Abstract: Provided is an olivine-type lithium iron phosphate having a composition represented by Formula I, comprising 0.1 to 5% by weight of Li3PO4, and comprising no Li2CO3 or, if present, comprising Li2CO3 in an amount less than 0.25% by weight: Lii+aFe1?xMx(PO4?b)Xb (I) wherein M, X, a, x and b are as defined above. The lithium iron phosphate comprises no lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) or, if present, comprises the Li2CO3 in an extremely small amount, and comprises Li3PO4 having superior electrochemical stability, thermal stability and ionic conductivity, thus advantageously imparting high-temperature and storage stability as well as stability and rate properties to lithium secondary batteries, when used as a cathode active material for the lithium secondary batteries.

Abstract: Described are CO sensors, methods for making the CO sensors, and methods for using the CO sensors. An exemplary CO sensor includes a ruthenium oxide present in a form having one or more surfaces, a pair of conductive electrodes operatively connected to a surface of the ruthenium oxide, and an electrical device operatively connected to the pair of conductive electrodes. The gas mixture contacts at least one surface of the ruthenium oxide during operation of the sensor and the electrical device applies a constant potential (or current) and measures a current (or potential) between the pair of conductive electrodes, from which a resistance can be derived as the gas mixture contacts at least one surface of the ruthenium oxide. The ruthenium oxide may have varying levels of hydration. Furthermore, the sensor operates at a temperature range of from about 25° C. to about 300° C.

Abstract: The present invention provides a series of systems, devices, and methods relating to the determination of explosives, such as peroxides or peroxide precursors, and other species. Embodiments of the invention may allow a sample suspected of containing an explosive (e.g., a peroxide) or other species to interact with a reactant, wherein the sample may react and cause light emission from the reactant. Advantages of the present invention may include the simplification of devices for determination of peroxide-based explosives, wherein the devices are portable and, in some cases, disposable. Other advantages may include relative ease of fabrication and operation.

Abstract: New chemiluminescent compounds, stable in aqueous buffers, for use in biological assaying include acridanebased compounds and (1,2)-dioxetanes. Among the new acridanebased compounds are water-soluble acridanes, enhancer coupled acridanes, bis and trisacridanes as well as acridane-(1,2)-dioxetanes. Among the new (1,2)-dioxetanes are electron deficient group-containing dioxetanes and tethered bis-1,2-dioxetanes. The (1,2)-dioxetanes are useful as substrates for various enzymes. The acridanes can be admixed with an oxidizing agent. An aqueous buffer and, optionally, a stabilizer to form a substrate or reagent formulation useful for assaying, inter alia, HRP.

Abstract: A system configured to determine information related to one or more gaseous analytes in a body of gas comprises a luminescable material, one or more emitters, one or more photosensitive detectors, and a processor. The emitters emit amplitude modulated electromagnetic radiation onto the luminescable medium in communication with a body of gas causing luminescence in the luminescable medium. The photosensitive detectors receive the amplitude modulated electromagnetic radiation generated by the luminescence of the luminescable medium and generate one or more output signals, at least one of the output signals indicating the intensity of the received electromagnetic radiation. The processor receives the output signals and determines information related to one or more gaseous analytes in the body of gas. The determination of information related to the one or more gaseous analytes may comprise compensating for a delay that varies as a function of the intensity of the received electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a novel oral cancer and periodontal disease salivary metabolome for use in the diagnosis or for providing a prognosis for oral cancer and periodontal disease in an individual. The present invention also provides novel methods of diagnosing or providing a prognosis for oral cancer or periodontal disease by detecting metabolites found in the saliva of an individual. Finally, the present invention provides kits for the detection of salivary metabolites useful in the diagnosis or prognosis of oral cancer and periodontal disease in an individual.

Abstract: An optochemical sensor element 9 measures gaseous or dissolved analytes, in particular of oxygen. The sensor element 9 includes a fluorophor 25 that is immobilized in a polymer matrix 23. The polymer matrix itself is formed of a polymer with a non-aromatic backbone. The sensor element 9 is useful in a measuring device.

Abstract: The invention is a method of measuring oxygen concentration in a package having an oxygen sensitive product disposed therein. The method includes exposing a luminescent compound that is disposed in an interior of the package to light having a wavelength that is absorbed by the luminescent compound so that the luminescent compound is promoted into an excited state. When the exposure of the light is terminated, the excited luminescent compound emits light that is detectable by a detector positioned outside of the package. The intensity of the emitted light is inversely proportional to the oxygen concentration and is used in conjunction with mathematical function that describes the luminescent intensity of the luminescent compound as a function of oxygen concentration and temperature to calculate the oxygen concentration. The method may be used to verify and track the oxygen concentration of a package as it moves through a distribution system.

Abstract: A system for monitoring water quality in a water distribution system having a plurality of metering end points (E) for measuring consumption includes a plurality of chemical biological and environmental sensors (S1, S2) disposed in a distribution system near or within the distribution end points (A, B), with the sensors (S1, S2) generating electrical signals through a network (G) that can be processed and communicated to a collection station (D) from the metering end points (E).

Abstract: A method of detecting organic vapors is described. More particularly, the method involves the use of an analyte sensor that contains a polymeric material having a relatively large intrinsic porosity and that is capable of fluorescence in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The method further includes exposing the analyte sensor to an environment that may contain an organic vapor and monitoring the analyte sensor for a change in a fluorescence signal. Although the organic vapor itself typically does not fluoresce in the visible wavelength range, presence of an organic vapor can alter the fluorescence signal of the analyte sensor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining blood oxygen transport, and to measure lipid levels by correlating these levels with the rate at which oxygen diffuses through the red blood cell membrane.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for amplifying the detected signal in a gas sensor. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for increasing the concentration of the gas which is being detected in a sample or increasing the concentration of a gas which is directly obtained from the gas in the sample by chemical reaction. The gas which is to be detected is nitric oxide (NO). In particular, the method concerns the selective conversion of NO to NO2 which allows a threefold amplification of the number of analyte molecules in NO trace gas analysis in a single amplification cycle. Subsequent reduction or thermal decomposition of the obtained NO2 can provide NO again, which can again be introduced in a new amplification cycle. Multiple (n) amplification cycles can provide a sensitivity amplification by a factor 3n. The method can be combined with a multitude of detection methods and tolerates a high humidity.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a semiconductor package which includes coupling an electrode of a semiconductor device to a portion of a lead frame, overmolding at least a portion of the die, and then removing a portion of the die to obtain a desired thickness.

Abstract: The invention relates to a diagnostic method and to marker substances which enable manipulations in endogenic marking to be detected and thus prevented. According to the invention, a metabolizable substance is added to non-metabolizable marker substances, said metabolizable substance revealing a manipulation when detected in excreta.

Abstract: An oxygen sensitive probe comprises a monofunctional derivative of an oxygen-sensitive photoluminescent dye covalently attached to a water soluble and/or hydrophilic macromolecular carrier. The probe may be a chemical conjugate of a monofunctional phosphorescent porphyrin dye and a poly(ethyleneglycol), polypeptide or polysaccharide.

Abstract: Localized catalyst activity in an SCR unit for controlling emissions from a boiler, power plant, or any facility that generates NOx-containing flue gases is monitored by one or more modules that operate on-line without disrupting the normal operation of the facility. Each module is positioned over a designated lateral area of one of the catalyst beds in the SCR unit, and supplies ammonia, urea, or other suitable reductant to the catalyst in the designated area at a rate that produces an excess of the reductant over NOx on a molar basis through the designated area. Sampling probes upstream and downstream of the designated area draw samples of the gas stream for NOx analysis, and the catalyst activity is determined from the difference in NOx levels between the two probes.

Abstract: A composition including a complex of a metal, a tetradentate ligand, at least one ancillary ligand, and a counterion may be used for selective sp3 C—H bond oxidation. The tetradentate ligand may include a N-heterocyclic-N,N?-bis(pyridyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine group or a N,N?-bis(heterocyclic)-N,N?-bis(pyridyl)-ethane-1,2-diamine group. The composition can be used in combination with H2O2 to effect highly selective oxidations of unactivated sp3 C—H bonds over a broad range of substrates. The site of oxidation can be predicted, based on the electronic and/or steric environment of the C—H bond. In addition, the oxidation reaction does not require the presence of directing groups in the substrate.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for characterising OSI-materials provide for: introducing the material into a measurement cell; subjecting the material to a gas mixture containing oxygen; permitting a certain time or at certain time interval or intervals to elapse; measuring a defined volume part of the gas mixture with regard to its oxygen concentration using a measurement circuit, which together with the time component represents a characterisation of the OSI-material, wherein the OSI-material in the measurement cell is subjected to the gas mixture circulated in a closed reaction circuit, and the defined volume part is conveyed into a measurement circuit containing a gas, for the measurement of the oxygen concentration.

Abstract: Provided are screening assays for identifying and evaluating compounds with antioxidant and/or antiproliferative activities.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determining the cleanness of an apparatus comprising the steps of treating the interior of the apparatus with a solution comprising permanganate so as to cause the permanganate to react with contaminants, if any, being present within the apparatus, rinsing the interior of the apparatus to remove non-reacted permanganate, contacting the interior of the apparatus with a solution comprising peroxide and detecting a splitting, if any, of peroxide into oxygen and water. The invention also relates to a method of detecting a leakage in an apparatus and to a use of the method for determining the cleanness of an apparatus and for detecting a leakage in an apparatus.

Abstract: An apparatus and non-invasive method of measuring oxygen by exciting a luminescent compound disposed in a container and then measuring the intensity of the light emitted by the excited luminescent compound as it relaxes to the ground state. A plot of emission intensity as a function of time results in an exponential decay curve the area of which is inversely proportional to the oxygen concentration. The oxygen concentration can be determined over a wide temperature range by measuring the temperature of the container and the emission intensity and then applying the following equation: [O2]=(ATa(T)2+BTa(T)+CTa)(tau)2+(ATb(T)2+BTb(T)+CTb)(tau)+(ATc(T)2+BTc(T)+CTc) T is the measured temperature; tau is the area of the exponential decay curve; and ATa, BTa, CTa, ATb, BTb, CTb, ATc, BTc, and CTc are coefficients that are specific to the luminescent compound being examined.

Abstract: The present invention relates to articles and methods involving luminescent films which may be useful in various applications. Luminescent films of the present invention may comprise a layer of metal oxide nanoparticles and, in some cases, may interact with an analyte to generate a detectable signal, whereby the presence and/or amount of analyte can be determined. In some embodiments, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) may occur between the luminescent film and the analyte. Such articles and methods may be useful in, for example, biological assays or in sensors.

Abstract: Fine particles whose excitation light is not UV light or the like which has negative effects on a subject to be analyzed. The excitation light is emitted stably, and has excellent light emitting efficiency. Also a fluorescent probe including: fine particles containing a rare earth element excited by light having a wavelength in a range of 500 nm to 2000 nm and thereby emit up-conversion emission; and a specific binding substance which binds to the fine particles containing a rare earth element.

Abstract: The present invention provides in one aspect polymeric luminescent dye compounds having fluorescent properties, phosphorescent properties, or both fluorescent and phosphorescent properties.

Abstract: Provided are methods of detecting the presence or amount of a dihydroxyvitamin in D metabolite in a sample using mass spectrometry. The methods generally comprise ionizing a dihydroxyvitamin D metabolite in a sample and detecting the amount of the ion to determine the presence or amount of the vitamin D metabolite in the sample. In certain preferred embodiments the methods include immunopurifying the dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites prior to mass spectrometry. Also provided are methods to detect the presence or amount of two or more dihydroxyvitamin D metabolites in a single assay.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for detecting a leak in a package. The process comprises preparing a package by covering at least a portion of an O2-sensitive product with a multilayer film comprising (i) a leak-indicator layer in which a O2-sensitive indicator is present throughout the leak-indicator layer; and (ii) an O2-barrier layer outward of the leak-indicator layer. A low O2-environment is provided within the package. The leak-indicator layer is then illuminated with light containing a wavelength absorbed by the O2-sensitive indicator, so that the O2-sensitive indicator produces an emission of radiation in an amount inversely proportional to a level of O2 present with the O2-sensitive indicator. Then the multilayer film is scanned while the O2-sensitive indicator is emitting radiation, the scanning being carried out by sensing and comparing the amount of radiation emitted from at least two different regions of the multilayer film.

Abstract: A filter that allows specific detection of ethylene oxide by a non-specific electrochemical gas sensor through the removal of potential interferent gases, such as alcohols, and carbon monoxide. The filter contains an oxidizing agent that will oxidize the interferent gas but not ethylene oxide or alternatively a polymeric material that allows selective hydrogen bonds to the interferent gas but not ethylene oxide. This filter is intended for use with ambient air gas monitors, such as those employed to enhance work-place safety.

Abstract: A method for the efficient immobilization of silylated molecules such as silylated oligonucleotides or proteins onto unmodified surfaces such as a glass surface is provided. Also provided are compounds, devices, and kits for modifying surfaces such as glass surfaces.

Abstract: A method for the efficient immobilization of silylated molecules such as silylated oligonucleotides or proteins onto unmodified surfaces such as a glass surface is provided. Also provided are compounds, devices, and kits for modifying surfaces such as glass surfaces.

Abstract: A method for the efficient immobilization of silylated molecules such as silylated oligonucleotides or proteins onto unmodified surfaces such as a glass surface is provided. Also provided are compounds, devices, and kits for modifying surfaces such as glass surfaces.

Abstract: A method for the efficient immobilization of silylated molecules such as silylated oligonucleotides or proteins onto unmodified surfaces such as a glass surface is provided. Also provided are compounds, devices, and kits for modifying surfaces such as glass surfaces.

Abstract: Methods, systems and kits for the simultaneous or sequential analysis of a multitude of steroid hormones by mass spectrometry are disclosed. The methods require minimal sample size and minimal preparation time. The methods include ionizing the hormones and analyzing the hormones by mass spectrometry. In addition, methods, systems and kits for the simultaneous or sequential analysis of steroid hormones are disclosed including ionization of the steroid hormones by photoionization.

Abstract: A method of diagnosing a capillary leak disorder in a patient includes monitoring the marinobufagenin level in blood and/or urine as indicators of vascular permeability and, if a substantial elevation in marinobufagenin exists with respect to that of a normal person, concluding that a capillary leak disorder exists. The method may be employed to diagnose preeclampsia, as well as illnesses or abnormal conditions selected from the group consisting of acute respiratory distress syndrome, hemorrhagic shock, septic, endotoxemia, septicemia, burns.

Abstract: Carbon nanotube devices are manipulated in a manner that is useful for a variety of implementations. According to an example embodiment of the present invention, light (632) is used to photodesorb molecules from a carbon nanotube (620).

Abstract: A method for quantitatively determining the amount of maleimidyl groups on a polymer fine particle containing at least maleimidyl groups, by allowing a fluorescent material having an SH group to react with the maleimidyl groups and determining the amount of maleimidyl groups by means of measuring the fluorescence of the fluorescent material.

Abstract: A test environment and an associated method of testing and analyzing a semiconductor package material containing a molding compound, for stability in a sustained oxygen environment. Test samples are exposed to a pressurized gas containing oxygen, under elevated temperature below the glass transition temperature of the molding compound. Control samples are exposed to a pressurized inert gas under similar or more severe conditions of gas pressure, temperature, and humidity. At least one characteristic common to the test samples and the control samples is measured. A determination is made as to whether there exists at least one significant difference between the at least one measured characteristic of the test samples and the control samples.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and an apparatus (herein referred to as a “gas sorption/desorption analyzer”) for measuring the gas sorption properties of substances (for example hydrogen sorption by metal alloys). Measurements include: Pressure Composition Temperature isotherm (PCT), Kinetic, Cycle-life, and density. Measurements are made by sorption of aliquots of gas to or from a sample of the substance. The amount of gas in each aliquot is determined from the gas pressure and temperature in calibrated reservoir volumes. The apparatus comprises components rated for operation up to 200 atm, a plurality of sensors covering a broad pressure range, and minimized volumes to enable accurate measurements of small samples. Aliquot pressures are controlled using a feed-back controlled pressure regulator that can also be used for constant pressure sorption measurements. The gas temperature is regulated using a temperature controlled enclosure.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT) containing porous silicon (PSi) and a method of quantitative measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced therefrom. Particularly, it is expected that the present invention will contribute to the development of cancer treatment without side effects by suggesting PSi, a safe and reliable new cancer drug that can destroy cancer cells through generating sufficient heat with little ROS produced if the PSi is used as nanobomb for a new PDT that kills cancer cells with heat or explosion. In addition, it is expected that the present invention will provide a reliable and reproducible method for quantitative measurement of a very small amount of ROS produced therefrom through an XRD analysis.

Abstract: A method of estimating strength of forming photochemical ozone utilizing a pump and probe technique is disclosed along with an apparatus for estimating strength of forming photochemical ozone utilizing a pump and probe means whereby strength of forming photochemical ozone can be estimated without measuring a concentration of each type of various reactive hydrocarbons in order to predict strength of forming photochemical ozone from rates of their reaction with OH radicals. Atmosphere (11) is irradiated with a pumping laser light (2c) to photolyze ozone therein, thereby forming excited oxygen atoms O(1D) which are then caused to react with water vapor to form OH radicals. The OH radicals are irradiated with a probing laser light (3e) to excite electrons therein. A fluorescent light emitted when the excited electrons are relaxed to transition is measured in a time sequence.

Abstract: The invention provides a system for designing, operating, monitoring and/or diagnosing a chemical reaction, particularly a hydrotreating process, using a fixed bed catalytic reactor.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for determining incomplete combustion in a combustion analyzer comprising a combustion chamber (60). A sample is supplied to the combustion chamber and combusted to produce combustion products. A target gas characteristic of incomplete combustion of the sample is detected in the combustion products by a target gas sensor (72). The target gas may be carbon monoxide, methane, methanal and/or methanol, among others. Preferably, the gas sensor is an electronic or catalytic combustible gas sensor. Whether incomplete combustion of the sample has occurred may be determined. A signal indicative of incomplete combustion is output from the target gas sensor to a controller (78). The combustion products can be directed to waste and/or further supply of the sample/oxygen may be stopped/adjusted. Faulty analysis measurements and/or contamination of downstream components, which would otherwise result from incomplete combustion—in particular, from soot formation—can thereby be avoided.

Abstract: A method for identifying the redox activity of a subject compound is disclosed. The method can be performed aerobically and can include forming a mixture comprising a free-radical precursor and a compound to be tested, and converting the free-radical precursor into a free-radical anion and a free-radical cation. After the free radical cation and the free radical anion have been formed, the relative redox activity of the subject compound may cause a difference in the rate of photo-bleaching of the mixture and/or the rate of superoxide generation. These differences can be quantified and used to identify the redox activity of the subject compound. This sensitive technique for measuring redox activity can be used to screen compounds for various biological applications. Drugs also can be developed based on the relationship between redox activity and biological activity for particular biological applications.

Abstract: The present invention provides fluorogenic probes and corresponding fluorescent compounds, methods of using the probes, compounds and kits that include the probes.

Abstract: An apparatus for analyzing the amount of gas in a solid sample such as a contained oxygen analyzing apparatus and method utilizing a preliminary reducing furnace which can be connected to an analyzing furnace by a transfer unit. A sample such as steel can be reduced in the preliminary reducing furnace and transferred to the analyzing furnace, for example, by a magnetic force, a gripping unit or a transporting sample body holder. A controller can control the application of heat and the mixing of a metal flux to provide discharge gas to an analyzer.

Abstract: A method and apparatus to monitor the enantiomeric excess of chiral molecules participating in a chemical reaction. The method includes real time monitoring of the chemical reaction by obtaining a VCD spectra and an IR spectra of the chemical compounds in the reaction, and manipulating the spectra to obtain a % EE value. Using such real time information, the reaction parameters can be changed to shift the reaction to produce more of one chiral molecule than another.

Abstract: This invention is in the field of medical devices. Specifically, the present invention provides portable medical devices that allow detection of analytes from a biological fluid. The methods and devices are particularly useful for providing point-of-care testing for a variety of medical applications.

Abstract: A system for sampling cryogenic liquids, and an air separation unit provided with at least one such system. The cryogenic liquid is introduced into a vaporizer, through heat exchange with the compressed air. The liquid passes through the vaporizer generally downwards. The walls of the vaporizer that are intended to come into contact with the cryogenic liquid are maintained at a temperature above the sublimation temperature or the boiling point of the least volatile impurity contained in this liquid. Downstream of the vaporizer, a gaseous phase coming from the vaporization of the cryogenic liquid is withdrawn and at least some of the gaseous phase is sent to an analyzer.

Abstract: A system configured to determine information related to one or more gaseous analytes in a body of gas comprises a luminescable material, one or more emitters, one or more photosensitive detectors, and a processor. The emitters emit amplitude modulated electromagnetic radiation onto the luminescable medium in communication with a body of gas causing luminescence in the luminescable medium. The photosensitive detectors receive the amplitude modulated electromagnetic radiation generated by the luminescence of the luminescable medium and generate one or more output signals, at least one of the output signals indicating the intensity of the received electromagnetic radiation. The processor receives the output signals and determines information related to one or more gaseous analytes in the body of gas. The determination of information related to the one or more gaseous analytes may comprise compensating for a delay that varies as a function of the intensity of the received electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: A test environment and an associated method of testing and analyzing a semiconductor package material containing a molding compound, for stability in a sustained oxygen environment. Test samples are exposed to a pressurized gas containing oxygen, under elevated temperature below the glass transition temperature of the molding compound. Control samples are exposed to a pressurized inert gas under similar or more severe conditions of gas pressure, temperature, and humidity. At least one characteristic common to the test samples and the control samples is measured. A determination is made as to whether there exists at least one significant difference between the at least one measured characteristic of the test samples and the control samples.

Abstract: A device and method for quantifying an impurity in an input gas stream. The device and method employ a catalyst to convert the impurity to a detectable species in an output gas stream, and the concentration of the detectable species is then measured by means of a detector.