Abstract: Reactive derivatives of zirconium, are provided which are in the form of a pulverulent white, non-crystallized solid which is dry in appearance, and consist of metazironic acid, ZrO (OH).sub.2, accompanied by free or weakly bound water, some of the OH.sup.- ions being optionally replaced by halide ions. The ZrO.sub.2 content of these derivatives is from 60 to 92% by weight inclusive, the water content ranges from 3 to 40%, and the halide ion content can range up to approximately 5% by weight. The solid derivatives of the invention can be easily converted into usual reactive derivatives of zirconium by reaction with an aqueous solution of an acid.

Abstract: Two-thirds to five-sixths basic aluminum chlorides having enhanced antiperspirant efficacy are produced by heating an aqueous solution containing about 40 to about 50 weight percent of the basic aluminum chloride to a temperature of at least about 130 degrees C. for about one to twelve hours in a closed vessel, with the heating time being inversely proportional to the temperature. Five-sixths basic aluminum chlorides treated in this manner are characterized by a size exclusion chromatogram having a single major peak with its apex at a relative retention time of about 0.75-0.79. The basic aluminum chlorides may be incorporated into any of the conventional antiperspirant forms with non-toxic, dermatologically acceptable carriers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyaluminum hydroxychloride complexes having the general formula Al(OH).sub.x Cl.sub.y in solution or in solid form and intended to be used as flocculants and coagulants for water purification, sludge dewatering, plant dewatering and paper production, whereby one reacts aluminum chloride in solution with aluminum hydroxide, or aluminumoxide hydrates at a temperature of 120.degree.-170.degree. C. at an elevated pressure for 1.5-5 hrs, whereby the relationship AlCl.sub.3 :Al(OH).sub.3 is thus adjusted that the relationship OH:Al in the renewing compound Al(OH).sub.x Cl.sub.y becomes 0.5 to 1.5, preferably 0.8 to 1.2.

Abstract: A process for producing dichlorine monoxide which includes: feeding an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid containing at least 20% by weight of HOCl to a reaction vessel; maintaining the temperature of the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid in the range of from about -10.degree. to about +40.degree. C.; passing an inert gas through the aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid to produce a gaseous mixture comprising dichlorine monoxide, chlorine and inert gas; an contacting the gaseous mixture with dry ice to provide a solid phase of dry ice and dichlorine monoxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing basic aluminum compounds having the general formula (1)[Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.x Cl.sub.y (SO.sub.4).sub.z ].sub.n (1)where:n is at least equal to 1x=2-4.0y=2.0-3.40z=0-0.30andx+y+z=6by means of a reaction of alumina with hydrochloric acid, possibly mixed with sulfuric acid. The alumina is caused to react in alumina/acid(s) stoichiometric conditions to obtain the compounds of formula (1). The reaction is carried out by milling alumina in liquid phase under heavy stirring.

Abstract: A method for reducing impurity levels of calcium, magnesium and/or silicon in hexammine cobalt halide compounds involves the addition of ferric ions and, optionally, soluble fluorides to an aqueous hexammine cobalt (III) chloride solution having a pH of at least 9. Insoluble compounds of magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, and/or ferric hydroxide and silicon coprecipitates are removed from the solution by filtration.

Abstract: A low temperature method of producing beryllium chloride dietherate through the addition of hydrogen chloride gas to a mixture of beryllium metal in ether in a reaction vessel is described. A reflux condenser provides an exit for hydrogen produced form the reaction. A distillation condenser later replaces the reflux condenser for purifying the resultant product.

Abstract: The disclosure concerns a process for the manufacture of basic aluminium chlorides in powder form for antiperspirant use which have an aluminium:chloride molar ratio of 1.7:1 to 2.2:1 and has a Band III fraction of at least 20% as determined by a chromatographic procedure. The disclosure centers on the finding of advantageous reaction conditions for the known reaction between aluminium powder and an aqueous aluminium chloride solution. The temperature of reaction is 50.degree. to 105.degree. C. and the final aluminium concentration of the solution is 7.5% to 13%. It has been discovered that if this reaction is carried out sufficiently rapidly a solution of a basic aluminium chloride is produced having a Band III fraction of at least 20%. The disclosure shows the influence of the grade of aluminium and manner of conducting the reaction on reaction time. The solution obtained is dried, preferably spray dried or freeze dried, to give the powder.

Abstract: Essentially pure and colorless N-(dichlorophosphoryl)trichlorophosphazene [P.sub.2 NOCl.sub.5 ] is prepared/purified under relatively moderate conditions, by reacting phosphorous pentachloride with ammonium chloride, treating the resulting medium of reaction, containing P.sub.3 NCl.sub.12, with SO.sub.2, and thin film evaporating the medium of reaction, advantageously in two stages, to eliminate SO.sub.2, POCl.sub.3 and SOCl.sub.2 values therefrom.

Abstract: Aluminum zirconium hydroxy halide glycinate complex and a method of its preparation is disclosed having an empirical formula:Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.6-y.sup.X.sub.y ZrO(OH).sub.x Cl.sub.2-x /Neutral Amino Acidwherein x has a numerical value of 0 to 1.5, y has a numerical value of 0.7 to 3.0, X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, and whose polymer distribution as characterized by a size exclusion chromatograph is:(a) a peak height ratio of peak 4 to peak 3 of 0.5 to 1.8:1, and(b) peaks (1+2) contain less than 4% of the polymer distribution by weight.

Abstract: A process for producing acidic boratozirconium chloride sols which comprises: reacting a zirconium compound with a boron compound in molar ratios of B/Zr of 0.3-1.2 together with a compound of a metal M, the metal M being selected from the group consisting of divalent, trivalent, tetravalent and pentavalent metals in molar ratios of M/Zr of about 0.01-1 in water in the presence of chloride ions in molar ratios of Cl/Zr of not less than about 1.The acidic boratozirconium chloride sol may be converted to basic boratozirconium sols by reacting the acidic sol with a basic carbonate compound such as ammonium carbonate.The sols, either acidic or basic, are readily gelled by contact with a dehydration solvent such as methanol or actone.The gel is calcined at relatively low temperatures to provide zirconia which is either very pure or stabilized in varied degrees.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing an enhanced antiperspirant active polymeric aluminum compound having the empirical formula:Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.6-a X.sub.a (I)wherein X is Cl, Br, F, I, SO.sub.4 and NO.sub.2, a is about 1.0 to about 4, which is further characterized by (a) a Size Exclusion Chromatograph, (b) a Band III percent aluminum value of at least 40 percent, and preferably (c) a Band I percent aluminum value of not greater than 5 percent, and compositions thereof.

Abstract: Enclosed herein is a process for preparing chlororhodiumic acid which comprises dissolving rhodium or a rhodium containing mixture in hydrochloric acid by bubbling chlorine gas therein under heating and suspending the rhodium to provide the chlororhodiumic acid in the hydrochloric acid solution.According to the present invention, the dissolving reaction proceeds sufficiently at a high speed under the relatively moderate conditions and in a more simplified process than that of a prior art, to provide the chlororhodiumic acid in high yield. The chlorine gas can be removed from the hydrochloric acid solution easily, and if the chlorine gas is contaminated in the solution as a chlorine ion, the chlorine ion is already present in the hydrochloric acid solution so that the contaminated ion will never be recognized as impurities. Therefore, the high purity chlororhodiumic acid can be obtained.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fluorinated phyllosilicate material and method of producing such material. The material has fluoride ions chemically bonded to a natural phyllosilicate in part at least by exchange with hydroxyl ions. The method comprises exposing a phyllosilicate to a source of fluoride ions, either gaseous, aqueous fluoride solution, or a volatile solid, and chemically bonding flouride ions to the phyllosilicate structure. The fluorinated material may be heated to a temperature in the range of 100.degree.-1000.degree. C., preferably 300.degree.-800.degree. C. to dehydrate the material. Heating at 800.degree. C. may create new crystal phases, such as sellaite (MgF.sub.2) or fluorite (CaF.sub.2).

Abstract: Utilization of a cationic polymer as a settling aid in the recovery of the aluminum hydroxide and an anionic polymer to dewater the aluminum hydroxide prior to redissolution not only improves the process of making basic aluminum compounds by speeding settling and improving filterability, but also unexpectedly yields a product that has superior effectiveness as a water treatment chemical.According to the invention, a dilute solution of alum is neutralized with a base to a pH below about 6.0, preferably below 5.5, to form a suspension of aluminum hydroxide. A cationic polymer is then added to the suspension to assist in the settling of the aluminum hydroxide. When settling is substantially complete, the solution is decanted from the aluminum hydroxide and an anionic polymer is added to dewater the aluminum hydroxide. The dewatered material is collected as a filter cake containing amorphous aluminum hydroxide, the cationic polymer and the anionic polymer.

Abstract: Prepares aluminum chlorhydroxide product high in molecular species content having a K.sub.d value equal to 0.4 by heating a 5% aqueous solution of aluminum chlorhydroxide at a temperature in the range of from about 100.degree. to about 132.degree. for a period of about 30 minutes to about three months and then spray drying the product, the heating preferably being done under pressure.

Abstract: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) can be effectively utilized as a floc conditioner during the formation of polyaluminum chloride. The polyvinyl alcohol can be effectively incorporated into the composition either before basification (pre-addition) or afterwards (post-addition). When added to concentrated aluminum containing solutions (8-9% Al.sub.2 O.sub.3), polyvinyl alcohol is preferably used at concentrations up to about 2500 ppm. Higher concentrations may exhibit overdose behavior with progressively decreasing effectiveness. The preferred dosage is about 1750 ppm of PVA for synthetic laboratory water.

Abstract: NaBrO.sub.2.3H.sub.2 O crystals with excellent storage stability which contain at least 30 wt. % of NaBrO.sub.2.3H.sub.2 O and 0.5-5.0 wt. % of NaOH. The crystals are produced by precipitation from NaBrO.sub.2 solutions containing NaOH and impurities and are very useful as oxidizing and brominating agents.

Abstract: Ferric chloride contained in liquid waste streams comprising higher boiling chlorinated hydrocarbons may be substantially reduced by contacting the waste stream with an amount of water sufficient to convert a substantial amount of the ferric chloride in said stream to solid ferric chloride hexahydrate, and then removing the solid hexahydrate from the waste stream for instance by filtration.

Abstract: Tantalum (TaF.sub.5) or antimony pentafluoride (SbF.sub.5) is separated from a product mixture comprised of HF, isobutyryl fluoride and TaF.sub.5 or SbF.sub.5 by distillation below 760 mm of mercury.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for making the chloride of a metal from the sulfide of said metal in the absence of air and for a metal selected from copper, iron, lead, zinc, silver and gold. The process consists of three broad steps. First, forming an intimate mixture of finely divided sulfides of the metals with finely divided chlorides, the latter being in an anhydrous state. Second, heating the mixture to a temperature at which there is a rapid reaction converting the metal sulfides to chlorides and elemental sulfur in the state of a solid aggregate mixture. Third, recovering the formed metal chlorides from the aggregate mixture by conventional means.

Abstract: Method for improving yield of solid, sodium-poor fluoride material from an aqueous solution having ionic species containing sodium, aluminum and fluorine, including neutralizing the solution incompletely to precipitate aluminum fluoride hydroxide hydrate in preference to sodium-containing compounds such as chiolite or cryolite.

Abstract: New energetic salts NF.sub.4 XeF.sub.7 and (NF.sub.4).sub.2 XeF.sub.8 are prepared by reacting NH.sub.4 HF.sub.2 with XeF.sub.6 and exposing NF.sub.4 XeF.sub.7 to blue 4880 .ANG. laser light.

Abstract: A process is described for removing available chlorine from a depleted recirculating anolyte brine of a chlor-alkali cell. After the spent brine is removed from the cell, and typically after dechlorination, it is reacted with an amount of an organic hydroxyl moiety-containing compound soluble in said brine for a residence time sufficient to substantially reduce the residual dissolved chlorine and hypohalite ion remaining in said brine prior to resaturation and reuse in said cell. Suitable hydroxyl moiety-containing compounds include alcohols and saccharides.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for removing fluorine compounds from aqus phosphoric acid containing the same, which process comprises contacting the phosphoric acid with a water insoluble extractant comprising phosphoric acid and an oil soluble amine, the amine being substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form and the extractant being substantially free of fluorine, sulfate and metal impurities. The invention also provides an extractant for use in the above process comprising an oil soluble amine, which amine is substantially water insoluble both in free and in salt form and a phosphoric acid.

Abstract: New energetic salts NF.sub.4 XeF.sub.7 and (NF.sub.4).sub.2 XeF.sub.8 are prepared by reacting NF.sub.4 HF.sub.2 with XeF.sub.6 and exposing NF.sub.4 XeF.sub.7 to blue 4880.ANG. laser light.

Abstract: Copper(II) chloride is prepared from copper(II) oxychloride in a nonpolar solvent, preferably during oxychlorination. As the source of hydrogen chloride, the hydrochlorides of certain tertiary amines having 12-40 carbon atoms in total are utilized. The amine contains at most one N-methyl group and its dissociation constant K.sub.a of the equilibrium reactionNR.sub.3 H.sup..sym. +H.sub.2 O.revreaction.NR.sub.3 +H.sub.3 O.sup..sym.is 10.sup.-3.5 to 10.sup.-8.5. Preferred tertiary amines are a trialkylamine of 15-36 carbon atoms; an N-alkylazacycloalkane of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is alkyl of 6-15 carbon atoms, 5.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.8, ALK represents one or more alkyl substituents, and the N-alkylazacycloalkane contains at least 15 carbon atoms; or an N,N-dialkylaniline wherein each alkyl group independently contains 6-12 carbon atoms and the benzene ring is optionally substituted by one or more alkyl groups of 1-3 carbon atoms each.

Abstract: A process for removing chlorate ions from a recirculating anolyte brine as typically used in membrane chlor-alkali cells is disclosed. In this, a portion of the circulating brine after dechlorination and resaturation with additional alkali metal chloride is diverted and treated with an acidified aliphatic aldehyde to convert substantially all of the hypochlorite and chlorate to chlorine dioxide, chlorine gas and chloride ion. When performed in this manner, substantially lower quantities of acid are required as compared to prior art processes and the problems with the generation of excessive quantities of ClO.sub.2 are minimized.

Abstract: A method of extraction of HI from an aqueous solution of HI and I.sub.2. HBr is added to create a two-phase liquid mixture wherein a dry phase consists essentially of HBr, I and HI and is in equilibrium with a wet phase having a far greater HBr:HI ratio. Using a countercurrent extractor, two solutions can be obtained: a dry HBr--HI--I.sub.2 solution and a wet essentially HBr solution. The dry and wet phases are easily separable, and HI is recovered from the dry phase, after first separating I.sub.2, as by distillation. Alternatively, the HI-HBr liquid mixture is treated to catalytically decompose the HI. HBr is recovered from the wet phase by suitable treatment, including high-pressure distillation, to produce an H.sub.2 O--HBr azeotrope that is not more than 25 mole percent HBr. The azeotrope may be returned for use in an earlier step in the overall process which results in the production of the aqueous solution of HI and I.sub.2 without major detriment because of the presence of HBr.

Abstract: A process for removing alkynes from hydrocarbon mixtures, particularly those containing butadiene by reacting the alkynes with hydroxyl group containing organic compounds in the presence of a silver exchanged ion-exchange resin and separating the products formed from the unreacted components of said mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to aluminium-chloride compositions for water-purifying, sludge-dewatering and plant-dewatering purposes, comprising a clear, stable aqueous solution of aluminium chloride containing polynuclear complexes of the kindAl.sub.m (OH).sub.n.sup.(3m-n)+where m and n are positive integers. The composition is characterized in that it contains ions of alkali metal and/or alkaline earth metal in an amount which stoichiometrically substantially corresponds to the OH-content of the solution, and in that the total aluminium content is between about 0.3 and about 2 mole per liter. At least 40% of the total aluminium content of the solution may be present in the form of said polynuclear complexes.The invention also relates to a method for producing the composition, in which method a carbonate or hydrocarbonate, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal and an aluminium chloride are brought into aqueous solution.

Abstract: A continuous process for obtaining copper from a copper sulfide by:(a) contacting a first batch of the copper sulfide with a first lixiviant containing cupric chloride, and a minimum amount of ferrous chloride to leach copper;(b) separating the leach liquor from (a) from the undissolved solids and dividing the liquor into two portions; one portion of the liquor containing about the same amount of copper as is leached from the copper sulfide in (a) and (f);(c) cementing with iron the copper from the one portion of the liquor from (b);(d) recombining the portions of the liquor from (b);(e) oxidizing with oxygen the recombined portions from (d) to form a second lixiviant; the cuprous chloride therein being oxidized to cupric chloride and the iron therein, from cementing copper, being oxidized and precipitated;(f) contacting the copper sulfide solids from (b) with the second lixiviant from (e) to additionally leach the first batch of the copper sulfide;(g) recycling the leach liquor from (f) to (a) and using it a

Abstract: The present invention relates to the product from the reaction of a basic polyaluminum or aluminum salt with an amino acid-based anionic surfactant. This agent is espectially effective for improving the chroma and brightness of pigments, even when such pigment is treated with the polyaluminum salt by mixing. In addition to this, the polyaluminum salt increases the lipophilic properties of the pigment, which improves their oil-dispersability and also prevents bleeding of the pigments.

Abstract: An improved antiperspirant active material, and methods for its preparation, identification and use as well as cosmetic compositions containing said material are disclosed. Said material comprises a polymeric aluminum compound having the empirical formulaAl.sub.2 (OH).sub.6-a X.sub.awhere X is Cl, Br or I, a is about 0.3 to about 4; wherein said antiperspirant active material is further characterized by:(a) a Size Exclusion Chromatography Test band having a relative retention time corresponding to Band III of the Standard Basic Aluminum Chloride Solution Size Exclusion Chromatogram; and(b) a Band III Percent Aluminum Value of at least 20 percent.

Abstract: A composition which can be used as a solid state electrolyte comprising at least 70 mole percent of cerium trifluoride and/or lanthanum trifluoride, an alkaline earth metal compound such as a fluoride, and an alkali metal compound such as lithium fluoride.

Abstract: The peroxonium salts, H.sub.3 O.sub.2.sup.+ Sb.sub.2 F.sub.11.sup.-, H.sub.3 O.sub.2.sup.+ SbF.sub.6.sup.- and H.sub.3 O.sub.2.sup.+ AsF.sub.6.sup.-, are prepared by protonation of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 in anhydrous HF solutions of the corresponding Lewis acids. The salts decompose producing the corresponding H.sub.3 O.sup.+ salts and O.sub.2 in the temperature range of from 20.degree. to 50.degree. C. and thus are useful as oxidizers in situations where the production of oxygen in the 20.degree.-50.degree. C. temperature range is desirable. The salts also provide a convenient means for storing H.sub.2 O.sub.2 in a solid form.

Abstract: Hydrofluoric acid and/or other fluorine compounds are recovered by reacting fluosilicic acid with a sodium-containing compound to form an alkaline aqueous slurry comprising precipitated amorphous silica and dissolved sodium fluoride. The precipitated amorphous silica is separated from the alkaline aqueous slurry leaving an aqueous solution of sodium fluoride. The sodium fluoride solution can be used as such or reacted with other substances (such as alumina, to form synthetic cryolite). Sodium fluoride is recovered from the aqueous solution (as by evaporation or extraction) and used per se or reacted with sulfuric acid to produce hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: Alumina fibers are prepared by a method comprising(a) forming aluminum methoxide from aluminum alkoxides using methanol;(b) recovering aluminum methoxide as a solid precipitate phase, washing to remove higher alcohols and drying to recover a powder;(c) reacting the recovered powdered aluminum methoxide with dilute hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chlorohydrate; then(d) concentrating the aluminum chlorohydrate solution under vacuum to desired viscosity.

Abstract: A physically and functionally stable solution for water treatment comprises an about 1.2-2.7 molar aqueous phosphate-stabilized polyaluminum sulfate solution of a composition having the formulaAl(OH).sub.x (SO.sub.4).sub.y (H.sub.2 PO.sub.4).sub.zwhereinx is about 1.2 to 1.62;y is about 0.595 to 0.87; andz is about 0.06 to 0.19with the proviso that the sum of x+2y+z is 3. The aqueous phosphate-stabilized polyaluminum sulfate solution can be prepared by reacting alumina hydrate with phosphoric acid and contacting the reacted alumina hydrate with an aqueous polyaluminum sulfate solution. Alternatively, the aqueous phosphate-stabilized polyaluminum sulfate solution can be prepared by reacting an aqueous overbasified polyaluminum sulfate phosphate solution with an aqueous aluminum sulfate solution.

Abstract: A novel solid composition and method for generating fluorine and gaseous orine components comprising fluorine rich inorganic oxidizing salts such as tetrafluoro ammonium tetrafluoroborate borofluoride and a high energy fuel selected from the group consisting of metals and metal nitrides together with a complexing agent capable of reacting with and trapping the boron trifluoride combustion by-product.

Abstract: HCl gas is added to aluminum alkoxides containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms (0.5 mole HCl/mole Al) and the mixture is hydrolyzed in water. Alcohol is recovered by azeotropic distillation and the product, a solution of aluminum oxychloride, is concentrated.

Abstract: Aluminum chlorohydrate is prepared by a method comprising(a) forming aluminum methoxide from aluminum alkoxides using methanol;(b) recovering aluminum methoxide as a solid precipitate phase, washing to remove higher alcohols and drying to recover a powder;(c) reacting the recovered powdered aluminum methoxide with dilute hydrochloric acid to form aluminum chlorohydrate.

Abstract: A fluosilicate material is added to a suspension of lime in water heated to a temperature at or near its boiling point to form a solid calcium fluoride product in which the silicon present in the fluosilicate material is in chemical combination with calcium. The amount of calcium in the suspension is in excess of stoichiometric for conversion of CaF.sub.2 of all of the fluorine in the fluosilicate and is sufficient to form chemical compounds of calcium and silicon from silicon in the fluosilicate.

Abstract: Sulfur tetrachloride derivatives are prepared by reacting suitable sulfur-containing compounds in hydrogen fluoride with a gas containing molecular chlorine in the presence of one or more acidic halides. Such derivatives can be used to remove water from its solutions in hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: N.sub.2 F.sub.4 and SbF.sub.5 react in anhydrous HF to produce N.sub.2 F.sub.3 SbF.sub.6. The salt is useful as a burn rate modifier in NF.sub.3 -F.sub.2 gas generators.

Abstract: N.sub.2 F.sub.3 SnF.sub.5 is formed by reacting N.sub.2 F.sub.3 SbF.sub.6 and Cs.sub.2 SnF.sub.6 in the presence of HF. N.sub.2 F.sub.3 SnF.sub.5 is useful as a component of NF.sub.3 -F.sub.2 gas generating compositions.

Abstract: A process and apparatus are provided for making hollow macrospherical particles. The particles themselves are particularly adapted for use as anti-perspirants. The particles have a diameter between about 10 and 74 microns, preferably predominating between 15 and 44 microns, and a greater than unit density. As such, they are not subject to deep lung penetration. The process for producing the particles comprises providing a solution containing the materials from which the particles are made, diffusing the solution through small pores by centrifugal force such that the resulting hollow particles have a diameter greater than the pore diameter, and drying the solution droplets in a stream of heated air. The apparatus for producing the macrospherical particles comprises a centrifugal atomizer having a porous sintered metal filter ring which is rotated inside a spray drying chamber.

Abstract: An organic waste containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of strontium, cesium, iodine and ruthenium is treated to achieve a substantial reduction in the volume of the waste and provide for fixation of the selected element in an inert salt. The method of treatment comprises introducing the organic waste and a source of oxygen into a molten salt bath maintained at an elevated temperature to produce solid and gaseous reaction products. The gaseous reaction products comprise carbon dioxide and water vapor, and the solid reaction products comprise the inorganic ash constituents of the organic waste and the selected element which is retained in the molten salt. The molten salt bath comprises one or more alkali metal carbonates, and may optionally include from 1 to about 25 wt.% of an alkali metal sulfate.

Abstract: Mono- and dibasic alkali metal periodates are prepared by reacting tri-, tetra- and pentabasic alkali metal periodates with a substance having a relative acidity value, pKa, of from 3 to 16 at a temperature of from 0.degree. to 100.degree. C at molar ratios of periodate to moles of acidic substance of 1:1 to 1:1000. The mono- and dibasic alkali metal periodates are useful in oxidizing olefins such as propylene to the corresponding oxide such as propylene oxide.

Abstract: Halogen hydrates, such as chlorine hydrate, are made by directing finely divided droplets of an aqueous medium onto a refrigerated surface which is at a temperature below that at which the hydrate forms, while also contacting said surface and said aqueous medium with the halogen to be converted to halogen hydrate. Apparatuses and methods are described. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the atomized droplets of aqueous medium, in very finely divided droplet form are directed onto a moving corrosion resistant metal surface from which the hydrate is subsequently removed. In another embodiment of the invention chlorine gas is utilized to atomize the aqueous medium and the mixture of chlorine and aqueous droplets is directed onto a forming surface.