Abstract: The invention is directed to a method which is provided for controlling coordinate measuring apparatus wherein a probe head (2) is moved and has a movably attached probe unit (24) attached thereto. The probe unit (24) is charged with a measurement force Fmeas relative to the probe head (2). The measurement force Fmeas operates against the mass inertial forces Fzp which occur because of acceleration of the probe. The measurement force Fmeas is comprised of a desired measurement force Fdes and a corrective measurement force Fcorr. The desired measurement force Fdes is constant in magnitude and is directed perpendicularly to the surface of the workpiece (15) to be measured. The corrective measurement force Fcorr at least partially compensates for the mass inertial forces (Ftr, Fzp) which occur because of the acceleration of the probe unit (24).

Abstract: The invention relates to a compact microscope 4 especially for medical routine applications. The microscope is configured as a closed housing 8 wherein the specimen 30 to be microscoped is drawn in via an input opening 25. All optical components of the microscope are mounted within the housing. Alternatively, the microscope can be mounted in a standard drive bay of a personal computer 3. All movable components of the microscope are motorically driven and controlled by software via the computer. The specimen can be moved in two mutually perpendicular directions within the microscope to select the object detail of interest. An overview diagram of the specimen is produced with a line sensor when the specimen is drawn in.

Abstract: An axially optically pumped laser 11 is penetrated coaxially by a target beam .lambda..sub.2. This penetration of the pumped laser occurs via light conductor 2 by means of laser diode 31. The pumped laser 11 can be an erbium--YAG laser. For this purpose, the dispersion, diffraction and reflection of an incoupling optic 12, of laser 11 and a focusing device 13 are suitably matched to each other in order that the pump light .lambda..sub.3, work beam .lambda..sub.1 and target beam .lambda..sub.2 are suitably guided and are suitable for small diameters. The laser arrangement is suitable as a medical device for ears, nose and throat and eyes and can be utilized with an endoscope.

Abstract: The invention relates to an arrangement with optical elements, in which a first housing portion with optical elements is releasably held to a second housing portion with optical elements. A magnetic holding device is installed between the first housing portion and the second housing portion to releasably hold the first housing portion to the second housing portion.

Abstract: In a microscope with an objective, a variable magnification system and an autofocus arrangement, the autofocus arrangement produces a projection beam path for the projection of an autofocus marking onto an observation object, and an imaging beam path which passes through an objective, for imaging on a detector the autofocus marking projected onto the observation object. The projection beam path and/or the imaging beam path then passes through the variable magnification system outside its optical axis.

Abstract: An ophthalmologic viewing apparatus 1 has a viewing system 23 for viewing the forward eye sections (5, 7, 9) and has an illuminating system 13. The illuminating beam of the illuminating system 13 impinges from the outside on the cornea 5. The viewing apparatus 1 has a light absorber 25 for suppressing the virtual image of the illuminating light source 17, namely, the so-called corneal reflection. The light absorber 25 is in the region of the optical axis 11 of the illuminating system 13 and has dimensions which are small compared to the transverse dimensions of the illuminating beam. The virtual image is formed by the reflection at the convex surface of the cornea 5.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a collision protective arrangement for a measuring arm of a coordinate measuring apparatus for measuring a workpiece. The measuring arm has a surface facing toward the workpiece. The collision protective arrangement includes a part for covering and protecting the surface; and, a circuit switchable between a first electrical state wherein no contact is present between the part and the workpiece and a second electrical state indicative of a collision between the workpiece and the part. The surface of the measuring arm and the part conjointly define an interface and the circuit includes a plurality of resiliently-biased contact pins and contacts mounted at the interface to coact to switch the circuit into the second electrical state when the collision takes place.

Abstract: An achrathermalized reimager includes a front objective defining an optical axis and a relay optic arranged on the optical axis downstream of the front objective. The front objective is both achromatic and athermalized and includes precisely one negative lens made of a material selected from the group consisting of ZnSe and ZnS and one positive lens made of chalcogenide glass.

Abstract: A measuring device for the measurement of workpieces has a base frame with a workpiece receiver to receive a workpiece to be measured, and at least one measuring unit for the measurement of the workpiece. In order to utilize the measuring device as flexibly as possible, and permit the measurement of different workpieces in as simple a manner as possible, the measuring unit can be brought into at least two different positions.

Abstract: A stereo microscope arrangement includes an objective used in common, at least a first and a second pair of stereoscopic observation beam paths and an illuminating unit with at least one deflecting element that deflects illuminating light in the direction of the object plane. The illuminating unit is arranged so that it can be mounted in at least two different positions relative to the stereoscopic beam paths. Accordingly, optimized illuminating conditions can be selectively placed at the disposal of the main observer or the co-observer.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method for controlling a coordinate measuring apparatus wherein the probe head (2) and the probe pin (19) of the apparatus are control driven in accordance with desired data Pi. The probe pin (19) is movably attached to the probe head (2). In the method, the probe pin for measuring the workpiece (15) can touch down on the surface of the workpiece to be measured or can be lifted off of this surface. The speed of measurement is increased by selecting the angle (.alpha.down, .alpha.up) between the direction of movement vres of the probe head (2) when touching down or when lifting off and the projection of the direction of movement toward the plane tangential to the workpiece surface in the touchdown/liftoff point (Pdown, Pup) to be less than 30.degree..

Abstract: The invention is directed to a method wherein measured values are mathematically combined with stored corrective values. The measured values are determined during the form measurement on circularly-shaped, cylindrical or spherically-shaped geometric elements by a coordinate measuring apparatus. To determine these corrective values, circularly-shaped or circular-segment shaped measurement lines each having several different diameters are scanned at different speeds in several positions or planes of the coordinate measuring apparatus. The form deviations corresponding to the diameters and the speeds which are measures on the known form are stored. In addition to the variables of diameter and scanning speed, the corrective values can be parameterized in accordance with the wavelength constant of the filter used, the position in the measuring region and peripheral direction of the measurement.

Abstract: The invention relates to a confocal microscope with a perforated disc arranged in an intermediate plane (perforated disc microscope). A confocal diaphragm is arranged in an intermediate tube which is to be installed on a conventional microscope between the microscope stand and the eyepiece tube. In addition to the movable diaphragm disc, the intermediate tube has an illumination system for confocal microscopy. The reflection of the additional illumination preferably takes place at a dichroic beam splitter. The intermediate tube is thus particularly suitable for confocal fluorescence microscopy. The entering and leaving beam paths of the intermediate tube are telecentric, so that the intermediate tube can also be used in microscopes with objects corrected to infinity focal intercept. The fluorescence wavelength can be varied by means of different dichroic beam splitters in a reflector turret.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a coordinate measuring apparatus wherein the influences of temperature on the measuring uncertainty of the apparatus are eliminated. Components of the two pivot arms, which determine the spacing A of the rotational axes (6, 8) and the spacing of the rotational axis 8 to the probe axis 10, are made of materials having positive and negative thermal expansion coefficients.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an endoscope having an especially simple optical system within an endoscope tube 22. The imaging system of the endoscope tube includes a front group 25 having a negative refractive power and an inner group 28 having a positive refractive power. The front group 25 and the inner group 28 conjointly define a telescope system which permits the object plane 24 to be imaged in the intermediate image plane 32 without intermediate imaging at a distance of 200 mm to 600 mm from the distal end of the endoscope tube 22. Otherwise, only glass rods having planar-parallel end faces are mounted within the endoscope tube. A field optic is preferably a part of the viewing component. An adequate transmission and correction with respect to chromatic and monochromatic imaging errors is possible notwithstanding the simple optical configuration. The front group and inner group can also be configured as aspherical individual lenses.

Abstract: A medical therapeutic and/or diagnostic appliance includes an arrangement that senses a position and attitude at any given time, and that includes a first sensing unit on the therapeutic and/or diagnostic appliance and a second sensing unit having a fixed location and attitude and arranged to be separated from the first sensing unit by a signal path. The first sensing unit is constructed, for reasons of sterilization and of position sensing, as an attachment that can be detached from the medical therapeutic and/or diagnostic appliance when in use. A coupling device is provided on the medical therapeutic and/or diagnostic appliance for installation of the attachment over a sterilizing sheath surrounding the therapeutic and/or diagnostic appliance.

Abstract: A sensing system has a sensor arranged in the immediate neighborhood of a contacting shaped body. The sensor is connected to a circuit which is likewise arranged in the neighborhood of the contacting shaped body and emits electromagnetic radiation when the sensor responds to contact by the contacting shaped body with a surface to be measured.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a high-resolution high-apertured objective which includes an object plane (1); a first lens group (LG1); a second lens group (LG2) downstream of the first lens group; a beamsplitter (17, 18, 22, P) downstream of the second lens group; a concave mirror (21); a system diaphragm (A) interposed between the beamsplitter and the concave mirror; a third lens group (LG3); the objective defining an image plane and being configured to provide a reduction scale (.beta.) in the range of -0.4 to -0.15 and an image side numerical aperture greater than 0.5. The first and second lens groups (LG1, LG2) are configured to conjointly reduce the sine of the marginal ray angle. The reduction can be up to 40%. Preferably, the second lens group (LG2) can be configured to alone reduce the sine of the marginal ray angle. It is preferable that the sine of the marginal ray angle (sin R.sub.LG1) after the first lens group (LG1) is not less than the sine of the marginal ray angle (sin R.sub.

Abstract: A coordinate measuring machine has a measuring arm on which a collision protector is provided that can be deflected transversely of the longitudinal axis of the measuring arm when the measuring sensor system collides with an object. To operate the coordinate measuring machine with different measuring sensor systems and machining units, the coordinate measuring machine includes an identification unit that automatically identifies the measuring sensor system or machining unit. A securing unit is connected to the identification unit and adjusts the torque required to deflect the collision protector in response to identification of the measuring sensor system or machining unit by the identification unit.