Abstract: An optical pulse compressor having a single deflecting dispersive optical element in the form of a diffraction grating (10) or prism for temporal compression of an optical pulse, the frequency of which increases during the pulse duration. An elongated target (T) for receiving the compressed pulse is arranged in parallel with an output surface of the grating or prism. To increase the inclination of the pulse front for effective synchronous travelling wave excitation of the target the output surface of the diffraction grating or prism can be interfaced by an immersion medium or the beam path can be made to converge in the plane containing the target by a cylindrical lens or a reducing imaging optical system can be arranged between the grating or prism and the target.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the duration of single short optical radiation lses, particularly laser radiation pulses, by means of autocorrelation and two-photon ionization, contains a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (BS1, BS2, M1, M2) as beam splitter means for generating from a single input radiation pulse (10) two coherent component pulses (14, 16) propagating along two component beam paths (18, 20) each of which contains a section (18a20a) passing through a meausring zone (22) where they overlap, further a two-photon ionization detector having a measuring zone (22) and collector electrode means (36) and counter-electrode means (38) at which an electric output signal is available depending on the number of charge carriers generated in the measuring zone when the component beam pulses overlap, and a measuring system connected to the electrode means (36, 38).

Abstract: Solid state laser comprising a solid state laser diode for generating fundamental wave laser radiation; an external ring resonator which is arranged in the beam path of the fundamental wave laser radiation and through which the fundamental wave laser radiation passes in a predetermined forward direction; an optical nonlinear medium arranged in the ring resonator for generating the 2nd harmonic of the fundamental wave laser radiation; and an arrangement for feeding fundamental wave laser radiation back to the solid state laser diode which includes a scattering optical element which is arranged in the beam path of the fundamental wave laser radiation of the ring resonator and which causes a small part of the fundamental wave laser radiation to propagate in a direction opposite to the forward direction through the beam path back to the solid state laser diode.

Abstract: An arrangement for optical measuring concentration of substances has a measuring space which is composed of a material selectively permeable for particles to be measured, acting back on the particles and transparent for a measuring radiation, and a measuring space is arranged in working connection with the object to be measured and the measuring radiation passes through the measuring space. The measuring space has a layer that is a water-insoluble solvent or made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) or polytetrafluoroethylene. The layer excludes a reaction from the particles to be measured.

Abstract: A semiconductor device consisting of epitaxial material is provided with at least one monoatomic layer of doping atoms, i.e. with a layer which is just one atom thick. A particularly preferred device is injection laser in which case the Dirac-delta doped layers 45 and 46 are within intrinsic layer 43. The injection laser is constructed with a hetero structure.

Abstract: A multiple quantum well light emitting compositional semiconductor device ch as a laser diode or a light emitting diode has an active region comprising an alternating sequence of layers of well layer material and of barrier layer material. The thickness of the barrier layer and of the adjacent well layers is chosen such that for one type of charge carrier a relatively high probability exists for such charge carriers to be present in the barrier region whereas the other type of charge carriers are localized in the potential wells. In this way it is possible to reduce the probability of non-radiative Auger recombination processes occurring thus reducing the threshold current and increasing the quantum efficiency of the device.

Abstract: An optode designed to prevent washing away of the indicator and reagent from a membrane is located within an optical device that measures substance concentrations. The reagent and indicator materials are covalently bound on the membrane. The membrane can be a polysaccharide, especially cellulose, an acid glycol ester, or it can contain silicon. The indicator and/or reagent can be covalently bound to the membrane by a bridge molecular, particularly a multifunctional aldehyde, glutaraldehyde or a silane.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hinge peptide of the general formula I that may e utilized for the manufacture of synthetic immunogens. The invention also comprises a process for the manufacture of this hinge peptide and a process for the manufacture of synthetic immunogens, where the hinge peptide is employed as a carrier protein.

Abstract: An actively cooled device, such as a heat shield for a fusion reactor, includes elements (10) of a heat-resistant material, particularly graphite, each being provided with at least one recess having a circular cross section, particularly a groove (14), into which a cooling pipe (16) conducting a coolant is brazed directly and with surface contact. This produces an effective dissipation of heat from the elements and a more durable connection of the elements with the cooling pipe or pipes.

Abstract: A solid electrode in an electrolytic cell for rapid incorporation and exclusion of ions wandering to and from the electrode by way of an electrolyte with a minimum of voltage loss, in particular for a fuel cell, a high-performance battery, an electrochrome sign display unit or an electro-chemical storage element. The electrode comprises a structure having a higher electrical conductivity for electrons or holes than for the ions, and wherein the concentration of the electrons or holes movable within said electrode is lower than the concentration of the ions movable within the electrode.

Abstract: In a heat protective shield with solid protective element bodies (16), wh consist of highly heat-resistant material such as graphite, each containing a groove-like recess (20), and comprising cooling pipes (12) arranged in the recess (20), the wall portion forming the recess (20) surrounds the respective cooling pipe (12) in tongs-like manner and the protective element bodies (16) are connected to the associated cooling pipe solely in radially form-locking and axially force-locking manner.

Abstract: Tetrakis(dialkylamino)aromatics Ia to Ic ##STR1## where the radicals A may be identical or different and are n-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl and the radicals R may be identical or different and are hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, and their charge transfer complexes with electron acceptors, and the preparation of Ia to Ic from the corresponding N-unsubstituted amines by alkylation with A'--CHO (where A'.dbd.H or N-C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 -alkyl) and reduction with NaBH.sub.3 CN.The charge transfer complexes of Ia and Ic are used to prepare electrically conductive polymers.

Abstract: Frequency triplicator for microwaves having frequencies above about 30 GHz, for example 70 GHz, comprising a non-linear element of a weakly doped semiconductor material, in particular n-Si with a carrier concentration of 10.sup.13 cm.sup.-3 and less.

Abstract: Compounds I ##STR1## with R equal to hydrogen or (C.sub.1 -C.sub.4)-alkyl,X equal to (CH.sub.2).sub.n with n=1-4, unsubstituted or substituted, andAr is equal to an aromatic or heteroaromatic system, optionally substituted,and their pharmaceutically tolerated salts are valuable pharmaceuticals for the treatment of cerebral edema or diarrhea.

Abstract: Scanning tip for electromagnetic radiation having wavelengths below about 3 cm comprising a waveguide (10) which acts as high-frequency hollow waveguide and which comprises a wall (12) of an electrically conductive material and the internal cross-section of which diminishes from a point at which it has a magnitude which permits unrestricted propagation of the radiation perpendicularly to the cross-sectioin to an end aperture (14) having a dimension (s) which is small in comparison with the wavelength of the radiation, having a rod (20) which comprises an electrically conductive surface which is electrically insulated with respect to an electrically conductive inner wall of the hollow waveguide and extends from the aperture (14) at least up to said location (z=0).

Abstract: The invention is directed to a process for the analysis of eukaryotic DNA erein DNA of an individual is isolated, the DNA is subjected to restriction endonuclease digest, the cleaved DNA is separated by gel electrophoresis, the gel is dried and hybridized with a probe, and the pattern of the DNA is evaluated. The process is characterized in that the probe used is an oligonucleotide which specifically hybridizes to eukaryotic simple tandem repeats having a periodicity of 2 to 4 bases.The process of the invention may be employed for the in vitro diagnosis of genetic defects such as hereditary diseases or for the determination of the genetic interrelationships.

Abstract: An apparatus operating by contact ionization for the production of a beam of accelerated ions comprises an ionization electrode (1) in the form of a small tube, which forms a duct, the inside of which is used for contact ionization of the atoms for ionization, and which has capillary dimensions at least adjacent its exit, which is situated opposite an acceleration electrode (3).

Abstract: Electron microscope for investigation of surfaces of solid bodies with a primary beam path along which are arranged sequentially an electron beam source, an electron lens, an energy-selective electrostatic deflecting field, a magnetic deflecting field, a cathode lens, in whose object plane lies the test surface to be investigated, further with a secondary beam path, which passes in sequence through the cathode lens, the magnetic deflecting field, an energy filter, which includes a decelerating lens, a contrast stop, an electrical sector field, an energy stop and an accelerating lens, and two projection lenses, to a detector, such as a luminescent screen. The first-mentioned electrostatic deflecting field compensates for the energy dispersion of the magnetic deflecting field in the entrance side focal plane of the cathode lens. The energy filter limits the energy range of the electrons in the secondary beam path.

Abstract: The present invention provides a mixed conducting body, wherein it consists f 98 to 25 mol % of cubic or tetragonal zirconium dioxide, 1.5 to 25 mol % of an oxide stabilizing the zirconium dioxide phase and 0.5 to 50 mol % of at least one oxide of a metal of Group Va and VIa of the Periodic System of Elements and/or titanium dioxide, as well as the usual impurities.This body is outstandingly useful as electrode material for oxygen exchange reactions.

Abstract: An optical arrangement is described, which has an optically effective arrement and a supporting structure therefor. The optically effective arrangement has such a slight thickness which alone is not sufficiently stable mechanically and which is designed for the transmission of optical radiation of a predetermined wavelength region. The supporting arrangement has a metallic planar structure with a plurality of apertures separated by webs. The width (a) of the apertures is larger than the half of the wave length and the sum (a+b) of the width of an aperture (14) and of an adjoining web (12) is smaller than the wave length. Such supporting arrangement transmits a vertically incident radiation without loss. Optical arrangement (10) mounted on the support structure can be, for example, an optically effective layer or a grid of parallel thin wires which rung perpendicularly with respect to the slot-like apertures of the supporting structure.