Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a technique for inhibiting biofouling of the surface of a membrane caused by a biofilm, through immobilizing biofilm formation-inhibiting microorganisms to a container in a membrane process for water treatment. The present disclosure provides a container with biofilm formation-inhibiting microorganisms immobilized therein, including a permeable container and biofilm formation-inhibiting microorganisms immobilized in of the container. The present disclosure also provides a membrane water treatment apparatus comprising a reactor accommodating water to be treated, a membrane module for water treatment and a container with biofilm formation-inhibiting microorganism immobilized therein placed in the reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an X-ray visible medical device comprising a medical device and a layer bound onto the medical device, wherein the layer is composed of an X-ray contrast material or a composite of the X-ray contrast material and a biocompatible polymer. Also disclosed is a method for preparing the X-ray visible medical device.

Abstract: Techniques for preparing PNCs are provided. In one embodiment, a polymer extruding device may include a barrel configured to accommodate a composite material, a shaft rotatably disposed in the barrel, and a motor coupled to the shaft and configured to rotate the shaft, thereby moving the composite material. The polymer extruding device may further include a die including one or more injectors configured to inject nano particles into the die to cause shear stress to be exerted to the composite material, thereby forming a layer of the nano particles on a surface of the composite material.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for providing load state information of a Base Station (BS) in a broadband wireless communication system are provided. The method includes determining a ratio of a whole allocated resource compared to a whole resource of the BS and a ratio of a resource allocated for a rate requiring security compared to the whole resource, generating at least one load indicator for indicating a first value expressing the ratio of the whole allocated resource and a second value expressing the ratio of the resource allocated for the rate requiring security, and transmitting the at least one load indicator.

Abstract: A testing method is disclosed. The testing method includes: providing a mixture solution of a gelling agent and a microbe to a gelling device; solidifying the mixture solution to form a solid thin film in which the microbe is immobilized; supplying a bioactive agent to the solid thin film and allowing the bioactive agent to diffuse into the solid thin film; and imaging the individual responses of the single microbial cells to the bioactive agent, and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bioactive agent based on the analysis of the images to obtain AST results.

Abstract: Disclosed is a novel use of a PPAR ? agonist, and more particularly, a fetal reprogramming effect of a PPAR ? agonist. A PPAR ? agonist adjusts calcium ion during embryo genesis and a early fetal development period to increase slow muscle fiber and to thus improve muscle endurance, thereby improving lipid and glucose metabolism and reprogramming the metabolism of the entire body, thus preventing/inhibiting the occurrence of metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes in an adult body caused by a high-fat diet and a lack of exercise, and improving memory for an adult.

Abstract: An antenna having a broad bandwidth and a high radiation efficiency is provided. The antenna includes a conductor, and a dielectric substrate disposed on the conductor. The antenna further includes a slot portion formed on the dielectric substrate, and a cavity formed in the dielectric substrate that corresponds to the slot portion.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes a memory block including memory strings coupled to and disposed between bit lines and a common source line, and a peripheral circuit configured to perform a read operation of memory cells included in selected memory strings of the memory strings and increase channel potential of unselected memory strings in the read operation.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light-emitting element comprising: a carbon layer comprising a graphene; a plurality of fine structures having grown toward the upper side of the carbon layer; and a light-emitting structure layer formed on the surface of the fine structures

Abstract: The present invention provides a light-emitting element comprising: a carbon layer comprising a graphene; a plurality of fine structures having grown toward the upper side of the carbon layer; a thin film layer for coating the fine structures; and a light-emitting structure layer formed on the thin film layer.

Abstract: The method for transmitting a signal while avoiding the influences of an interference signal in the same channel according to the present invention comprises: a process in which communication devices in the communication system perceive, in a distributed manner, whether or not an interference signal exists in a transmission channel being used; a process in which the communication devices in the communication system temporarily transceive signals using a plurality of available transmission channels other than the transmission channel currently being used so as to avoid an interference signal if the interference signal is perceived; and a process of determining the channel having a best link state as a transmission channel from among the plurality of used transmission channels and returning to an existing transmission system using a single channel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating neurodegenerative diseases by targeting a specific miRNA. In addition, the present invention relates to a kit for diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases. A miR-206 target found in the present invention, which is highly expressed in both animal models of Alzheimer's disease and human brain samples, is a substantial treatment target selected without artifact errors. An antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention as an inhibitor for miR-206 suggests a successful result in treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by targeting miRNA. The antisense oligonucleotide of the present invention inhibits the function of miR-206 to greatly increase the levels of BDNF and IGF-1 and to increase the regeneration of synapses, thereby treating neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract: Provided are metal nanoparticles formed by using a low-temperature process, uniformly distributed on a substrate, and having a uniform and accurate size, and a method of forming the same. A method of forming metal nanoparticles on a substrate includes preparing a substrate including a polymer; forming a metal containing layer on the substrate; and forming nanoparticles of the metal from the metal containing layer by processing the metal containing layer with inductively coupled plasma.

Abstract: Provided is an association control method for maximizing a message in message (MIM) function in a WLAN environment. According to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, when all SINR values of transmission links to two or more first clients associated with the first access point are equal to or more than a predetermined capture threshold, SINR value of a transmission link to a second client associated with the second access point is less than the capture threshold, and at least one of the first clients, referred to as a third client group, can be associated with the second access point, associations are modified so that the third client group is associated with the second access point to enable concurrent transmission.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a composition for diagnosing, treating, and preventing liver disease, more particularly a composition for diagnosing liver disease comprising a material for measuring the grade of TM4SF5 (transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 or four-transmembrane L6 superfamily member 5) protein, a kit for diagnosing liver disease comprising the said composition, a method for providing information necessary for diagnosing liver disease composed of the following steps; measuring the level of TM4SF5 protein and the expressions and phosphorylations of TM4SF5 expression related signaling proteins; and comparing the measured levels with those of the normal control, a method for screening a material for treating liver disease, and a composition for treating or preventing liver disease comprising a material inhibiting TM4SF5 protein expression or the expressions and phosphorylations of TM4SF5 expression related signaling proteins.

Abstract: An optofluidic lithography system including a membrane, a microfluidic channel, and a pneumatic chamber is provided. The membrane may be positioned between a pneumatic chamber and a microfluidic channel. The microfluidic channel may have a height corresponding to a displacement of the membrane and have a fluid flowing therein, the fluid being cured by light irradiated from the bottom to form a microstructure. The pneumatic chamber may induce the displacement of the membrane depending on an internal atmospheric pressure thereof.

Abstract: According to example embodiments of inventive concepts, a method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming a sacrificial pattern having SiGe on a crystalline silicon substrate. A body having crystalline silicon is formed on the sacrificial pattern. At least one active element is formed on the body. An insulating layer is formed to cover the sacrificial pattern, the body, and the active element. A contact hole is formed to expose the sacrificial pattern through the insulating layer. A void space is formed by removing the sacrificial pattern. An amorphous silicon layer is formed in the contact hole and the void space. The amorphous silicon layer is transformed into a metal silicide layer.

Abstract: Provided are a method for removing and/or absorbing greenhouse gases using aquatic plant and/or algae having a greenhouse gas absorbing performance and resistance to toxic substances, a method for producing bioenergy using predators with high fatty acids, and a method for producing bioenergy including cultivating aquatic plant and/or algae having a greenhouse gas absorbing performance and resistance to toxic substances, while supplying a waste gas mixture to the aquatic plant and/or algae, (S2) cultivating predators having a capability to prey on the aquatic plant and/or algae while supplying the aquatic plant and/or algae to the predators, (S3) harvesting the predators, and (S4) converting the harvested predators into bioenergy.

Abstract: Methods of fabricating a semiconductor device, and related devices, include forming a gate electrode on a substrate, forming a first buffer layer, a second buffer layer and a third buffer layer on side surfaces of the gate electrode and on the substrate near the gate electrode, forming a spacer covering the side surfaces of the gate electrode on the third buffer layer, the third buffer layer on the substrate being exposed, exposing the second buffer layer on the substrate by removing the exposed third buffer layer, exposing the first buffer layer on the substrate by removing the exposed second buffer layer, forming deep junction in the substrate using the spacer as a mask, and removing the spacer. The third buffer layer is a material layer having a higher dielectric constant than the second buffer layer. The spacer includes a material layer different than the third, second and first buffer layers.

Abstract: Methods of fabricating a semiconductor device, and related devices, include forming a gate electrode on a substrate, forming a first buffer layer, a second buffer layer and a third buffer layer on side surfaces of the gate electrode and on the substrate near the gate electrode, forming a spacer covering the side surfaces of the gate electrode on the third buffer layer, the third buffer layer on the substrate being exposed, exposing the second buffer layer on the substrate by removing the exposed third buffer layer, exposing the first buffer layer on the substrate by removing the exposed second buffer layer, forming deep junction in the substrate using the spacer as a mask, and removing the spacer. The third buffer layer is a material layer having a higher dielectric constant than the second buffer layer. The spacer includes a material layer different than the third, second and first buffer layers.