Abstract: Described herein are nitrated lipids and methods of making and using the nitrated lipids.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the generation of anterior definitive endoderm (ADE) cells from embryonic stem cells and the differentiation of such cells to, for example, pancreatic or liver cells. The invention also relates to cell lines, cell culture methods, cells markers and the like and their potential uses in a variety of applications.

Abstract: Microchips which are particularly suitable for use with a mass spectrometer include a microchip body with at least one fluid channel formed into the microchip body and at least two flat monolithic closely spaced integrated ESI (electrospray ionization) emitters defined by shaped projections formed to extend from one side of the microchip body, a respective one being in fluid communication with a fluid channel. Related systems and methods are also described.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are antisense compounds and methods for selectively reducing expression of an allelic variant of a huntingtin gene containing a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Such methods, compounds, and composition are useful to treat, prevent, or ameliorate Huntington's Disease (HD).

Abstract: The present invention provides a method and apparatus for fabricating piezoresistive polysilicon on a substrate by low-temperature metal induced crystallization by: (1) providing the substrate having a passivation layer; (2) performing, at or near room temperature in a chamber without breaking a vacuum or near-vacuum within the chamber, the steps of: (a) creating a metal layer on the passivation layer, and (b) creating an amorphous silicon layer on the metal layer, wherein the metal layer and the amorphous silicon layer have approximately the same thickness; (3) annealing the substrate, the passivation layer, the metal layer and the amorphous silicon layer at a temperature equal to or less than 600° C. and a period of time equal to or less than three hours to form a doped polysilicon layer below a residual metal layer; and (4) removing the residual metal layer to expose the doped polysilicon layer.

Abstract: Circuits and circuit elements adapted to function at optical or infrared frequencies are made from plasmonic and/or nonplasmonic particles disposed on a substrate, where the plasmonic and nonplasmonic particles have respective dimensions substantially smaller than a wavelength of an applied optical or infrared signal. Such particles are deposited on a substrate in a variety of shapes and sizes from a variety of plasmonic and/or nonplasmonic materials so as to form resistors, capacitors, inductors and circuits made from combinations of these elements.

Abstract: Human antibodies, preferably recombinant human antibodies, both humanized and chimeric, which specifically bind to human OX40 are disclosed. Preferred antibodies have high affinity for OX40 receptor and activate the receptor in vitro and in vivo. The antibody can be a full-length antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof. The antibodies, or antibody portions, are useful for modulating receptor activity, e.g., in a human subject suffering from a disorder in which OX40 activity is detrimental. Nucleic acids, vectors and host cells for expressing the recombinant human antibodies are provided, and methods of synthesizing the recombinant human antibodies, are also provided.

Abstract: Recommendation systems are widely used in Internet applications. In current recommendation systems, users only play a passive role and have limited control over the recommendation generation process. As a result, there is often considerable mismatch between the recommendations made by these systems and the actual user interests, which are fine-grained and constantly evolving. With a user-powered distributed recommendation architecture, individual users can flexibly define fine-grained communities of interest in a declarative fashion and obtain recommendations accurately tailored to their interests by aggregating opinions of users in such communities. By combining a progressive sampling technique with data perturbation methods, the recommendation system is both scalable and privacy-preserving.

Abstract: Provided herein is a method for quantifying the spatial distribution of cells or sub-cellular structures comprising (a) receiving image data comprising a plurality of biomarkers, N, wherein the data represents a spatial map of the biomarkers; (b) processing the data to obtain a set of coordinates, wherein each coordinate denotes the location of a cell or sub-cellular structure represented by a biomarker or combination of biomarkers; and (c) processing the set of coordinates into a two-dimensional symmetric (2N?1)×(2N?1) or 2N×2N matrix (D). Also provided is the use of this method for assigning subjects one or more clinical characteristics, the use of this method for forming and/or testing scientific hypotheses for one or more interventions, and apparatus comprising at least one processor configured to perform the method.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the identification of loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene and their use in diagnosing ichthyosis vulgaris and/or susceptibility to other diseases including atopic dermatitis (eczema), asthma, psoriasis and allergies (including food allergy).

Abstract: Compounds of structure (I): including stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R1, R2 and A are as defined herein are disclosed. Such compounds have enhanced water solubility and have activity as SHIP1 modulators, and thus may be used to treat any of a variety of diseases, disorders or conditions that would benefit from SHIP1 modulation. Enantioselective methods for preparation of compounds of structure (I), compositions comprising a compound of structure (I) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluents and methods of SHIP1 modulation by administration of such compounds to an animal in need thereof are also disclosed.

Abstract: A technique for forming a two-dimensional electronic spectrum of a sample includes illuminating a line within a portion of the sample with four laser pulses; where along the entire line the difference in the arrival times between two of the laser pulses varies as a function of the position and the difference in the arrival times between the other two pulses is constant along the entire line. A spectroscopic analysis may then be performed on the resulting pulsed output signal from the illuminated line to produce a single-shot two dimensional electronic spectroscopy.

Abstract: An abrasive element comprises a body of crystalline abrasive material. The body has an array of cutting elements formed of crystalline abrasive material which projects from a surface of the body. The shape, size and form of the projections is controlled in the production process. The body may be a natural or synthetic crystal. The body may be a film formed by deposition. The body may be diamond or cubic boron nitride. The body may be monocrystalline or polycrystalline. The projections may be aligned along a crystallographic plane or planes.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a microarray of plural soft materials includes: vapor-depositing a first layer poly(para-xylylene) resin on a substrate, forming a first micro pattern in the poly(para-xylylene) resin; obtaining a substrate including a first microarray formed by pouring a first soft material solution, freeze-drying the first soft material to obtain a micro-arrayed substrate of the freeze-dried first soft material; vapor-depositing a second layer poly(para-xylylene) resin on the micro-arrayed substrate of the freeze-dried first soft material, forming a second micro pattern placed differently from the first micro pattern by penetrating the poly(para-xylylene) resin of the first and second layers, forming a second microarray on the substrate by pouring a second soft material solution; and forming a microarray of the first and second soft materials on the substrate by peeling off the poly(para-xylylene) resin of the first and second layers.

Abstract: The present invention provides nucleic acid aptamers that bind to Plasmodium proteins lactate dehydrogenase and histidine-rich protein II, and uses thereof for the diagnosis of malaria. Aptamers against histidine-rich protein II may be used to detect the presence of Plasmodium species in general, whereas aptamers against lactate dehydrogenase can be used to specifically detect Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract: A multilayered structure is provided. The multilayered structure may include a silicon substrate and a film of gadolinium oxide disposed on the silicon substrate. The top surface of the silicon substrate may have silicon orientated in the 100 direction (Si(100)) and the gadolinium oxide disposed thereon may have an orientation in the 100 direction (Gd2O3(100)).

Abstract: A noise processing apparatus measures a first potential difference signal, between a first electrode and a second electrode that is used as a reference electrode, and measures a second potential difference signal, between the second electrode and a third electrode that is arranged on the steering unit in the apparatus. The apparatus calculates the difference between the intensities of the first potential difference signal and the second potential difference signal calculated at the predetermined intervals. The apparatus corrects the first potential difference signal or the second potential difference signal by using the calculated difference such that the intensities of the first potential difference signal and the second potential difference signal are canceled out.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to an endothelin receptor antagonist for use in the prevention or treatment of brain metastases in combination with a cytotoxic chemotherapy agent, radiotherapy or both. The endothelin receptor antagonist may for example be bosentan, macitentan or a mixture of bosentan and macitentan.

Abstract: Methods for improving mitochondrial function, decreasing iron accumulation, and/or decreasing oxidative stress by exposing cells or treating a subject to compounds or compositions of the general formula (I) are described that are beneficial in treating, for example, diseases and conditions such as Friedreich's ataxia, normal aging, and various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, such compounds are useful as probes for identifying defects in mitochondrial metabolism, mitochondrial iron accumulation, cellular stress among other mitochondrial diseases and helping to identify compounds active in overcoming such defects.

Abstract: Fine mesoporous silica particles are provided by which not only the functions of low reflectance (Low-n), low dielectric constant (Low-k) and low thermal conductivity but also improved strength of a molded article are achieved. The fine mesoporous silica particles are manufactured by a process including a surfactant composite fine silica particle preparation step and a mesoporous particle formation step. In the silica fine particle preparation step, a surfactant, water, an alkali and a hydrophobic part-containing additive including a hydrophobic part for increasing the volume of micelles are mixed with a silica source to thereby prepare surfactant composite fine silica particles. In the mesoporous particle formation step, the mixture is mixed with an acid and an organosilicon compound to thereby remove the surfactant and hydrophobic part-containing additive from the surfactant composite fine silica particles and provide the surface of each silica fine particle with an organic functional group.