Abstract: In the rolling of a metal strip in a rolling mill which has a rolling mill train of one or more roll stands, before the metal strip enters the rolling mill train the roll stand are each given a presetting in accordance with a predicted necessary roll force F.sub.i during rolling in roll stand i, which rolling force F.sub.i is determined by the formula F.sub.i =K.sub.i *KSB.sub.i, in which K.sub.i is a multiplication factor and KSB.sub.i is the resistance to deformation of the metal strip during rolling through the roll stand i. To improve the average quality of the rolled product and to shorten the "learning" time when changing products, the resistance to deformation KSB.sub.i is chosen equal to an average rolling stress T for a strain E in the metal strip in roll stand i, the relationship between the rolling stress T and strain E during rolling being determined by the formula T=C.f(E,E.sub.c), in which C and E.sub.c have values dependent on the material of the strip, E.sub.c being a critical strain.

Abstract: A rolling mill stand with work rolls which are supported as necessary by back-up rolls or by intermediate and back-up rolls. The rolls are axially slidable relative to each other. The bodies of the rolls are provided with alternatingly concavely and convexly shaped contours in such a way that the rolls supplement each other in at least one axial position of the rolls so that no gap exists between the rolls. Corrections of the roll gap between a pair of rolls can be carried out by relative axial displacement of the rolls. The contours of the rolls have in the neutral position thereof, in addition to a maximum inclination in the middle, maximum inclinations of the circumferential lines on both sides of the middle of the circumferential surfaces of the rolls in longitudinal direction of the rolls in which roll gap profile changes are to be effected.

Abstract: A method of stably effecting a rolling of a steel strip with deformed section by use of a continuous hot strip mill, said method comprising the steps of:providing an excess metal portion along each of opposite sides of a meterial to be rolled for simultaneously obtaining one or a plurality of deformed section portions; andproviding, on a roll for effecting said rolling and at a position corresponding to each of the excess metal portions, a hold portion constituted by a tilted surface placed in a contact-and-rolling relation to each of said excess metal portions so that a self-aligning function occurs in a rolled material itself.

Abstract: A supported ceramic roller and a method for production and use thereof is provided, particularly as a guide roller in a non-ferrous rolling mill. A ceramic roller member is attached to a backing member, preferably metallic, by an adhesive which has the characteristic of acting as a thermal/mechanical stress barrier. The sidewalls of the ceramic roller member extend radially outward of the support member.

Abstract: Method of controlling a strip crown in a planetary mill line, comprising the steps of rolling a slab by using a shaped feeding roll or rolls before passing between planetary rolls to shape a slab profile in the direction of the width of the slab having a flat or curved central portion, opposite side end thicker than the central portion and side portions thinner than the central portion between the central portion and the opposite side ends and subsequently rolling the slab having such a shaped slab providing a planetary rolled strip having a substantially flat strip crown having a uniform thickness over the width of the strip.

Abstract: The rolling mill comprises a plurality of working rolls and supporting rolls or a plurality of working rolls, intermediate rolls and supporting rolls. The intermediate rolls with their mounts and the slender working rolls ussed with them in six-high operation are exchangeable with or replaceable by larger thicker working rolls for two-high operation. No contact can occur between the body of a working roll and the body of the adjacent supporting roll during use as a two-high mill. In two-high operation the mount of a working roll is provided with a spacer piece engaging against the mounting member of the adjacent supporting roll. The mounts of the thicker working rolls used in two-high operation can be fitted into the guide pieces which act as guides for the mounting pieces of the intermediate rolls when the rolling mill is used as a six-high mill.

Abstract: A hot rolling method using a hot finishing mill including a pair of work rolls each having a taper ground end at one end of its barrel and arranged one above the other with the taper ground ends being on opposite sides so as to locate both edges of a plate-like material to be rolled in respective zones of the taper ground ends. Work rolls are cyclically shifted in their axial direction within a range so as not to permit the both edges of the material to come out of the taper ground ends of the work rolls, thereby preventing edge built-ups of the material and simultaneously effecting crown-controlling of the rolled material. The work rolls are finely shifted and simultaneously a bending action is applied to the work rolls in a manner to eliminate a bending action acting upon the work rolls caused by the material being rolled by the work rolls.

Abstract: A roll for a mill includes a roll shaft having a tapered portion disposed intermediate opposite ends thereof. The tapered portion has an outer peripheral surface tapering axially of the roll shaft. A ring of a wear-resistant material is disposed around the tapered portion of the roll shaft. A tubular sleeve having an inner peripheral surface tapering axially thereof is press-fitted between the tapered portion of the roll shaft and the ring to retain the ring in place on the roll shaft for rotation therewith. The sleeve includes an inner groove formed in the inner peripheral surface thereof and a passageway formed therethrough. The passageway is communicated with the inner groove so that pressurized oil is supplied through the passageway into the inner groove.

Abstract: A star-shaped array of channeled rolls in a rolling mill for rolling bar stock has the rolls pressed together with a pressing force exceeding the rolling force by a prestressing force sufficient to cause frustoconical flanks of the rolls to forceably press against one another. This stabilizes the rolls and also permits a fine adjustment of the diameter of the passage defined between them.

Abstract: A positioning device for rollers in an edging stand includes two hydraulic cylinder piston adjusting drives being laterally offset from each other and from a vertical plane; further included are two spindle drives each with a spindle and a nut, the spindles being arranged one above the other in that plane, the stand further includes a cross head and a coupler plate which holds the nuts and is articulated to the pistons of the cylinder piston adjusting drives while the cylinders are articulated on the cross head.

Abstract: A pair of roll grooves defining a rolling passage for the bar stock in respective rolls having abutting or bearing portions which are undercut to increase elasticity and are separated from the grooves by recesses. The force with which the rolls are pressed against one another far exceeds the rolling force.

Abstract: During operation of a rolling mill the roll gap and roll shape change, because of the influence of heat, bending of the working rolls or the roll mounting, wear and the like, and must be compensated and/or balanced to make a planar product, particularly a planar rolled sheet or strip. To compensate for these undesirable disadvantageous influences on the operation of the rolling mill frequent axial sliding of the rolls with respect to each other and/or positioning of the working rolls transverse to the plane of the rolled material is required. These undesirable influences are prevented in a particularly simple way and/or are compensated when the contours of the rolls in the initial state and/or unloaded state of the rolling mill are such that the sum of the roll body diameters at each relative axial position of the rolls varies axially from a constant value.

Abstract: The rolling mill or roll stand which makes a rolled product, particularly a rolled strip or strip, comprises a pair of working rolls, which if necessary are supported on a pair of supporting rolls or on a pair of the supporting rolls and intermediate rolls, and in which the working rolls and/or the supporting rolls and/or the intermediate rolls are axially slidable relative to each other. Each of the rolls of at least one of the pairs of rolls is provided with a curved contour extending to the roll body ends. These curved contours, sometimes on opposite sides, extend over only a portion of the rolled product width. The curved contour extends over the entire roll body length of each roll and has a shape such that both roll body contours entirely compliment themselves in a certain relative axial position.

Abstract: A painting steel sheet having an improved distinctness of image after painting has such a surface roughness profile that a center-line average roughness is within a range of 0.3-3.0 .mu.m and a microscopic shape is comprised of mountain portions, groove-like valley portions and middle flat portions satisfying particular dimension relations, and is produced by temper rolling a steel sheet at a draft of not less than 0.3% with work roll dulled to particular dimensions through a high density energy source.

Abstract: A painting steel sheet having an improved distinctness of image after painting has a waviness curve of section profile satisfying given relationships, and is produced by temper rolling a steel sheet with work rolls dulled to particular dimensions through laser.

Abstract: The rolling mill has two working rolls and at least two supporting rolls. At least both rolls of one roll pair are axially slidable opposing each other and each of the oppositely slidable rolls has a curved contour extending over its entire length which is convex over one longitudinal half segment and concave over the other longitudinal half segment. The contours of both rolls of these roll pairs complement each other continuously in one definite axial position. So that the occurence of increased load points and moreover as a result increased pressure at the contacting positions of the working rolls and the supporting rolls is prevented, the curved contour of the roll body at the free end of the concave longitudinal segment of the roll body extends to the body edges in an at least partially cylindrical longitudinal segment.

Abstract: A novel method of hot rolling iron and iron alloy rods, using a hot rolling tool comprising .beta.-Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 and a sintering aid selected from the group consisting of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, AlN, MgO, Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 and ZrO.sub.2, and having a sintered density of 90% or more, Rockwell hardness of 88 or more and a mean particle size of 2.mu. or less.

Abstract: A novel process is disclosed by which contorted or distorted sheet gauge steel and other metal scrap material, generated by stamping and other deforming metal-working operations, is flattened by rolls for the purpose of increasing its bulk density and to provide a scrap product that can more efficiently be transported and used for remelting in steel-making and foundry furnaces. The process involves the steps of feeding contorted sheet metal scrap between a pair of moving compressive surfaces, compressing the scrap to substantial flatness, and discharging the flattened steel scrap. The novel apparatus for performing the process is also disclosed.

Abstract: A roll machine for straightening a brake shoe comprising a main roller and a dependent roll. The main roll has a groove into which the web of the brake shoe is fit and flanges slightly shorter than the thickness of the brake shoe film. The freely rotating dependent roll is hydraulically pressed against the turning main roll and brake shoe. A replaceable block is disposed between the hydraulic piston rod and the support of the dependent roll and a roller pin perpendicular to axis of the two rolls is placed in corresponding grooves of the block and dependent roll support.

Abstract: A metal workpiece such as a slab is rolled into a desired width without requiring broadsiding. The system generally involves reducing a first portion along the width of the workpiece to a first thickness while creating a second portion along the width of the workpiece having a thickness greater than the first portion thickness and having a predetermined mass. Subsequently the second portion is reduced to establish a predetermined increase in the width of the workpiece and a decrease in the thickness of the workpiece to obtain a substantially uniform thickness along substantially the entire width of the workpiece. A preferred approach includes providing a pair of cooperating work rolls at least one of which has a generally cylindrical portion and at least one adjacent tapered portion. Initial reduction is effected by employing a pair of cooperating cylindrical central portions and at least one tapered portion. This provides a workpiece with a reduced portion and an enlarged portion.

Abstract: A self-compensating roll for rolling various width strip-like material wherein the roll is subject to non-uniform rolling load distribution between its opposite ends during rolling. The roll comprises a cylindrical roll body and outer material contacting surface. Outwardly extending displaceable members are formed beneath the contacting surface in the roll body at the opposed ends of the roll which permit the outer contacting surface areas to be displaced in a direction away from the direction the axial portion of the roll body deflects under a given load.

Abstract: A machine for controlling the width of workpieces rolled between horizontal rolls includes a pair of vertical edger rolls which are mounted on respective pivotable arms. The pivots for the arms include an eccentric whereby the rolls can be moved closer together or further apart to accommodate workpieces of different width. A cam mechanism is provided to increase and decrease the separation between the rolls. This mechanism bears against the arms on the opposite sides of the pivots to the edger rolls.

Abstract: A plate-like stock material is rolled or edged to a desired width on an edging stand of an edger. The edging stand is equipped with a pair of vertical rolls. The central axis of at least one of the vertical rolls of the edging stand is tilted within a suitable angle range toward the same direction as the advancing direction of the stock material or toward the direction opposite to the advancing direction of the stock material in a vertical plane parallel to the advancing direction of the stock material. The resulting downward bending deformation is received by a table roller.

Abstract: Rolling method and apparatus for forming sections having a flange connected to a web. Between two optional steps of roughing, intermediate rolling, and finishing steps, rolls 15, 15', 16, and 16' are arranged to expand the web in the widthwise direction. The rolls 15, 15', 16, and 16' fall in contact with the inner sides 21 and 22 of flanges. The rolls 15, 15', 16, and 16' may be engaged with the upper and lower faces of the web. The axes of the rolls 15, 15', 16, and 16' may be inclined at a predetermined angle .theta.h in a direction horizontally rectangular to the rolling direction. It is preferred that the axes of the rolls 15, 15', 16, and 16' be vertically inclined at an angle .theta.v to the horizontal plane.

Abstract: A method of controlling an edging opening in a rolling mill, comprising measuring a width distribution of a plate to be rolled at an inlet of an edging roll in the rolling mill, calculating beforehand a width deviation distribution and a length in the moving direction of the plate at an irregular deformation portion caused in a rolling process in accordance with a predetermined pass schedule and a target width deviation distribution of the rolled plate required at an outlet of the rolling mill, calculating an optimum edging opening variation distribution using a plate width adjustment efficiency calculated on the basis of the beforehand calculated value and supplying the optimum edging opening variation distribution to an edging opening setting unit for the feedforward control.

Abstract: A roller flanging apparatus for flanging a metal strip has a flanging head that comprises a pair of working idler rollers. The idler rollers have outer surfaces forming a flanging angle therebetween. The edge of the metal strip passes between the rollers in contact with the roller outer surfaces to provide a flange on the metal strip edge. The idler rollers have an axis which defines an acute angle with a line extending perpendicular to a line that indicates the direction of movement of the metal strip and the acute angle is defined in the direction of movement of the metal strip.

Abstract: A method of improving the productivity and yield of a reversing plate mill comprises installing coiler furnaces on the upstream and downstream sides of the mill. Thereafter, a supply of extra large slabs as well as a supply of pattern slabs for the mill are provided. The plate requirements for the next horizon period are analyzed and for each size plate, a decision is made (i) to process extra large size slabs, or (ii) to process pattern slabs, or (iii) a combination of both extra large and pattern slabs to supply the plate requirements. The slabs are then processed in accordance with the particular decision.

Abstract: For decreasing the width of a thin slab: a turning roll contacts the thin slab being conveyed at a certain contact angle to curve the thin slab; a tension applying device disposed in front and at the back of the turning roll, applys a tension to the thin slab forwardly and rearwardly in the direction of conveyance of the slab. Thus, the slab can be decreased in its width to a satisfactory section with no buckling loop forming portions for forming loops of the hot thin slab at the inlet and the outlet sides of the apparatus for decreasing the width of the thin slab absorb the intermittent proceeding of the hot thin slab in the direction of flow of the material. Thus, the continuous receipt and the delivery of the slab are made possible while the intermittent width decrease is performed, and the combination of the continuous casting equipment with the hot finish rolling equipment is materialized.

Abstract: A rolling apparatus has a grooved roll rotatable about an axis, having an outer roll surface, and formed with a radially outwardly open groove having a pair of frustoconical groove flanks extending to the outer roll surface and spaced axially apart at the roll surface by a groove width. Juxtaposed with this grooved roll is a ridged roll rotatable about an axis parallel to the axis of the grooved roll and formed with a ridge engaging radially in the groove, and having an at least partially cylindrical outer ridge surface centered on the respective axis and a pair of annular axially oppositely directed ridge faces flanking the ridge outer surface. The ridge outer surface forms with the flanks of the groove a rolling opening extending perpendicular to a plane including the axes and having a maximum dimension measured parallel to the axes which is smaller than the groove width.

Abstract: A deforming tool having two members of which one is made as a cylindrical roll, whereas the working surface of the other member is made curvilinear. A rod of microwire is fed into a gap between their working surfaces. A rotation drive and a drive for a reciprocating movement are mechanically coupled with the cylindrical roll.

Abstract: A tandem rolling mill having a plurality of stands with each stand having a pair of work rolls and a pair of backup rolls. A downstream roll stand has work rolls of reduced diameter and backup rolls of increased diameter with respect to an upstream stand preferably at least a major number of downstream stands have reduced diameter work rolls and enlarged diameter work rolls with respect to an upstream stand. The center-to-center spacing between work rolls and backup rolls decreases in a downstream direction and the length of the rolls increases from stand-to-stand in a downstream direction.

Abstract: Metal sheets of aluminum are provided with raised reinforcing portions of substantial height by rolling. The rolls have recesses or channels (6) whose side faces are in a counter-taper configuration with respect to a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder, with an angle of inclination (.alpha.) of up to 5.degree.. The resulting product may advantageously be used for producing perforated metal sheets with high modulus of inertia.

Abstract: An improvement in a continuous rolling mill for forming flat steel strip into tubing. The improvement is a strip preparation station including upper and lower composite roller systems. Each system has end rollers which define a pass path for the strip. The lower end rollers have a support surface for engaging the lower surface of the strip and an outer pocket with a lower transition surface extending between the support surface and the outer pocket. Each of the upper end rollers has an engagement surface for contacting the upper strip surface and an outer flange which terminates below the level of the support surface and extends into the pocket. Each upper end roller has a bevelled working surface adjoining the engagement surface and overlying at least a portion of the transition surface and a portion of the support surface for cold working the irregularities of the strip. A method of preparing a strip for formation into a tube in a continuous rolling mill is also disclosed.

Abstract: A method for producing a strip of material having a non-uniform cross section is carried out by passing a strip of material in the longitudinal direction through a first set of working rolls, at least one of which is provided with an annular slot intermediate the ends thereof so that a reducing force is applied only to those portions of the strip engaging said roll on opposite sides of the slot whereby the excess material flows toward that portion of the strip opposed to the slot to cause the strip to buckle outwardly into the slot. The strip is subsequently passed through a set of smooth rolls to flatten the buckled portion. This procedure is repeated any desired number of times with the width of the slot becoming progressively smaller. The strip may then be passed through one or more sets of finishing rolls and a heating and annealing operation can take place before each passage through a set of finishing rolls.

Abstract: In the method of the invention starting sheets are stiffened and straightened by pressing or rolling upon the sheet various stiffening patterns projecting from the plane of the sheet, the starting sheet being rolled or pressed from both sides by means of a roller or a press the opposite surfaces of which have the patterns, while the starting sheet is suspended by its lugs.An apparatus is disclosed having conveyors for conveying the starting sheets and a roller or press for embossing stiffening patterns upon the starting sheets, the roller or press having two parallel rollers or press plates, provided with regularly alternating depressions and corresponding protrusions, at least one of the press plates being movable in the lateral direction, the roller or press being mounted below the suspension conveyor for the starting plates in such a manner that a starting sheet suspended by its lugs from the suspension conveyor passes through the roller or press.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for rolling a rolled material widthwise thereof wherein the rolled material in the form of a flat metal which may be a slab of metal having a large width as contrasted with the thickness has its lengthwise end portion shaped by compression working while the rolled material remains stationary in such a manner that the lengthwise end portion is formed with a progressively reducing width portion in which the width is progressively reduced in going toward the end of the rolled material, and a uniform width portion contiguous with the progressively reducing width portion and having a width equal to the minimum width of the progressively reducing width portion between its end contiguous with the progressively reducing width portion and the end of the rolled material. Thereafter, the rolled material is subjected to widthwise rolling, whereby the fishtail produced at the end of the rolled material can be greatly diminished.

Abstract: A tandem rolling mill train for rolling metal plate or sheet includes a plurality of crossed-roll type rolling mill stands. The work rolls on at least two of the crossed-roll type rolling mill stands are respectively slanted in opposite directions so that the widthwise shear deformation developed on the upstream crossed-roll type stand is reduced by the widthwise shear deformation caused on the downstream crossed-roll type stand.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of rolling metal articles and can be used to advantage in rolling sheet steel. This method envisages the rotation of drive and driven work rolls in opposite directions at a higher and a lower peripheral speeds, respectively. The chosen ratio between the peripheral speeds of the work rolls is less than the elongation of the article so that thereby the specified unit tension applied to the article at the exit section thereof is provided for with reference to the ultimate strength of the metal emerging from the rolls. This is conducive to increasing the maximum elongation of the article and reducing the roll force by a considerable amount with the constriction of the article in breadth at the same time.

Abstract: Metal sheets having a low deviation of sheet thickness are produced by rolling a sheet through a finishing rolling mill in which at least a final stand is provided with oil film bearings of a rolling roll, each of which consists of a bushing in a roll chock bearing box and a sleeve tightly fitted to a tapered neck of the roll to form a journal relative to the bushing, and is provided with a key connection fixing the sleeve to the rolling roll in a zone of less than 0.2 times the length of a bearing pressure receiving zone from the end of the tapered fitting zone of the sleeve and the roll neck.

Abstract: A method for rolling H-sections in a continuous mill comprises bevelling of the leading edge of a billet on the faces which are horizontal during rolling and subsequent rolling thereof in slitting and beam passes. The end of the billet is bevelled at an angle of 20.degree.-30.degree. relative to the horizontal axis thereof.

Abstract: The present invention is a process wherein: the process includes a method during slabbing, in which, recesses in the thicknesswise direction are formed on a pair of opposite surfaces at each end of the top and bottom of said steel ingot, subsequently, the central portions which have not been rolled, are rolled to the depth of said recesses, then, recesses in the widthwise direction are formed at the same end as described above, next, the central portions, which have not been rolled, are rolled to the depth of said recess in the widthwise direction; and, when the thicknesswise reduction value is .DELTA.H.sub.T and the widthwise reduction value is .DELTA.H.sub.W in said thicknesswise and widthwise reduction rollings, .DELTA.H.sub.W /.DELTA.Ht is regulated to 0.40.about.0.65 in a region where the material has a comparatively large thickness and the side profile of the material presents a double barrelling, and .DELTA.H.sub.W /.DELTA.H.sub.T is regulated to 0.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method of cold rolling metal parts to achieve improved surface uniformity and hardening. The method comprises applying to the work piece a pulsating force at a frequency of from about 30 to 300 the duration of the pulses being at least twice the time between pulses. The pulsating force varies from about 10% to 100% above the minimum force necessary to achieve a smooth rolled finish. The method contemplates just statically rolling the work piece and thereafter applying the pulsing force which, in such instance may reduce to zero.

Abstract: A method of making elements with profiled cross-section from sheet metal for use in a driving belt by a rolling process, for providing a strip with a middle groove in longitudinal direction and by rolling the material continuously symmetrically with respect to that groove to two profiles punching out the elements on both sides of the middle groove, with their longitudinal direction in the direction of movement of the strip, according to lines which are located at accurately predetermined distances on both sides of the groove.

Abstract: A safety device for roll forming apparatus that has a pair of oppositely rotating pressure rollers with parallel axes and peripheral cylindrical surfaces which define between them a gripping and contact gap. The safety device comprises a pair of safety rollers located rearwardly of the pressure rollers and having peripheral portions spaced apart a distance greater than the gap between the pressure rollers and means for rotating the safety rollers in a rearward direction with respect to the pressure rollers in order to engage and reject foreign articles placed between the safety rollers.

Abstract: A method for automatically controlling the width of a slab during hot rough-rolling thereof, which comprises: arranging a pair of horizontal broadening rolls each having at least one annular projection in a hot roughing mill train comprising a plurality of roll stands; calculating an amount of roll gap correction of said pair of broadening rolls on the basis of the variation in the width of said slab during hot rough-rolling on said hot roughing mill at the entry of said pair of broadening rolls; and, controlling the roll gap of said pair of broadening rolls in response to said amount of roll gap correction; thereby automatically controlling the width of said slab during hot rough-rolling thereof to a prescribed value at a high accuracy in accordance with the finishing width of a steel strip, and at the same time, automatically correcting variations in the width of said slab during hot rough-rolling thereof at a high accuracy.

Abstract: Metal strip is made by heating a workpiece to an elevated temperature, wrapping it around a substantial arc of a first roll, positioning a second roll with respect to the first roll to provide a roll pass therewith at the exit end of the wrap, positioning a third roll with respect to the second roll to provide a second roll pass to give the desired strip thickness with the workpiece engaging a substantial arc of the second roll between the roll passes, the arc of wrap around each of the first and second rolls being less than 90.degree.. The second roll is rotated at a peripheral speed substantially greater than that of the first roll and the third roll is rotated at a peripheral speed at least as great as that of the second roll. A ferrous base hot rolled strip having a width of at least 20 inches, a maximum thickness of 0.04 inches and a length of at least 80 feet is obtainable by this method.

Abstract: A method for rolling metal plate to form a thinner metal plate having a desired thickness including the steps of rolling metal plate at a predetermined board side rolling ratio to form a first metal plate having edge and crop portions, sizing the first metal plate such that a central portion of the first plate in a section parallel to a longitudinal direction thereof is greater in thickness than that of the end portions thereof if the edges of the first metal plate are spool shaped or sizing the first metal plate such that the central portion of the first plate in a section parallel to a longitudinal direction thereof is less in thickness than that of the end portions thereof if the edges of the first plate are barrel shaped, rolling the first plate to form a second plate of a predetermined thickness, sizing the second plate such that the central portion of the second plate in a section normal to a longitudinal direction thereof is thinner than the end portions thereof if the crop portions of the second plate

Abstract: An improved lightweight composite article comprises a base portion and a spaced apart cap portion between which is secured a body portion comprising a plurality of thin metallic ribbons secured between the base portion and cap portion. The ribbons are disposed in substantially unbonded, aligned relationship at an upper wall portion which is integral with the cap portion formed from top edge extensions of the ribbons. The cap portion is disposed angularly to the body portion to provide one boundary of interstices defined within the member. Such a lightweight, porous-type member can be provided with a relatively smooth, substantially continuous surface through the rubbing or smearing of portions of the member surface with a smooth, relatively hard moving rubbing surface such as the peripheral smooth rim surface of a rotating wheel.

Abstract: In the rolling of metallic material by using a rolling mill having a working roll for each surface of the workpiece reduced and having the shafts fixed with respect to movement in the direction of travel of the workpiece, the workpiece is rolled at such a high reduction rate in cross-sectional area that the contact angle .theta. between the working roll and the workpiece can have a value of .gtoreq. tan.sup.-1 .mu. (.mu. being the coefficient of friction between the working roll and the workpiece), and the rolling operation is carried out by pushing the workpiece between the working rolls, so that a neutral point of relative movements between the rods and the workpiece wire remain within the surface along which the working roll and the workpiece contact each other.

Abstract: One or both opposite side portions of an edge of a workpiece of sheet material are peened to smoothness by two coacting peening tools in the form of collars oppositely acting upon said side portions through coaction with a rotary hammer resiliently carried within a housing. The two collars are slidably and rotatively carried on a stem rigidly depending from the housing and are held on the stem by an adjustable nut at the bottom of the stem. A first one of said collars is vibratorily actuated through direct action of said hammer to peen one of said side edge portions of the workpiece while the other of said collars is actuated indirectly to support and/or peen the other of said side edge portions through vibratory reaction of the hammer to its direct actuation of the first collar, which reaction is effective through said housing and its said stem.