Abstract: In order to reduce No.sub.x and HC emissions during starting and warm-up of a throttled internal combustion spark-ignition engine with direct injection, the beginning of fuel injection into the combustion chamber is shifted into the compression phase, while the total air ratio .lambda. is 1 or slightly lean.

Abstract: Method of purification by extraction of at least one substance to be isolated from a liquid medium, comprising an addition to the latter of an organic compound, entrainable by a vapor, which has a molecule with an acidic-basic character in the Lewis sense due to at least one atom of N, O and/or S forming one or more active sites provided with a free electron pair, this pair or these pairs being in resonance with at least one other pair carried by the molecule, this addition being carried out in a quantity sufficient to give rise to a product of an equilibrium reaction between the organic compound and the said at least one substance to be isolated, and sufficient to cause a precipitation of this equilibrium reaction product, a filtration of the precipitate and an entrainment by vapor of the organic compound from the precipitate, with a yield of the substance to be isolated in purified form.

Abstract: Apparatus for milling the casing of an oil or gas well comprises a downhole assembly which is run into the well on a rotatable drill string. The assembly comprises a motor (6) the body of which is connected to the drill string and the output shaft of which is connected to a casing mill (9). In use, the drill string is rotated in one rotational direction and the motor (6) is operated to rotate the output shaft thereof in the same rotational direction whereby the speed of rotation of the mill (9) is faster than the rotational speed of the drill string. Because the rotational speed of the milling tool (9) cannot be less than the rotational speed of the output shaft of the motor (6) relative to the body thereof extreme variations in the rotational speed of the milling tool due to winding up of the drill string are avoided. The downhole assembly may incorporate a taper mill (11), stabilizers (10, 8 and 5) and a jet sub (4).

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing the loading impact between a sealing element in a suction valve of a piston compressor with a valve stop, wherein the sealing element is forcibly opened using a control device shortly before attaining pressure balance between cylinder and suction chambers of the compressor.

Abstract: A manually operated pump sprayer that does not leak contents through the air inlet vent port during operation when the bottle is oriented so that the inlet vent port would be covered with liquid in a spray bottle to which the sprayer is mounted. The pump sprayer is devised as having an air inlet unit which includes the air inlet vent port in liquid communication with an extension tube which in turn is in liquid communication with a storage volume which in turn is in liquid communication with a liquid control orifice. An entrance end to the tube is positioned at a location farthest from the discharge exit opening of the sprayer, and the liquid control orifice is positioned closer to the exit opening such that when spraying in a downward direction such entrance end is always above the liquid level in the storage volume.

Abstract: A laminate includes bifacial solar cells that can receive and convert sunlight incident from either side. The laminate is held in a frame by high tensile cords that are strung like the cords in a tennis racket. The resulting assembly receives direct sunlight from one side and light reflected through albedo through the other side.

Abstract: From layout and attenuation data of an area and an initial guess, the placement and power levels of base stations and the resulting attenuation and base station ranges are calculated based on any chosen propagation model. A cost function is calculated which indicates the merit of the initial guess placement. The cost function is a function of the transmitter locations and power levels and can be calculated as a linear combination of the uncovered and interference areas. Other cost functions can also be considered. The cost function is optimized by one of several optimization methods to give the optimal base station placement. The optimization can be continuous or discrete. Continuous optimization methods include the modified steepest descent method and the downhill simplex method, while discrete optimization methods include the Hopfield neural network method. The optimization can be performed several times for different initial guess placements to achieve a global, rather than simply local, optimization.

Abstract: A device for detecting low magnitude electrical currents includes a generally toroidally-shaped member made of magnetic material that provides an air gap, and a magneto-resistive device in the form of a bridge located in the air gap for sensing a current flowing through a conductor that passes through the member. In order to reduce damage due to overcurrents, the member has a portion of reduced cross-sectional area to cause saturation of the member. The device can be used in an earth leakage current detector.

Abstract: A scarifier machine has a milling drum partially enclosed in a protective sump which is suspended from the frame of the machine by a linkage assembly. An eccentric drive reciprocates the sump relative to the frame.

Abstract: A semiconductor packaging device includes a printed circuit board substrate, a mold gate formed on a periphery of the printed circuit board substrate through which a package encapsulant is poured to enclose electric elements mounted on a side of the printed circuit board, and a layer of non-metallic material covered on the side of the printed circuit board substrate in the mold gate area. The package encapsulant, after hardened, is bonded with the layer of non-metallic material, and the bonded package encapsulant/the layer of non-metallic material is degatable from the mold gate.

Abstract: A device for adjusting the phase angle of a camshaft of an internal combustion engine relative to the camshaft driving gear, includes an adjusting element which engages with both a member supporting the drive gear and a member rigidly connected to the camshaft, an axial movement of the adjusting element effecting a turning of the camshaft relative to its drive gear, and further including an electric motor for axially displacing the adjusting element, which motor is rigidly connected to the camshaft and is supplied with power through slip rings. Reliable adjustment is obtained in a simple manner by providing the adjusting element with a first threaded section which meshes with a threaded section of the member rigidly connected to the camshaft, and a second threaded section which meshes with a threaded section of the member supporting the camshaft drive gear.

Abstract: An electrolytic process for cleaning the surface of a workpiece of an electrically conducting material, which process comprises:i) providing an electrolytic cell with a cathode comprising the surface of the workpiece and an inert anode;ii) introducing an electrolyte into the zone created between the anode and the cathode by causing it to flow under pressure through at least one opening in the anode and thereby impinge on the surface of the cathode, the surface of the cathode not otherwise being immersed in the electrolyte; andiii) applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode and operating in a regime in which the electrical current decreases or remains substantially constant with increase in the voltage applied between the anode and the cathode, and in a regime in which gas bubbles are present on the surface of the workpiece during treatment.

Abstract: A magnetometer uses a material exhibiting the Faraday effect, in which the polarization of light transmitted through the material is changed in response to a magnetic field. When the material is placed in a Fabry-Perot cavity, multiple reflections of the light within the Fabry-Perot cavity increase the change in polarization and thus the sensitivity of the magnetometer. Other effects that alter the polarization of light can be employed instead.

Abstract: In an internal combustion engine with spark ignition and one or more reciprocating pistons, with an ignition device and at least one fuel delivery device for each cylinder, and with a combustion chamber bounded by a roof-shaped top face, the surface of the piston top is provided with an unsymmetrical, arched flow guiding rib assisting the swirl movement of the cylinder charge. The flow guiding rib is configured as an integral part of the piston top surface, which largely conforms to the roof-shaped top of the combustion chamber, and includes an essentially centrically positioned combustion chamber recess with an entrance area in close proximity of the fuel delivery device.

Abstract: An inwardly facing hook and loop fastening portion is supported by an inner peripheral portion of the head covering of the headgear approximately at the front-parietal-occipital area of a person's head. The hygienic lining comprises a plurality of portions each of which has outwardly facing hook and loop portions which engage the inwardly facing fastening portion to detachably connect the lining to the head covering. The ends of the lining portions are disposed adjacent one another so that the lining portions extend along substantially the entire inner periphery of the headgear.

Abstract: A manually actuated liquid pump sprayer, capable of being operated in both an upright position and in an inverted position, includes an adapter attached to its pump body to effect the upright and inverted spray, the adapter having first and second fluid passages extending from an adapter chamber in opposite directions for respectively inletting liquid from the container to the chamber in one of the upright and inverted positions, and being exposed to air in the container in the other such positions, the passages terminating within the chamber in opposing upright and inverted valve seats which are valved controlled by a single gravity shifting ball check valve.

Abstract: An insole relieves foot, knee, hip, and back pressures in a standing position of rest and in motion during walking or running, at the same time as a massage effect and pressure equalization are obtained in a standing position of rest. The sole includes a first chamber (5) filled with fluid and at least one second chamber (7, 8) filled with fluid. The first fluid-containing chamber (5) is preferably provided between the intermediate foil (2) and the topfoil (1). In a preferred embodiment the insole according to the invention includes additional chambers (25, 26) arranged in a central part (20), respectively along an inner side (21) of the insole, and having a convex surface (29, 30). The insole according to the invention makes it possible with just one insole to provide the foot with relief of both shocks and pressure equalization during walking or running, at the same time as a massage effect and pressure equalization are provided in a standing position of rest.