Abstract: A dimple pattern glue roller functions to apply glue to the closure flaps of a partially assembled cigarette pack. The roller has an outer cylindrical surface, and a pattern of dimpled recesses in the cylindrical surface receive glue and apply that glue to the closure flaps prior to folding the closure flaps against the assembled cigarette pack. The glue is applied in an efficient and economical manner, and substantially less glue is required when compared to existing glue applicator constructions.

Abstract: A conditioner roll includes a cylindrical, tubular metal core having four, straight metal flutes, in the form of channel members, extending full length of, and releasably attached to, the core. In one embodiment, each flute is attached by a plurality of bolts extending radially outwardly through and anchored in respective holes provided in the core, the bolts being respectively received in a plurality of holes provided in the flute. A nut is received on a threaded exposed end of each bolt so as to clamp the flute in place. Access holes are provided for permitting installation of the bolts. In a second embodiment, swage nuts are respectively anchored in mounting holes provided in the core for locating each flute, the nuts having been deformed axially, during installation of the flute mounting bolts, to form shoulders located interiorly of the core wall so as to that the nuts stay in place as the bolts are tightened against the flute.

Abstract: A brush roller is structured such that a web body having wire members is wound in a helical manner around a roller main body to which an axial end member is mounted. A fastening member is mounted to a rotary shaft of the axial end member, and one end of the web body is fixed to a holding member which is arranged between the fastening member and the axial end member so as to freely rotate relatively. The holding member relatively rotates in a winding direction due to an urging force of a torsional coil spring when elongation occurs in the web body, thereby preventing slack from occurring in the web body.

Abstract: A charging device is formed of a member to be charged, a charging member disposed so as to form a nip with the member to be charged, and electroconductive particles disposed so as to be present at the nip between the photosensitive member and the member to be charged. A uniform direct injection charging performance is realized by providing the charging member with a fine network-textured surface having concave cells giving a total cell edge perimeter per unit area of 15 mm/mm2 to 60 mm/mm2.

Abstract: A synthetic sponge having a high density is rinsed while changing the hydrostatic pressure of rinsing solution in pore spaces of the sponge to remove chemical residue and particulate matter more completely. The hydrostatic pressure can be changed by varying fluid supply pressure or varying centrifugal force. A rinsing apparatus includes a rotatable container and a fluid supply for supplying rinsing solution to sponge material in the container.

Abstract: Wire feed rollers made of ceramic material which virtually eliminate wire feed roller wear enabling continuous wire feed to the welding tip without discernable weld wire slippage. Adjacent ceramic wire feed rollers are used in sets where one roller includes a groove on a side surface while the second roller has no grooves. The ceramic wire feed rollers require relatively light clamping (contact) loads to effectively feed the wire to the weld tip enabling decreased wire feed roller drive torque requirements and reduced wear to drive gears and support bearings.

Abstract: A sheet such as paper or hard film can be fed accurately in an intended direction while positively holding the sheet merely by applying plastic processing to a peripheral surface of a metallic rod.

Abstract: A meterable screen roller having a peripheral surface whereon a multiplicity of printing ink-accepting depressions are disposed includes a respective base for the depressions formed by a resilient material, and respective chambers located underneath and assigned to the depressions, the chambers being actable upon by a pressure medium for respectively enlarging and reducing the volume of the depressions.

Abstract: A transfer roller serves to transfer a formatted adhesive application from an adhesive roller of an adhesive applicator to a continuously conveyed web, preferably a paper web. To adapt the transfer roller quickly and simply to the different formats of glue applications, the peripheral surface of the transfer roller is provided with radially moveable tappets or stamps, which lie closely side by side and which can be moved between an inserted inactive position and an extended active position, in a specified grid.

Abstract: A sheet such as paper or a hard film can be fed accurately in an intended direction while positively holding the sheet merely by applying plastic processing to a peripheral surface of a metallic rod.

Abstract: An envelope machine having a roller assembly with a groove in the roller and a ring assembly removably mounted in the groove. The ring assembly has a pair of half-rings segments removably mounted in the groove, each of which are adapted to mesh and interfit with each other to form the ring assembly. The ring assembly lies below the surface of the roller and each ring segment has a holding notch at one end and a key assembly at the other end, with the holding notch of one ring segment adapted to interfit and mesh with the key assembly of another ring segment.

Abstract: A finger roller for agricultural machines is provided. At least one finger disk is disposed on a shaft of the finger roller and has a hub, over the periphery of which are distributed and project a plurality of fingers. The fingers are at least slightly elastically deformable, and a side of each finger that faces in the direction of rotation of the finger roller is markedly roughened, for example by being provided with fine ribs, studs or knobs.

Abstract: A fluid metering roll such as an anilox roll is comprised of a tubular carbon fiber composition core having one or more metallic layers intervening between the core and a surface layer comprised of ceramic, the ceramic having outwardly opening fluid metering cells. The method of forming the roll includes steps of thermal spray applying one or more layers comprised of metal over the roll surface the layers intervening between the roll and an external ceramic coating. Characterizing features of the application method reside in each of the thermal spray applied layers being directed toward the core at a negative rake angle of from about 11½ to about 13½ and preferably 12½°, the core and layers which receive the thermal spray being simultaneously cooled to about 110° Centigrade or less during application of the thermal spray.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a labeling apparatus for paying out and applying self-adhesive labels, which with each operating cycle moves one self-adhesive label into a dispensing position underneath an applicator roll having a sleeve with a cylindrical jacket, via which sleeve the applicator roll is rotatably mounted on a hub. It is proposed to equip the sleeve with at least one profiled ring projecting radially outwardly beyond the cylindrical jacket. Because the profiled ring and the sleeve are made preferably of a material that is harder than the cylindrical jacket and hence ink-repellent, the printed data on the label are not smeared, in spite of the low outlay involved in the manufacture of the applicator roll.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for manufacturing helically wound insulated conductors with filament fillers includes first and second payoff stations for paying off a plurality of insulated conductors and elongate filaments of filler materials. These cable components are guided from the payoff stations to a closing die, and are arranged in positions suitable for twisting into a cable by a double twist machine to form a cable of twisted insulated components forming radially outwardly facing helical interstices each of which is substantially filled with another one of the filaments of filler material. Differential or incremental lengths of filler material are metered upstream of the double twist machine to compensate for the differences in the radial distances of the insulated conductors and filaments of filler material on the center or cable of the axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing a grinding roll in which a roll tire made from a highly wear-resistant bainitic cast material is applied to the basic roll body. In order to create a roll tire with particularly high reliability against fractures and with relatively high wear resistance and compression strength, the roll tire is produced from a ductile bainitic spheroidal graphite cast material having a breaking elongation of approximately 0.1 to 2.5% and a compression strength of approximately 1,000 to 1,800 Mpa.

Abstract: A system for embossing a substantially continuous web of material including a supply for supplying at least one substantially continuous web of material, feeding the substantially continuous web of material, an embossing device for embossing a predetermined pattern in the web material and a take-up device for taking-up the embossed web material; wherein at least one roll of the system includes an elongated core formed of a substantially rigid material and an elongated sleeve formed of a material less rigid than the elongated core with the elongated sleeve being releasably secured to the core such that the elongated sleeve is axially and circumferentially fixed with respect to the core when in operation and can be selectively axially removed from the core. Preferably, the sleeve includes an embossing pattern laser engraved thereon so as to permit the embossing pattern being run by the system to be readily changed.

Abstract: A toner supply roll including a cylindrical soft polyurethane sponge structure formed on an outer circumferential surface of a metal shaft by foam molding of a polyurethane material in a mold cavity of a mold. The sponge structure having hardness of 350 g or lower includes a skin layer having a network of cells and openings open in its outer circumferential surface and communicating with respective ones of the cells located adjacent to the skin layer, such that the openings are substantially aligned with central portions of the respective ones of the cells in axial and circumferential directions of the sponge structure. Each opening has a size of 100-800 .mu.m, and a total area of the openings is at least 20% of the total surface area of the skin layer. The sponge structure has a plurality of protrusions formed on the outer circumferential surface of the skin layer so as to extend linearly or helically in the axial direction of the sponge structure. The protrusions have a height of 20-3000 .mu.

Abstract: An envelope machine having a roller assembly with a groove in the roller and a ring assembly removably mounted in the groove. The ring assembly has a pair of half-rings segments removably mounted in the groove, each of which are adapted to mesh and interfit with each other to form the ring assembly. The ring assembly lies below the surface of the roller and each ring segment has a holding notch at one end and a key assembly at the other end, with the holding notch of one ring segment adapted to interfit and mesh with the key assembly of another ring segment.

Abstract: An industrial cleaning sponge includes an industrial sponge roller device having a cylindrical body of polyvinyl acetal material and a plurality of projections, formed of the polyvinyl acetal material, extending from an outer surface of the cylindrical body. The projections have a truncated conical shape with each projection including a circular base coupled to the outer surface of the cylindrical body, a circular, planar top surface and a side wall extending outwardly from the top surface to the base.

Abstract: A printing web transporting roller is disclosed which is characterized by using as the roller basis thereof a roller basis made of a fiber-reinforced plastics and provided on the peripheral surface thereof with a plurality of portions of a surface of large curvature and a plurality of portions of a surface of small curvature alternately arranged in a mutually adjoining state and having a composite coating film superposed on the roller basis and composed of a porous ceramic layer formed by thermal spraying and a resin layer formed on the surface of the ceramic layer and inside the pores in the ceramic layer.

Abstract: The present invention is embodied in an tool and method for structurally applying fiber stiffeners to a material. The tool inserts a plurality of fibers embedded in a transfer material through a hat stiffener and into a substrate and includes a first head, a second head, and a handle. The first head is defined by a roller having first edges and a center cutout. The cutout corresponds to the thickness of the transfer material. The second head is located at a distal end from the first head and is defined by a roller having second edges and a center groove. The groove corresponds to a thickness associated with guiding the tool along the corner of the hat stiffener. The first and second edges conform to the surface of the substrate. The center handle is coupled between the first head and second head for gripping. The first head is adapted to initially drive the fibers embedded in the transfer material through the hat stiffener and into the substrate.

Abstract: A printing roller for channel-free printing, in particular for a rotary offset printing machine including a roller core 1 on which a sleeve-shaped printing or transfer form 2 can be positioned. The roller includes a thin intermediate layer 7 provided at least partially between the outer surface of the roller core 1 and the inner surface of the sleeve-shaped printing or transfer form 2 for adjusting the printing or transfer form 2 on the printing roller 1, 3, 4, 6 and for securing the printing or transfer form 2 in an improved manner. The printing roller constructed according to the present invention allows a sleeve-shaped printing or transfer form to be adjusted or fitted precisely and in a stationary manner on the printing roller when slid onto the printing roller without limiting the principle on which the sleeve technique for printing is based.

Abstract: A topsheet for body exudates absorbent article includes a hydrophilic nonwoven fibrous sheet and a plurality of thermoplastic synthetic resin filaments extending in one direction parallel to one another and continuously bonded to an upper surface of the nonwoven fibrous sheet so that a composite sheet of these sheet and filaments have crests and troughs alternately repeating longitudinally of the filaments and respectively extend transversely of the filaments. An apparatus and a method for manufcturing the topsheet are also disclosed, wherein a pair of mutually engageable embossing rolls are used for forming the crests and the troughs onto the coposite sheet.

Abstract: Press sleeve for de-watering a material sheet in a press nip having a width. The press sleeve may extend transverse to a travel direction of the material sheet and may include a flexible material, a pressing area, adapted to form the press nip, having two ends, end sections positioned adjacent to each end of the pressing areas, and recesses located on an exterior surface to take up water. The press sleeve may also include outer sections including portions of the pressing area and portions of the end section, an inner section including a portion located between the outer sections. The recesses located within the outer sections may include a plurality of recesses having a limited length in the travel direction and the recesses located within the inner section may include grooves substantially extending endlessly in the travel direction.

Abstract: A cellular conductive roller has closed cells and open cells with conductive powder filling the open cells of the cellular conductive roller. A method for making a cellular conductive roller includes filling the open cells in the cellular conductive roller with conductive powder, adhering a tacky sheet to the surface of said cellular conductive roller; then peeling said tacky sheet off the surface of said cellular conductive roller. Also disclosed is an electrophotographic device using the cellular conductive roller and a process cartridge into which the cellular conductive roller is integrated.

Abstract: A fiber processing textile machine includes a mechanism for advancing a sliver bundle, formed of a plurality of slivers, in a travel path in a direction of sliver feed; and a sliver guiding body positioned in the travel path and having an axis of rotation and a plurality of sliver guiding surfaces disposed about the axis of rotation. The sliver guiding surfaces are of different arcuate shape as viewed perpendicularly to the direction of sliver feed. Further, a holding mechanism is provided for positioning the sliver guiding body and supporting it for rotation for orienting a selected one of the sliver guiding surfaces toward the sliver bundle, whereby the sliver bundle is contacted and guided by the selected surface.

Abstract: A heat treatment furnace for fiber for heat-treating a fiber bundle (yarn) formed of many continuous filaments in hot gas while running the yarn. The heat treatment furnace has a plurality of heat treatment chambers provided in a furnace body. The temperature in each individual heat treatment chamber is independently adjusted to a temperature which is different from the temperatures in the other heat treatment chambers. Thereby, the heat treatment furnace can be made small and is able to heat-treat fiber efficiently.This heat treatment furnace is useful, particularly, as a heat treatment furnace (an oxidizing heat treatment furnace, or a oxidizing furnace) for producing an oxidized fiber needed to produce a carbon fiber.

Abstract: A heated cylindrical roll for handling and treating a running web of material has a laminated construction in which a series of thin circular rings, each in turn formed from a plurality of flat ring segments, are joined face-to-face to form a hollow cylindrical roll. The segments from which the circular rings are formed may comprise identical stampings and may be machined or otherwise formed prior to assembly to include an outer tooth pattern to provide a fluted roll surface for corrugating, apertures extending between the faces of the segments to define axial fluid supply passages in the assembled roll, radial slots to define vacuum passages in the assembled roll, and/or outer peripheral slots to define vacuum distribution slots in the surface of the assembled roll. The laminated roll is particularly adapted to utilize a novel steam supply and condensate return system.

Abstract: A transport element (1) for transporting or conveying flat goods, such as sheet goods like paper in photocopy machines and printers, includes an inner support member (2) that can be connected to an axle or shaft, and an outer ring member (14) of a rubber-elastic material that at least partially surrounds and is connected in a form-locking manner to the support member (2). The rubber-elastic material has a greater elasticity than the material of the support member (2). The ring member (4) has an outer contact surface (5) for frictionally gripping and transporting the flat goods. The support member (2) has a plurality of grooves (7) distributed around an outer circumferential surface (6) thereof. The rubber-elastic material of the ring member (4) form-lockingly engages the grooves (7). The grooves (7) are open at least toward the outer circumferential surface (6) with a respective opening width (16) that spans an angle .alpha. of at most 5.degree., and are undercut radially inwardly below the openings.

Abstract: An image forming substance removing apparatus for preventing an unstabilizing liquid from being excessively applied to a sheet material unnecessarily, preventing a bad state of transporting the sheet material, and not requiring a long time for drying the sheet material is provided. In the above-mentioned apparatus, an unstabilizing liquid supplying unit applies the unstabilizing liquid to the transfer material and is constructed with an applying roller for pumping up the unstabilizing liquid by an action of its rotation, a restriction roller for bringing the applying roller into contact with the transfer paper, and others. And further, in order to move the restriction roller between a position of coming into contact with the applying roller and a position of departing therefrom, a tip end sensor for sensing the tip end of the transfer paper, a spring, and a solenoid, etc. are provided in the apparatus.

Abstract: A sizing applicator is provided for applying a coating of sizing composition to glass fibers. The sizing applicator includes a housing and a roll applicator which is rotatably coupled to the housing. The housing has a supply port adapted to receive sizing composition from a sizing supply source, an exit slot and a passageway extending from the supply port to the exit slot. The passageway receives sizing composition from the supply port and delivers the sizing composition to the exit slot such that the sizing composition exits the housing and is received on an outer surface of the roll applicator. The roll applicator is spaced from the housing such that the housing does not substantially contact the sizing composition once it is received on the roll applicator.

Abstract: A developing roller 19 is formed of a blend material produced of silicone rubber and EPDM, which has good abrasion proof, and subjected to a rubbing process to rub a surface of the developing roller 19 until convex portions 19A formed on the surface become less than two times a particle diameter (5-10 .mu.m) of toner T, i.e., 10-20 .mu.m. Accordingly, the surface condition of the developing roller is not changed for a long time and thus the toner T can uniformly be carried on the surface of the developing roller 19, forming a uniform thickness toner layer, thereby enabling to uniformly charge the toner layer. Uniformly charged toner layer on the surface of the developing roller 19 thus makes it possible to develop an electrostatic latent image formed on a photosensitive drum 12 with uniform toner density, causing no difference in toner density. When the developed image on the photosensitive drum 12 is transferred to a sheet 50, a resultant image with uniform image density can be formed on the sheet 50.

Abstract: The invention provides a conveying installation capable of discharging specific commodity out of conveying lines, which features decreased number of component parts and ease assemble structure. In consideration of unification of component parts, the invention provides such a conveying installation being compatible with conveying systems having a variety of width using fewer kinds of component parts. The conveying installation incorporates a roller-shaped rotary body 11 to which ring bodies 12 are secured. Axial lines of respective ring bodies 12 are eccentric and inclined against axial line of the roller-shaped rotary body 11, and yet, adjoining ring bodies 12 respectively have 120.degree. of phasewise difference.

Abstract: There are disclosed a foamed rotary member having a surface of a foam, and a large number of cells provided in the foam and each having a prolate spheroid shape, wherein the major axis direction of the cell is along the rotation axis direction, and also a developing device using the foamed rotary member as a toner supplying rotary member.

Abstract: In an apparatus for the application of a liquid or pasty substance onto a traveling material web, notably of paper or cardboard, a doctor bar serving the metering of the applied substance is composed of at least two bar segments strung together in the longitudinal direction of the doctor bar and fixedly joined to one another. Possible thereby, in the manufacture of the doctor bar, is an easier handling and a better compliance with accuracy requirements.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rotating wafers in a double sided scrubber where a rotating roller imparts rotary motion to a semiconductor wafer during a double sided cleaning process. The rotating roller and wafer contact at their outer edges and the friction between their outer edges causes the wafer to rotate. The roller has an outer edge with a groove in which the wafer edge is pinched. Treads or grooves extending from the groove channel liquids away from the groove to prevent wafer slippage when rotating and cleaning solutions are applied to the wafer.

Abstract: A fluid metering roll such as an anilox roll is comprised of a tubular carbon fiber composition core having one or more metallic layers intervening between the core and a surface layer comprised of ceramic, the ceramic having outwardly opening fluid metering cells. The method of forming the roll includes steps of thermal spray applying one or more layers comprised of metal over the roll surface the layers intervening between the roll and an external ceramic coating. Characterizing features of the application method reside in each of the thermal spray applied layers being directed toward the core at a negative rake angle of from about 111/2.degree. to about 131/2.degree. and preferably 121/2.degree., the core and layers which receive the thermal spray being simultaneously cooled to about 110.degree. Centigrade or less during application of the thermal spray.

Abstract: A roll, for driving a woven-wire conveyor belt, provides substantially-uniform drive across the belt width, avoids disruption of belt drive, provide unidirection tracking of the belt, and avoids disruption of conveyed products during treatment of conveyed products at temperatures other than ambient. During conveyance of a product for heating or cooling treatment, woven-wire conveyor belts and rolls driving the belts are often at differing temperatures, especially during start-up and shutdown of operations. Such temperature differentials can cause dimensional changes in a belt which change the relative location of belt recesses with respect to the roll surface. Selective shaping and dimensioning of roll protrusions from the widthwise center of a roll toward each lateral end of the roll eliminates mismatching of belt recesses due to changes in belt width during product processing at temperatures other than ambient.

Abstract: A decorating tool for use by painters in ragging a previously painted surface. The tool includes a sleeve elasticated to a roller which can be mounted on a conventional roller handle assembly. The sleeve is formed of a rag material and has a diameter and a length exceeding the diameter and length of the roller. The sleeve is gathered by a plurality of elastic bands that are axially spaced apart along the length of the roller and threaded in the rag material in a wave pattern to form random folds.

Abstract: A photosensitive material processing apparatus in which a pair of rollers respectively having water absorbing surface layers is disposed downstream of a washing processing section and the rotating shafts of said rollers are urged in the directions in which said rollers approach each other, wherein the thickness of said water absorbing surface layer of at least one roller of said rollers gradually decreases toward end portions of the at least one roller. In this way, since the thickness of the water absorbing surface layer of the at least one roller gradually decreases toward the end portions of said at least one roller, a gap is prevented from occurring between said water absorbing surface layer and said photosensitive material at the central portions of the rollers due to the flexing of the rollers.

Abstract: A printing material guiding surface structure, preferably for cylinders or cylinder dressings of printing machines has a surface structure which facilitates improved sheet guiding in that the friction forces at the contact points of the printing material and the surface structure are increased. This is achieved by utilizing elevated structure elements which are arranged on a substrate, and which have a bearing surface with a multiplicity of depressions that increase the surface roughness thereof and have good ink repelling characteristics.

Abstract: The invention relates to a roll press, in particular for processing very abrasive materials, comprising at least two press rolls of which each includes a wear layer arranged on a basic body. The wear layer comprises substantially plane zones of a highly wear-resistant material while the spaces between the highly wear-resistant zones are filled with a material of different wear resistance. Furthermore, the material for the spaces is a composite material which is adapted to be sintered, and the highly wear-resistant zones are formed from hard bodies produced by hot-isostatic pressing. The material for the spaces and the material for the wear-resistant zones are bonded to the basic body in a hot-isostatic pressing process. The wear resistance of the composite material is substantially slightly greater or smaller than the wear resistance of the hard bodies in accordance with a desired profile which will obtained through wear.

Abstract: In a system for transporting film materials, rotation of the transported film caused by uneven stress across a width of the film is eliminated by providing a pinch roll drive in which the driven roll is a precision metal roll and the non-driven roll is a rubber roll, the outer cylindrical surface of which is defined by a plurality of axially-spaced annular ribs. Accumulated error is removed at regular intervals by braking the film to cause correction of slippage. Feed under uniform stress is achieved by forming a dancer roll film loop and correcting for differential alignment of the various transport rolls by displacing a portion of one side of the loop.

Abstract: A fixing roller for thermally fixing an unfixed toner image is comprised of a core cylinder and a fluororesin tube fused on the core cylinder. The core cylinder is provided on its periphery with a minute groove means. On fusing the fluororesin tube on the core cylinder, the minute groove means gives to the surface of the fluororesin tube convexities or concavities extending in parallel in the peripheral direction of the fixing roller.

Abstract: A conveyor diverter system comprising one or more conveyors, components for diverter systems having friction-enhancing outer surfaces, friction-enhancing layers and compositions that provide such surfaces are disclosed. In addition, methods of reducing the frequency or occurrence of articles being misdiverted by use of such systems, components, layers and compositions are described. The preferred embodiment of the friction-enhancing layer and composition disposed on the outer periphery of the diverter components comprises grit materials dispersed in a metallic material such that a particular grit surface density is achieved and grit particles protrude above the uppermost surface of the metallic layer within a range of particular distances.

Abstract: The rolls of high-pressure roll presses for the compressive size reduction of granular material are hard surfaced with nub pins which are wear-resistant and suitable for autogenous wear protection. The nub pins, which have a long potential service life even under the action of high compressive loads, have a radially inner pin part (13) which is easily welded to the roll surface (12) and a radially outer harder pin part (14) protectively covering the radially inner pin part.

Abstract: A furnace roll for transferring steel strips from an annealing furnace has several spaced rings along the body of the roll. The rings have a width and diameter chosen such that the load on each ring is optimized depending upon the material of the strip and the ring material. The selected ring material is relatively insoluble with the strip material.

Abstract: To produce a corrugated fin suitably used to fabricate heat exchangers such as radiators, condensers of the air conditioners, etc., for automobiles, a toothed roller for forming a corrugated fin has circumferential teeth comprising a tooth tip having a concavity, a tooth bottom having a convexity, and a tooth slope having a louver cutting edge between the tooth tip and the tooth bottom, wherein a top of the convexity of the tooth bottom is located at a forward offset from a center line of the tooth bottom with respect to a direction of rotation of the roller.

Abstract: A flexible medium for a scrolling color changer and method of making thereof. The medium is made by applying an ink using a Meyer Rod which has varying cell lengths along its length. This leaves varying size cells of ink at different locations along the length of the medium. The ink has special characteristics whereby its evaporation rate and viscosity are carefully controlled. The viscosity is such that an amount of levelling will occur will be equal to the distance between any cells, but that cell to cell levelling will not, in general, occur.