Abstract: A fuel cell includes a fuel cell stack, a buffer, an actuator, and a control circuit. The control circuit controls the operation of the actuator according to a reference value of a reference volume of fuel disposed in the buffer. The fuel cell is operated by measuring a value corresponding to a volume of fuel disposed in the buffer, comparing the value with a reference value, and operating the actuator according to a result of the comparison.

Abstract: An electrolyte membrane includes a nanocomposite ion complex that is a reaction product of a nanocomposite with a basic polymer. The nanocomposite includes a polymer having a sulfonic acid group and an unmodified clay. Either the unmodified clay has a layered structure and is dispersed in the polymer having the sulfonic acid group, and the polymer is intercalated between layers of the clay or the unmodified clay has an exfoliated structure and the exfoliated layers of the unmodified clay are dispersed in the polymer. The electrolyte membrane shows high mechanical strength, high ionic conductivity, and excellent methanol crossover impeding properties even when the degree of sulfonation of the polymer having the sulfonic acid group is high. When a methanol aqueous solution is used as a fuel, the fuel cell including the electrolyte membrane has a low methanol crossover, and thus, has a high operational efficiency and a long lifetime.

Abstract: A battery module including a plurality of unit batteries spaced apart from each other and cell barriers disposed between the unit batteries, wherein the cell barriers have different strengths depending on their position in the battery module.

Abstract: A wafer polishing apparatus includes a polishing tape extending between two guide rollers, a first surface of the polishing tape contacting a surface of a wafer to be polished, a polishing head including a pusher pad, the pusher pad adapted to push the polishing tape against the surface of the wafer to be polished, a color image sensor adjacent to the polishing tape, the color image sensor being adapted to detect a color image of the polishing tape and to output a signal corresponding to the detected color image, and a controller connected to the color image sensor, the controller being adapted to receive the signal output from the color image sensor and to determine when a color of the color image detected by the color image sensor changes, a change in the color image indicating a polishing end point.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate including at least one memory channel region and at least one memory source/drain region, the memory channel region and the memory source/drain region being arranged alternately, and at least one word line on the memory channel region, wherein the memory source/drain region has a higher net impurity concentration than the memory channel region.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array and an input/output path circuit. The input/output path circuit performs an input/output line pre-charge operation at a write end time point and outputs data stored in the memory cell array when the semiconductor memory device is operated in a read mode.

Abstract: A passive cooling system for a fuel cell stack is provided. The passive cooling system includes a plurality of cooling plates, each installed between every few unit cells, each having flow channels for flowing a primary coolant on at least one surface, and each comprising an inlet hole through which the primary coolant enters and an outlet hole through which the primary coolant that has passed the flow channels leaves; and a heat exchanger installed on a primary coolant flow line connected from the outlet holes to the inlet holes of the cooling plates to change a vapor state primary coolant to a liquid state primary coolant by cooling the primary coolant, wherein a path through which the primary coolant passes is a closed circuit, and the flow of the primary coolant is achieved by natural convection caused by vaporization of the primary coolant.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front substrate providing an image display surface, a rear substrate facing the front substrate, barrier ribs arranged between the front and rear substrates to defining a plurality of discharge cells, a plurality of discharge electrodes extending across the discharge cells to generate a discharge, a front dielectric layer on the front substrate to bury the discharge electrodes, first phosphors coated within the discharge cells, second phosphors on upper surfaces of the barrier ribs and extending from the first phosphors, and a discharge gas filled into the discharge cells, wherein one or more of the front substrate, the front dielectric layer, and/or the barrier ribs is colored with a first color, and the first and second phosphors are colored with a second color.

Abstract: A composite solid surface article includes a surface layer with at least one first polymeric resin and a filler, and a backing layer on the surface layer with at least one second polymeric resin and wood particles.

Abstract: A crosslinked object of a polybenzoxazine-based compound formed of a polymerized resultant of a first monofunctional benzoxazine-based monomer or a second multifunctional benzoxazine-based monomer with a crosslinkable compound, an electrolyte membrane including the crosslinked object, a method of preparing the electrolyte membrane, and a fuel cell employing the electrolyte membrane including the crosslinked object. The crosslinked object has a strong acid trapping capability with respect to the benzoxazine-based compound and high mechanical properties due to the crosslinking. The crosslinked object is very stable chemically because of elimination of solubility in polyphosphoric acid. The electrolyte membrane including the crosslinked object has excellent phosphoric acid supplementing capacity at a high temperature and mechanical and chemical stability.

Abstract: A method for inspection of defects on a substrate includes positioning a probe of a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) over and spaced apart from a substrate, includes scanning the substrate by changing a relative position of the probe with respect to the substrate on a plane spaced apart from and parallel to the substrate, and includes measuring a value of an induced current generated via the probe in at least two different regions of the substrate. The value of the induced current is variable according to at least a shape and a material of the substrate. The method further includes determining whether a defect exists by comparing the values of the induced currents measured in the at least two different regions of the substrate.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor substrate including a first region having a cell region and a second region having a peripheral circuit region, first transistors on the semiconductor substrate, a first protective layer covering the first transistors, a first insulation layer on the first protective layer, a semiconductor pattern on the first insulation layer in the first region, second transistors on the semiconductor pattern, a second protective layer covering the second transistors, the second protective layer having a thickness greater than that of the first protective layer, and a second insulation layer on the second protective layer and the first insulation layer of the second region.

Abstract: An anisotropic conductive film composition includes a polymer resin, a first epoxy resin including at least one of a bisphenol epoxy resin, a novolac epoxy resin, a glycidyl epoxy resin, an aliphatic epoxy resin, and an alicyclic epoxy resin, a second epoxy resin including an acetal epoxy resin, an epoxy resin curing agent, and conductive particles.

Abstract: A method of forming a phase change material layer includes preparing a substrate having an insulator and a conductor, loading the substrate into a process housing, injecting a deposition gas into the process housing to selectively form a phase change material layer on an exposed surface of the conductor, and unloading the substrate from the process housing, wherein a lifetime of the deposition gas in the process housing is shorter than a time the deposition gas takes to react by thermal energy.

Abstract: A semiconductor device, including a substrate having first and second active regions, the first and second active regions being disposed on opposite sides of an isolation structure, and a bit line electrically coupled to a contact plug that is on the isolation structure between the first active region and the second active region, and electrically coupled to an active bridge pattern directly contacting at least one of the first and second active regions, wherein the contact plug is electrically coupled to the first active region and the second active region, and a bottom surface of the active bridge pattern is below a top surface of the first and second active regions.

Abstract: A system for providing a reference voltage includes a tester adapted to provide a predetermined current, a first ground pad connected to a ground voltage of the tester, a second ground pad connected between the tester and the first ground pad, the second ground pad being connected to the tester through first and second resistors, a reference voltage pad connected to a node between the first and second resistors, the reference voltage pad adapted to provide a test reference voltage, and a multiplexer connected to the reference voltage pad, the multiplexer configured to output the test reference voltage as a reference voltage during substantial voltage variation.

Abstract: A method of writing multi-bit data to a semiconductor memory device with memory cells storing data defined by a threshold value, the method comprising, for each memory cell, writing a least significant bit, verifying completion of writing the least significant bit, verifying including comparing a written value to one of a low least significant bit verification value and a high least significant bit verification value, and writing a next significant bit upon completion of writing the least significant bit.

Abstract: A pixel includes an organic light emitting diode, a first transistor having a source coupled to a first power source, a control gate coupled to a first node, and a drain coupled to a second node, wherein the first transistor includes a floating gate and an insulating layer between the floating gate and the control gate, a second transistor having a source coupled to a data line, a drain coupled to the first node, and a gate coupled to a scan line, a third transistor having a source coupled to the second node, a drain coupled to the organic light emitting diode, and a gate coupled to one of a light emitting control line and the scan line, and a capacitor coupled between the first power source and the first node.

Abstract: A scan driving circuit includes a first scan driver including a plurality of first units, the first units receiving an input signal or an output voltage of a previous first unit and first and second clock signals to output a scan signal, and a second scan driver having a plurality of second units, the second units receiving a plurality of scan signals output from respective ones of the first units, and at least one of the first and second clock signals, and outputting an emission control signal.

Abstract: A method of preparing a metal catalyst including a conductive catalyst material and a coating layer formed of a water repellent material on the surface of the conductive catalyst material includes: obtaining a water repellent material solution by mixing a water repellent material and a first solvent; obtaining a conductive catalyst solution by mixing a conductive catalyst material and a first solvent; mixing the water repellent material solution and the conductive catalyst solution; casting the result onto a supporter, drying the cast result and then separating a metal catalyst in a solid state from the supporter; and pulverizing and sieving the product. Also provided is a method of preparing an electrode including the metal catalyst.