a bottom case to the frame member for enclosing the display panel and the at least one electronic component.

Abstract: The monitoring of a brake is disclosed. The brake includes first and second braking surfaces and a magnetizing device arranged to move the braking surfaces to an open state, in which the braking surfaces are separated from each other, and to a closed state, in which the braking surfaces are connected to each other. During the monitoring of the brake, the time is measured that elapses from the change in the magnetic field caused by the magnetizing device to the shift of the braking surfaces from one state to another.

Abstract: A control module for an electrical stimulation system includes a casing defining a sealed inner compartment; an electronic subassembly disposed in the inner compartment; and a header portion coupled to the casing and having a connector to receive a proximal end of a lead or lead extension. The connector includes conductive contacts to electrically couple to terminal contacts on the lead or lead extension. The control module also includes a feedthrough assembly coupling the casing to the header portion. The feedthrough assembly includes a non-conductive ceramic block coupled to the casing, conductive feedthrough pins passing through the ceramic block and electrically coupling the conductive contacts of the connector to the electronic subassembly, a metal braze coupling the feedthrough pins to the ceramic block, and at least one glass layer disposed on at least a portion of the ceramic block and in contact with at least one of the feedthrough pins.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrode array is disclosed, the method comprising: forming an elongate comb structure comprising a plurality of longitudinally-spaced electrode contacts extending from and supported by a spine; electrically connecting each of a plurality of electrically conductive pathways to a respective one of the plurality of electrode contacts; placing the conductive pathways adjacent the contacts; placing silicone over the conductive pathways and contacts; curing the silicone so as to substantially retain the longitudinal spacing between neighboring contacts; and severing the spine from the plurality of electrode contacts.

Abstract: A micro-electro-mechanical microphone and manufacturing method thereof are provided. The micro-electro-mechanical microphone includes a diaphragm, which is formed on a surface of one side of a semiconductor substrate, exposed to the outside surroundings, and can vibrate freely under the pressure generated by sound waves; an electrode plate with air holes, which is under the diaphragm; an isolation structure for fixing the diaphragm and the electrode plate; an air gap cavity between the diaphragm and the electrode plate, and a back cavity under the electrode plate and in the semiconductor substrate; and a second cavity formed on the surface of the same side of the semiconductor substrate and in an open manner The air gap cavity is connected with the back cavity through the air holes of the electrode plate The back cavity is connected with the second cavity through an air groove formed in the semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A luminous system comprising one or more illumination sources, a multilayer structure, and one or more diffuse reflection layers being optically decoupled from the multilayer structure, wherein the emission and the reflection of the luminous system produce a first observed visible color when the one or more illumination sources are powered and a second observed visible color when the one or more illumination sources are non-powered is disclosed. Also disclosed are methods of creating the inventive luminous system.

Abstract: A method for fabricating articles for use in optics, electronics, and plasmonics includes large scale lithography or other patterning and conformal deposition such as by atomic layer deposition.