Abstract: A process for the production of a fluorinated organic compound, characterized by fluorinating an organic compound having a hydrogen atoms using IF5; and a novel fluorination process for fluorinating an organic compound having a hydrogen atoms by using a fluorinating agent containing IF5 and at least one member selected from the group consisting of acids, bases, salts and additives.

Abstract: A system and process for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed. The system and process includes mixing a dilute aqueous alkali metal halite solution with a mixture of protic acids to produce an effluent containing a halous acid; and contacting the effluent containing the halous acid with a catalytic material to produce a halogen oxide.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for producing nano-powders and powders of nano-particle loose aggregate, which includes: (a) providing at least two reactant solutions A and B capable of rapidly reacting to form deposits; (b) supplying the at least two reactant solutions A and B at least at the reaction temperature into a mixing and reaction precipitator respectively, in which mixing reaction and precipitation are continuously carried out in sequence, the mixing and reaction precipitator being selected from at least one of a tubular ejection mixing reactor, a tubular static mixing reactor and an atomization mixing reactor; and (c) treating the deposit-containing slurry continuously discharged from the mixing reaction precipitator.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a process for producing nanometer powders, comprising the following steps: (a) providing reactant solution A and reactant solution B that can rapidly react to form precipitate; (b) continuously adding said solution A and solution B into a mixing and reacting precipitator with a stator and a rotor in operation, respectively; and (c) post-treating the precipitate-containing slurry discharged continuously from the mixing and reacting precipitator. The present process could produce nanometer powders with adjustable particle size, good homogeneity in size and good dispersity. The method also has the characteristics of high production yield, simplicity in process and low consumption of energy. It could be applied to produce various nanometer powders of metals, oxides, hydroxides, salts, phosphides and sulfides as well as organic compounds.

Abstract: An electrode material for an anode of a rechargeable lithium battery, containing a particulate comprising an amorphous Sn.A.X alloy with a substantially non-stoichiometric ratio composition. For said formula Sn.A.X, A indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of transition metal elements, X indicates at least one kind of an element selected from a group consisting of O, F, N, Mg, Ba, Sr, Ca, La, Ce, Si, Ge, C, P, B, Pb, Bi, Sb, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Zn, Be, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, As, Se, Te, Li and S, where the element X is not always necessary to be contained. The content of the constituent element Sn of the amorphous Sn.A.X alloy is Sn/(Sn+A+X)=20 to 80 atomic %.

Abstract: It is provided that a method for preparing disodium paraperiodate, characterized in that a pH of a reaction mixture which is obtained by reacting sodium iodate, iodic acid or a mixture thereof with sodium hypochlorite using sodium hydroxide is adjusted to the range between 5 and 10.

Abstract: Described is a process and a device for carrying out a reaction in liquid medium during which evolution of gas occurs. The process can be applied in particular to a reaction employing a peroxide such as hydrogen peroxide and, in particular, to the reduction of chlorine present in an aqueous effluent.

Abstract: A system and process for oxidizing inorganic or organic species is disclosed. The system and process includes feeding a dilute aqueous alkali metal halite solution into a cation exchange column, wherein the cation exchange column contains a cation exchange material; contacting the dilute aqueous alkali metal halite solution with the cation exchange material to produce an effluent containing halous acid; feeding the effluent containing halous acid into a catalytic reactor containing a catalytic material; and contacting the halous acid containing effluent with the catalytic material to produce a halogen oxide.

Abstract: A cost-effective process is described for the preparation of a stable and non-hazardous brominating reagent containing 2:1 stoichiometric ratio of alkali bromide to alkali bromate. The process comprises of reacting alkaline bromine intermediate mixture, obtained from bromine recovery plant, with chlorine gas in the presence of a strong alkali to oxidize the bromide ions to bromate ions. This brominating reagent is useful for the bromination of aromatic compounds by substitutions.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus and method for the purification of gaseous inorganic halides utilizing a reactive metal and molecular sieves to remove impurities.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for lowering the content of organic matter and of nitrogenous products contained in a liquid to solid bromine-containing effluent, which consists in subjecting the said effluent to one or more physicochemical treatments chosen from:

Abstract: A process for purifying octafluoropropane according to the present invention comprises the step of contacting a crude octafluoropropane containing impurities with an impurity decomposing agent under elevated temperature and then with an adsorbent to substantially remove the impurities from the crude octafluoropropane.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the preparation of LiBF4 by reacting LiBO2 with 10 to 48% HF solution in aqueous solution at ambient temperature, concentrating the product and recrystallizing to obtain high purity LiBF4.

Abstract: The present invention provides a clathrate compound which can be used as a thermoelectric material, a hard material, or a semiconductor material. Silicon or carbon are formed into a clathrate lattice, and a clathrate compound is then formed in which specified doping atoms are encapsulated within the clathrate lattice, and a portion of the atoms of the clathrate lattice are substituted with specified substitution atoms. The clathrate lattice is, for example, a silicon clathrate 34 (Si34) mixed lattice of a Si20 cluster including a dodecahedron of Si atoms, and a Si28 cluster including a hexahedron of Si atoms. Suitable doping atoms are atoms from group 1A, group 2A, group 3A, group 1B, group 2B, group 3B, group 4A, group 5A, group 6A, and group 8, and suitable substitution atoms are atoms from group 1A, group 2A, group 3A, group 1B, group 2B, group 3B, group 5A, group 6A, group 7A, group 5B, group 6B, group 7B, and group 8 of the periodic table.

Abstract: An antiperspirant active salt made by treating an aluminum salt of general formula; Al2(OH)6−aXa wherein X is Cl, Br or I, and a is 0.3 to 4.0, with an effective amount of a phosphorus containing material, and ageing the salt.

Abstract: A process for synthesis of finely divided antiperspirant suspensions includes providing an antiperspirant salt consisting essentially of an Al salt which is effective as an antiperspirant and which is described by an empirical formula as follows: Al(OH)(3−b)XbzH2O where b=0.4 to 3, z<4, and X=halogen; mixing the Al salt into a non-aqueous oil phase to provide a mixture; and subsequently grinding the mixture with a suitable milling device at a temperature below 80° C. to provide a suspension having a preselected fineness. A perspiration-inhibiting cosmetic preparation includes, as active ingredient, the antiperspirant suspension described above.

Abstract: Stable biocide formulations containing oxidizing bromine are provided for biofouling control in industrial water systems. The formulations contain at least one stable oxidizing bromine compound that is prepared from at least one oxidizing chemical reagent, at least one bromine source and at least one bromine or halogen stabilizer. The resulting products are a mixture of stable oxidizing bromine compounds that can be used as a biocide in an industrial water system.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus is provided for removing wafer processing by-products from gas fluid exhaust systems utilizing an energy source placed within an exhaust channel either alone or in combination with a cleaning gas. The placement of the energy source in an exhaust channel enables emitted energy to react with wafer processing by-products to convert the by-product residues to more removable forms. Additionally provided is a cleaning gas source internal to the exhaust channel to further react with and convert exiting by-product residues to gaseous fluids.

Abstract: A crucible having an inner surface is not wetted by a melt which shrinks when it solidifies is provided with indentations in the walls of the crucible to support an ingot grown in it. Supporting the crystal provides a gap between the bottom of the ingot and the inner surface of the bottom of the crucible. The gap allows more uniform heat transfer from the bottom of the crucible than is provided when there is no gap; the gap provides a controllable temperature gradient between the interior and exterior of the crucible. To direct propagation of the growth of a macrocrystal, the bottom of the crucible is provided with at least one set of multiple grooves in parallel relationship with each other. Preferably a second set of multiple grooves in parallel relationship with each other intersect the grooves of the first set at an angle chosen depending upon the lattice structure of the macrocrystal to be grown. A macrocrystal grown in a crucible with twin sets of angulated grooves produces single crystals.

Abstract: The device and method of the invention provide a neutralizing compound that reacts with acid gases generated in laser exhaust to yield an insoluble non-toxic powder.

Abstract: This invention involves new compositions and methods of use and delivery of amorphous calcium compounds such as: amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride (ACPF), amorphous calcium carbonate phosphate (ACCP), amorphous calcium carbonate phosphate fluoride (ACCPF), and amorphous calcium fluoride (ACF) for use in remineralizing and fluoridating teeth. These amorphous compounds or solutions which form the amorphous compounds or calcium phosphate jelly which forms the amorphous compounds, when applied either onto or into dental tissue to prevent and/or repair dental weaknesses such as dental caries, exposed roots and dentin sensitivity. The compounds have the highest solubilities, fastest formation rates and fastest conversion rates (to apatite) among all the calcium phosphates under physiological conditions. Moreover, in the presence to fluoride the amorphous compound convert rapidly to fluoride containing apatite.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for the production of polyaluminum chlorides and polyaluminum chlorosulfates useful as coagulants in water treatment. In addition, the invention is directed to the products made by the disclosed processes.

Abstract: An nickel hydroxide positive electrode active material which can be made by an ultrasonic precipitation method. The nickel hydroxide active material is characterized by the composition: ##EQU1## where x, the number of water ligands surrounding each Ni cation, is between 0.05 and 0.4 and y is the charge on the anions.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of a sodium paraperiodate wherein an iodine compound is converted into the sodium paraperiodate in the presence of Na.sup.+ ions by means of an alkali metal hydroxide and an alkali metal hypochlorite. The iodine compound is applied in the form of an iodine-containing mixture in which besides the iodine compound in the form of I.sub.2, iodide or iodate compounds, one or more compounds chosen from the group of chlorides, bromides, sulphates, sulphites, carbonates, bicarbonates, nitrates and dissolved organic components are also present. The invention also relates to the preparation of sodium metaperiodate and other alkali and alkali earth metal periodates, wherein the sodium paraperiodate obtained is converted into sodium periodate or into an alkali or alkali earth metal periodate by means of an acid or an alkali and alkali earth metal salt at an elevated temperature. The acid used preferably is HNO.sub.3.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a process for the production of polyaluminum chlorides and polyaluminum chlorosulfates useful as coagulants in water treatment. In addition, the invention is directed to the products made by the disclosed processes.

Abstract: An enhanced antiperspirant active having improved stability and a process for preparing the enhanced antiperspirant active solution are disclosed, the process comprises blending an enhanced basic aluminum chlorohydrate antiperspirant active having a peak 4 content of at least 20% (Component A) with a zirconium hydroxychloride neutral amino acid complex (component B) and a conventional basic aluminum chloride (Component C) , the order of addition not being critical; wherein at least 10% by weight of the total aluminum being derived from Component A and about 90% to 10% of the aluminum being derived from Component C; thereby forming a stable antiperspirant active solution of enhanced efficacy, the overall concentration of reactants in solution being about 38% to 55% by weight.

Abstract: An ionically conductive material which contains at least one ionic compound in solution in an aprotic solvent, wherein the ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds of the formulae (1/mM).sup.61 ((ZY)2N).sup..crclbar., (1/mM).sup..sym. ((ZY).sub.3 C).sup..crclbar., or (1/mM).sup..sym. ((ZY).sub.2 CQ).sup..crclbar., wherein M, Z, Y and Q are as defined herein.

Abstract: Basic aluminum halides and nitrates having enhanced antiperspirant efficacy are produced by reacting (a) aluminum powder, (b) an aluminum halide or nitrate solution and (c) water at a temperature greater than about 85.degree. C. This reaction is maintained until reaction products having an Al:anion ratio of about 1.2 to 1.8 and a solution solids concentration of about 30-40 wt. % on an anhydrous basis are obtained. The products are characterized as having a Size Exclusion Chromatography Test Band having a relative retention time corresponding to Band II of a Standard Basic Aluminum Chloride Size Exclusion Chromatogram and a Band II percent aluminum value of at least about 50% and a Band III percent aluminum value of less than 20%.

Abstract: A composition, method, and test device for quantitatively determining the peroxide concentration of a test sample are disclosed. The test device includes a test pad having a suitable carrier matrix incorporating an indicator reagent composition capable of interacting with peroxide to produce a detectable and measurable response for peroxide over a range of 0% to over 4%, by weight of the test sample. An indicator reagent composition contains: (a) an iodide salt, (b) a buffer, and (c) a water-soluble polymer, preferably a cellulose-based polymer. An indicator reagent composition is incorporated into a carrier matrix, like filter paper, to provide a test pad useful in a dry phase peroxide assay of a test sample, especially for test samples containing a high concentration of peroxide.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to ultraviolet shielding composite fine particles having transparency in a visible light region include (a) matrix particles comprising an aggregate of primary particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.001 to 0.3 .mu.m, the aggregate being formed while the primary particles retain their shapes; and (b) daughter particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.001 to 0.1 .mu.m, the daughter particles being dispersed in and supported by the matrix particles. In the composite fine particles, the daughter particles have a smaller band gap energy than the particles constituting the matrix particles and are capable of absorbing ultraviolet light, and the resulting ultraviolet shielding composite fine particles have substantially no catalytic activity.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for forming an N-.alpha.-amino protected amino acid fluoride in situ by reacting an N-.alpha.-amino protected amino acid with an ionic fluoride salt in the presence of a peptide coupling agent. It is also directed to the use of the amino acid fluoride thus formed in peptide synthesis.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to ultraviolet shielding composite fine particles having transparency in a visible light region, comprising (a) matrix particles comprising an aggregate of primary particles having an average particles diameter of from 0.001 to 0.3 .mu.m, said aggregate being formed while retaining the shapes of the primary particles; and (b) daughter particles having an average particle diameter of from 0.001 to 0.1 .mu.m, said daughter particles being dispersed in and supported by said matrix particles, wherein said daughter particles have a smaller band gap energy than that of particles constituting said matrix particles, and possess capability of absorbing ultraviolet light. The composite fine particles are produced by preparing a liquid mixture containing a mixture comprising starting materials for matrix particles and for daughter particles; forming droplets from the liquid mixture; and drying the formed droplets and/or pyrolyzing starting materials for pyrolysis therein.

Abstract: A composition, method, and test device for determining the total available chlorine concentration of a test sample are disclosed. The test device includes a test pad having a suitable carrier matrix incorporating an indicator reagent composition capable of converting combined available chlorine to free available chlorine and of interacting with free available chlorine to produce a detectable and measurable response for total available chlorine over a range of 0 to over 5000 ppm total available chlorine in the test sample. An indicator reagent composition contains: (a) an indicator dye that is responsive to free available chlorine, such as tetramethylbenzidine, (b) a buffer, (c) a surfactant, (d) an optional catalyst, and (e) an optional polymer. An indicator reagent composition is incorporated into a carrier matrix, like filter paper, to provide a test pad useful in a dry phase total available chlorine assay of a test sample, such as a sanitizing solution for a hemodialysis unit.

Abstract: Oxidizing compositions particularly for use in automated oligonucleotide synthesis containing a mixture of KI and I.sub.2 in solution, in equilibrium with KI.sub.3. One preferred composition contains 1.75% KI.sub.3 (providing 0.69% KI and 1.06% I.sub.2) in tetrahydrofuran/pyridine/water (93/5/2, v/v). These formulations enable synthesis of oligonucleotides of significantly higher quality than the currently employed formulation comprising 3% I.sub.2 in tetrahydrofuran/pyridine/water (74/21/2, v/v).

Abstract: A method for providing aerogels, and aerogels produced according to the method, is described. As one aspect, antiperspirant compounds that are in aerogel form, and antiperspirant and deodorant compositions including such salts, are described. The method involves contacting a solution containing material to be processed with a species selected to precipitate the material and selected so as to be miscible with the solvent system of the solution. After the material is precipitated, the material may be washed with the precipitating species until it is substantially free of solvent system. Then, the precipitating species containing the material precipitate is taken above its critical point, and the supercritical fluid is exhausted above its critical temperature. Alternately, a separate isolating species is introduced to displace the precipitating species, or the precipitating species/solvent system mixture. The isolating species then is taken above its critical point, and exhausted above its critical temperature.

Abstract: Basic aluminum halides and nitrates having enhanced antiperspirant efficacy are produced by reacting (a) aluminum powder, (b) an aluminum halide or nitrate solution and (c) water at a temperature greater than about 85.degree. C. This reaction is maintained until reaction products having an Al:anion ratio of about 1.2 to 1.8 and a solution solids concentration of about 30-40 wt. % on an anhydrous basis are obtained. The products are characterized as having a Size Exclusion Chromatography Test Band having a relative retention time corresponding to Band II of a Standard Basic Aluminum Chloride Size Exclusion Chromatogram and a Band II percent aluminum value of at least about 50% and a Band III percent aluminum value of less than 20%.

Abstract: The present invention provides a convenient method for separating hydrogen fluoride from a chemical mixture. More specifically, a method is provided in which hydrogen fluoride is separated from a chemical mixture containing at least one organic material by contacting the chemical mixture with a hydrogen fluoride binder. The hydrogen fluoride separated from the chemical mixture is readily recoverable from the hydrogen fluoride binder.

Abstract: Disclosed are basic aluminum antiperspirant materials having univalent complex oxoanions (e.g., nitrate); methods of making such materials; antiperspirant compositions containing such basic aluminum materials, another antiperspirant active material (e.g., a basic zirconium halide salt), and optionally a neutral amino acid; and methods of making such compositions. Size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography chromatograms of the disclosed basic aluminum materials have a peak 4 relative area of at least 25%, a peak 3 relative area of less than 60%, the sum of the peaks 3 and 4 being at least 50%; and less than 10% of the chromatographic peaks eluting at peaks 1 and 2. The disclosed basic aluminum materials have less than 25% of the aluminum in the form of Al.sup.b polyhydroxyaquoaluminum, and have a .sup.27 Al NMR spectrum in which the area of the 71.5-73.5 ppm resonance line includes more than 50% of the combined areas of the 62.5-63.5 ppm and 71.5-73.

Abstract: Utility of protein phosphatase inhibitors to protect teleost fish from microorganismic pathogens is disclosed. The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions, kits, and methods of therapeutic and prophylactic treatments comprising sodium orthovanadate or vanadate-mimetic protein phosphatase inhibitors to protect fish, for example, catfish, from infection and disease caused by microorganismic pathogens, e.g., Edwardsiella. Sodium orthovanadate, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, and vanadate-mimetic protein phosphatase inhibitors activate in vitro and in vivo the cytotoxicity of teleost nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC).

Abstract: The reaction of nitrogen dioxide with hydrogen chloride to give nitrosyl chloride and nitric acid can be advantageously carried out in cocurrent in a reactor in such a way that the reactants are introduced at the bottom and the nitrosyl chloride is taken off at the top and the nitric acid is taken off at the bottom of the reactor.

Abstract: New crystalline phases of the fluoroaluminum compound AlF.sub.k (OH).sub.3-k and processes for their preparation and conversion to conventional phases, as well as isolation of solid HAlF.sub.4 are disclosed.

Abstract: New crystalline phases of the fluoroaluminum compound AlF.sub.k (OH).sub.3-k and processes for their preparation and conversion to conventional phases, as well as isolation of solid HAlF.sub.4 are disclosed.

Abstract: A partially neutralized aluminium salt, wherein at least 25% of the total aluminium is present in a form which has a Relative Retention Time (as hereinbefore defined) in the range 0.82 to 0.91 and/or an .sup.27 Al NMR spectrum wherein 8% to 25% of the total area under the spectrum from 140 ppm to -80 ppm is contained in a peak at approximately 63 ppm, is new and useful as an antiperspirant compound.

Abstract: The invention relates to a composition that is the reaction of a fullerene containing at least one corrannulene ring structure and Y.sub.2 X.sub.2, wherein Y is Se or S, and X is Cl or Br. Generally, these compounds may be represented by the formula C.sup.f.sub.n X.sub.6 Y.sub.2 or more particularly C.sup.f.sub.n X.sub.5 (YYX). In the formula C.sup.f.sub.n more specifically, is a fullerene having at least one corrannulene ring structure. The compositions may be made by reacting fullerenes with Se.sub.2 X.sub.2 or S.sub.2 X.sub.2 wherein X is Cl or Br, preferably in liquid form and preferably heated for a time sufficient to produce the novel compositions. The compositions may be isolated in crystalline form by precipitation with a solvent such as hexane. In crystalline form the compositions may be represented by the generic formula C.sup.f.sub.n X.sub.8 Y.sub.4, or more particularly, C.sup.f.sub.n X.sub.5 (YYX).mY.sub.2 X.sub.2 because in crystalline form the compositions are typically associated with .mY.sub.

Abstract: Polymeric basic aluminum halides having the empirical formula:Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.6-y X.sub.ywhere X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, y has a numerical value from 0.7 to 3, and whose polymer distribution as characterized by size exclusion chromatography is:(a) 100% of the polymers are found in Bands II, III and IV, and(b) Band III contains at least 25% of the polymer; are obtained by reacting aluminum metal with HX in water at a temperature of about 70.degree. C. to about 100.degree. C., where X is halogen, wherein the concentration of product in solution is about 8 to about 35 wt. %.

Abstract: Polymeric basic aluminum halides having the empirical formula:Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.6-y X.sub.ywhere X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, y has a numerical value from 0.7 to 3, and whose polymer distribution as characterized by size exclusion chromatography is:(a) 100% of the polymers are found in Bands II, III and IV, and(b) Band III contains at least 25% of the polymer; are obtained by heating aluminum metal with AlX.sub.3.6H.sub.2 O in water, where X is halogen.

Abstract: Disclosed is a basic aluminum material having enhanced antiperspirant activity, the material having the empirical formula Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.6-a X.sub.a, where 0.5.ltoreq.a.ltoreq.5.0, and X is a univalent complex oxoanion of nitrogen, chlorine and other halogens, which forms salts with Al.sup.3+ in aqueous solution so that these salts are essentially completely dissociated, which is readily soluble in water with metallic ions in the solution, and which forms conjugate acids that are strong acids; and wherein the material is characterized by:(a) size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography peaks corresponding to peak 3 and peak 4 of size exclusion chromatograms formed by HPLC technique;(b) a peak 4 relative area of at least 25%, a peak 3 relative area of less than 60%, the sum of the relative peak 3 and peak 4 areas being at least 50%; and(c) less than 10% chromatographic peaks eluting at shorter retention times than peak 3, corresponding to peaks 1 and 2.

Abstract: Phosphorescent compounds of the formula M.sub.2 AOF.sub.5, wherein M is potassium, rubidium or cesium and A is tantalum or niobium, are prepared by the reaction of the appropriate alkali metal fluoride with niobium or tantalum pentoxide in aqueous hydrofluoric acid solution. They have no electrons in the d orbitals of the ground state, and therefore are useful in applications requiring phosphors with short primary decay times.

Abstract: Semiconductor grade tungsten hexafluoride (WF.sub.6) is produced by reacting tungsten metal with a recirculating flow of gaseous WF.sub.6 containing a small concentration of fluorine in a heated reactor. The high purity WF.sub.6 produced is useful for deposition of tungsten metallization in fabricating VLSI integrated circuitry.

Abstract: A method of producing copper compounds involves contacting metallic copper with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas, with an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water in solution in which is a soluble ammonium salt NH.sub.4 X, where X is the anion of the salt, and with ammonia in an amount such that the solution is initially alkaline. As a result of such contact the metallic copper is initially dissolved to form a copper ammine Cu(NH.sub.3).sub.4 X and the formation of the ammine continues until the saturation concentration of the ammine is reached. Subsequently, the ammine continuously breaks down to form 3Cu(OH).sub.2.CuX.sub.2 and the water soluble products of the ammine decomposition continuously reform the amine by further reaction with the metallic copper and the oxygen on oxygen-containing gas.