Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel cell system (11, 111) comprising an anode chamber (13, 113) and a cathode chamber (14, 114) which are separated from each other by a proton conducting membrane (15, 115). When the fuel cell system is operated, fuel, in particular H2 or a water/methanol mixture, can be fed to the anode chamber and an oxidant, in particular oxygen, can be fed to the cathode chamber. In standby mode, the cathode chamber (14, 114) does not allow flow through and the oxidant and fuel are present in both the cathode chamber (14, 114) and the anode chamber (13, 113), respectively. The fuel cell system remains at operating temperature in the standby mode. This enables the fuel cell system (11) to be used as a combined interruption-free power supply unit and backup unit.

Abstract: A grate furnace with a grate (4) consisting of grate steps (15, 16, 17) composed [lacuna] grate elements lying next to one another, of which grate steps in each case every second grate step (15, 17) in the longitudinal direction of the grate can be driven for carrying out stoking movements and the grate steps (17) in each case lying therebetween can be fixed, has drive devices (18) under the grate, which are in each case arranged in housing chambers (25) and are in this way protected against impairment caused by material falling through the grate.

Abstract: In an incineration plant with combination air being fed to its furnace via a pipeline, a mixing chamber, an extractor and an air-preheating device are provided in the direction of flow of the combination air. Heated air is fed from the air-preheating device into the mixing chamber, so that the sucked-in incineration air and, in particular, the moist dust particles entrained by it are dried.

Abstract: In a method for joining a steel tube with an aluminum rib, a zinc-aluminum alloy layer, having an aluminum content of 0.5% by wt. to 20% by wt., is applied to the surface of the steel tube or the aluminum rib, and then a fluxing agent in the form of cesium-aluminum tetrafluoride is applied between the steel tube and the aluminum rib at room temperature before or during the mechanical contact of the aluminum rib with the steel tube. The steel tube provided with the aluminum rib is then heated to a soldering temperature of between 370° C. and 470° C. and subjected to room temperature to cool down.

Abstract: A cooling tower is provided including a cooling chamber with a bottom-to-top cooling air flow and a water injection system having spray nozzles horizontally distributed within the cooling chamber. A first air intake and a second air intake lead into the cooling chamber from below and, respectively, laterally from above the water injection system. The second air intake is implemented by a pipe, protruding into the interior of the cooling chamber, the pipe having at least two stages, beginning with a first stage next to a wall of the cooling chamber, the stages having progressively reduced flow cross-sections.

Abstract: A centrifugal separator is provided for separating water out of wet steam, and comprises a first cylindrical tube and a second cylindrical tube that is coaxially disposed in the first tube. The inner diameter of the first tube is greater than the outer diameter of the second tube. Disposed in the first tube is a swirl producer that comprises a ring of swirl vanes secured onto a hub. The first and second cylindrical tubes are provided on their ends that face away from one another with a connector that is insertable into a steam line that conveys the wet steam. The first and second cylindrical tubes are sealingly surrounded by a casing that is provided with a water drain and is radially spaced from the tubes to form a separation chamber.

Abstract: Method for operating refrigerating plants in which a thermal coupling of an electromotively and/or mechanically driven compression refrigerating plant with a thermally supplied refrigerating plant takes place in such a way that the compression refrigerating plant condenser is cooled by the thermally supplied refrigerating plant.

Abstract: Apparatus for the condensation of steam, includes a substructure, a fan supported by the substructure and a plurality of self-supported tube bundles which are arranged in a roof-shaped manner in opposing relationship with respect to a vertical center longitudinal plane and mounted to the substructure above the fan, with each of the tube bundles having an upper tube plate and a lower tube plate. A steam distribution duct is fluidly connected to the upper ends of the tube bundles, whereas condensate collection pipes are fluidly connected to the lower ends of the tube bundles. The upper tube plates of opposite tube bundles so mutually support one another as to allow a limited pivotal movement of the tube bundles, and the condensate collection pipes are so positioned on the substructure as to be shiftable relative to the substructure in parallel relationship to the center longitudinal axis.

Abstract: The invention relates to a heating arrangement that is characterized by a combination of the following features: the heating arrangement consists of at least one heating element (3) in the form of a flat element with two opposite-lying, essentially parallel conductors and a coating arranged therebetween for the generation of electromagnetic waves. The coating material is comprised of a binding agent, an insulating agent, a dispersion agent, water and graphite. The heating device also comprises a control device (7) with a harmonic generator containing an electric component that has a rapid rate of current rise and is suitable for generating a high harmonic content. The harmonic generator is coupled to both electric conductors of the heating element (3) in order to emit a spectrum of vibrations in natural molecular frequency ranges. A low-cost, highly effective heating system is thus provided.

Abstract: In an incineration plant with incineration air being fed to its furnace (1) via a pipeline (9), a mixing chamber (12), an extractor (10) and an air-preheating device (11) are provided in the direction of flow (13) of the incineration air. Heated air is fed from the air-preheating device (11) into the mixing chamber (12), so that the sucked-in incineration air and, in particular, the moist dust particles entrained by it are dried.

Abstract: The furnace with liquid-cooled grate elements has an inflow and a return to these grate elements, the inflow and the return being connected to a condensation device open to the atmosphere. The inflow has arranged in it a U-shaped cooling-liquid seal, one leg of which has a liquid head which corresponds to an arbitrarily selected maximum pressure. The other, shorter leg is connected to a central distributor for the individual grate elements of the grate stages. The distance between the lowest point of the coolant flow of the lowest grate element and the upper point of the shorter leg corresponds to a selectable safety height amount which generates a pressure which counteracts the spread of steam bubbles occurring in the grate elements, so as to prevent a reversal in the direction of flow of the coolant.

Abstract: Method for determining changing ice concentration in binary ice volumes with the steps: carrying out mechanical work in the volume to be measured with an electric motor, determining the electric power and mathematical conversion into a measure for the ice concentration.

Abstract: A method for the refrigerated transportation of a product introduced into a hollow-walled refrigerated container.

Abstract: Ice-filled cold storage means for the repeated freezing and, accompanied by the cooling of air or a cooling fluid, melting of the ice, with an elastic sleeve (2) for an ice supply, which is kept by a substantially dimensionally stable jacket (3) under close heat transfer contact at the location of an air or fluid guide and which is set up for moving air to be cooled or dehumidified or a cooling fluid past the ice supply.

Abstract: An electromagnetically operating device for actuating a valve comprises a single solenoid cooperating with an armature which cooperates by a crank system with a shaft which, in turn, is cooperating by a crank system with a valve. The fully open position and the closed position of the valve is defined by the stretched position or the folded position of its crank system. The armature, in the fully open position and in the closed position of the valve, is substantially in the same end position so that the crank system during a valve stroke moves through a dead center position.

Abstract: Method for determining the ice concentration in a liquid ice mixture (binary ice fluid), with the steps: separating a partial flow of the fluid and introducing and heating the partial flow into a heat exchange (16) until complete melting takes place, accompanied by the measurement of the inlet temperature tA and outlet temperature tB, further heating of the fluid flow by an external heat source and return of the partial flow through the heat exchanger (16), accompanied by the measurement of the inlet temperature tC and outlet temperature tO of the return partial flow and calculating the ice concentration according to the equation Xice=(tC−tO−tB+tA)·(cpfluid/hice), in which cpfluid is the specific heat capacity of the binary ice fluid and hice is the enthalpy of fusion of the binary ice.

Abstract: In order to carry out the method for controlling the firing rate of the combustion installation, the fire grate is equipped with a plurality of undergrate zones. In order to determine the control signal, the undergrate zone at the beginning of the main combustion zone is equipped with the corresponding measurement devices, namely a temperature sensor and a pressure sensor and the associated air supply line is equipped with an airflow measuring device. A further pressure sensor is provided in the furnace space so that the static pressure difference between the undergrate zone and the furnace space can be determined. The measured values from this measurement equipment are supplied to a central computer ZR which outputs, if necessary taking account of a flow coefficient .alpha.

Abstract: The invention relates to a fuel cell system with high-temperature fuel cells, in which some of the heat of the gases flowing out of the anode and cathode is used to that end. The gases that the flow into the anode and cathode are brought to a temperature that is required for operation of the fuel cells and is still tolerable for the cells, having an anode and/or cathode loop. It is provided that for the anode and/or cathode loop, at least that time-referred quantity of reaction gases that is required for attaining the electrical output of the fuel cells is furnished.

Abstract: A hybrid cooling plant includes at least one sector with a dry cooling part connected to a feed pump and including at least two heat exchangers which are connected in parallel, and with a wet cooling part located underneath the dry cooling part, wherein the dry cooling part and the wet cooling part are connected to each other by a closed connection. The highest locations of the heat exchangers are connected through a deaerating line to a vacuum pump and the heat exchangers are provided with evacuating and ventilating valves and level limit switches. The deaerating lines of the heat exchangers of a sector which operationally form a unit are connected to a deaerating vessel or reservoir.

Abstract: In order to remove deposits in feed nozzles (20), which serve to recycle exhaust gas into the furnace of a firing installation, a lance (27) can be inserted into the feed nozzles (20) and is held in such a way as to be displaceable in its longitudinal direction. The lance (27) has a nozzle head (28) at its front end for the spraying of water and is connected at its rear end to a valve device (29), which can be adjusted via a control device (32) with regard to the water quantity, the water pressure and the opening and closing times. By means of the lance (27), water is sprayed in a finely distributed manner onto deposits (34) in the interior of the feed nozzle (20), as a result of which the water penetrates into these deposits and causes these deposits to be blasted off due to the development of vapour.