Abstract: Method and apparatus for separating a liquid reaction product from a gaseous stream in a catalytic reactor by means of a metallic sheet being indirectly cooled by a cooling surface and having a plurality of percolations in form of geometric-shaped protrusions on both sides of the sheet each with an open base, the open base is on the side of the sheet facing a catalyst bed are arranged upwards and on the side facing the cooling surface the open base faces downwards.

Abstract: A process for the conversion of sulphur dioxide contained in a feed gas to sulphur trioxide, comprising the steps of a) alternatingly providing a first feed gas containing a high concentration of sulphur dioxide and a second feed gas containing a low concentration of sulphur dioxide as a process gas, b) preheating the process gas by heat exchange with a heat exchange medium, c) reacting the process gas in the presence of a catalytically active material in a catalytic reaction zone, d) converting at least in part the sulphur dioxide of the process gas into sulphur trioxide contained in a product gas in the catalytic reaction zone, e) cooling the product gas by contact with a heat exchange medium, wherein a thermal buffer zone is provided in relation to one of said process steps, providing thermal energy produced during super-autothermal operation for heating the process gas during sub-autothermal operation.

Abstract: Flow deflector that is capable of changing the flow direction of a fluid during passage through a duct. The duct is formed by an inner and outer duct, which creates an annular region in the duct. The flow deflector forces the fluid passing through the annular region of the duct to flow inside the inner duct, while the fluid passing through the inner duct is forced to flow through the annular region. Reactor tubes for catalytic reactors are formed by assembling tubes comprising said flow deflector and having a catalyst arranged in the inner tube.

Abstract: Method of operating a compression ignition engine on ether containing fuel obtained by on board conversion of an alcohol containing primary fuel and a system for use in the method.

Abstract: Method for the preparation of a compression ignition engine fuel, comprising the steps of providing a mixture of a primary hydrocarbon fuel comprising one or more alcohols; and dehydrating in the mixture the one or more alcohol to its or their corresponding ether and water, to obtain the compression ignition fuel.

Abstract: A method of operating a compression ignition engine on diethyl ether containing fuel obtained by conversion of a primary ethanol containing fuel, wherein the primary fuel is catalytically converted to a diethyl ether containing fuel at a constant minimum and maximum flow rate through a catalytic reactor. The thus prepared ether containing fuel is passed to a buffer tank and a system for use in anyone of the preceding claims comprising a first fuel tank for holding a primary ethanol containing fuel; an ethanol dehydration reactor connected to the first fuel tank at inlet of the reactor and to a second buffer tank connected at outlet of the reactor; the second buffer tank holding a diethyl ether containing fuel being formed in the dehydration reactor is further connected to a compression ignition engine; the second buffer tank is provided with at least a sensor for detecting an upper fuel level and at least a second sensor for detecting a lower fuel level in the buffer tank.

Abstract: A compression ignition fuel composition comprising diethyl ether (DEE) and water, in amounts that correspond to the reaction product of dehydration of anhydrous or hydrous ethanol (EtOH) with water content between 0 and 30 wt %, and further characterized by: a) a diethyl ether content in wt % that is larger than or equal to 50, and a water content in wt % that is lower than or equal to 50 minus concentration of ethanol in wt % for mixtures containing 0 to 20 wt % ethanol; or b) a diethyl ether content in wt % that is larger than or equal to 54 minus 0.2 times the ethanol concentration in wt %, and a water content in wt % that is lower than or equal to 46 minus the 0.8 times concentration of ethanol in wt % for mixtures containing 20 to 30 wt % ethanol; or c) a diethyl ether content in wt % that is larger than or equal to 61.5 minus 0.45 times the ethanol concentration in wt %, and a water content in wt % that is lower than or equal to 38.5 minus the 0.

Abstract: Method of operating a compression ignition engine on ether containing fuel obtained by on board conversion of an alcohol containing primary fuel and a system for use in the method.

Abstract: Process for the steam reforming of hydrocarbons comprising contacting a feed gas with a catalyst consisting of an active compound in the form of an alloy of nickel and one of iridium, rhodium and ruthenium, on a support comprising alumina, zirconia, magnesia, titania, or combinations thereof.

Abstract: Partial conversion hydrocracking process comprising the steps of (a) hydrotreating a hydrocarbon feedstock with a hydrogen-rich gas to produce a hydrotreated effluent stream comprising a liquid/vapor mixture and separating the liquid/vapor mixture into a liquid phase and a vapor phase, and (b) separating the liquid phase into a controlled liquid portion and an excess liquid portion, and (c) combining the vapor phase with the excess liquid portion to form a vapor plus liquid portion, and (d) separating an FCC feed-containing fraction from the controlled liquid portion and simultaneously hydrocracking the vapor plus liquid portion to produce a diesel-containing fraction, or hydrocracking the controlled liquid portion to produce a diesel-containing fraction and simultaneously separating a FCC feed-containing fraction from the vapor plus liquid portion. The invention also includes an apparatus for carrying out the partial conversion hydrocracking process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and a catalyst for removal of nitrogen oxides in a flue gas from a combustion engine or gas turbine by injecting a reducing agent and reducing the nitrogen oxides in the presence of a catalyst. The catalyst is a zeolite based catalyst on a corrugated monolithic substrate, the substrate has a density of 50-300 g/l and a porosity of at least 50%. The monolithic substrate is a paper of high silica content glass or a paper of E-glass fiber with a layer of diatomaceous earth or a layer of titania, and the catalyst is a Fe-? zeolite.

Abstract: Process for the co-production of methanol and ammonia from a hydrocarbon feed without venting to the atmosphere carbon dioxide captured from the methanol or ammonia synthesis gas and without using expensive air separation units, water gas shift and carbon dioxide removal steps.

Abstract: Process for the production of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock all steam produced in the waste heat boilers of the reforming and ammonia section of the plant is superheated in one or more steam superheaters located downstream the ammonia converter in the ammonia section of the plant. There is no need for steam superheater (s) in the reforming section of the plant to cool the synthesis gas. A steam superheater for use in the process is also provided. The superheater comprises two compartments in which the first and second compartments are connected in series with respect to the steam flow and in parallel with respect to the process gas flow.

Abstract: Method and reactor for performing Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis with controlled steam partial pressure by introducing cool points in the FT reactor, typically in form of cooled solid surfaces. At the surface, the low temperature will force condensation of the water into a liquid film. Thereby, the partial pressure of steam in the gas and reactor will not exceed significantly the vapor partial pressure at the liquid film and water from the gas stream will be removed as it is produced, i.e. steam induced deactivation is avoided. In addition, the decrease of hydrogen and carbon monoxide partial pressures due to dilution by steam will be kept low ensuring a constant high reaction rate.

Abstract: Improved design of a catalytic method and reactor for the production of methanol at equilibrium conditions whereby methanol as it is formed is separated from the gaseous phase into the liquid phase within the reactor without reducing the catalytic activity of the methanol catalyst. This is achieved by adjusting the boiling point or temperature of a liquid cooling agent being in indirect contact with the catalyst particles and by providing a specific ratio of catalyst bed volume to cooling surface area. Thereby, condensation of methanol as it is formed in the gaseous phase takes place for the most at the cooling surface arranged evenly distributed within the reactor and if at all within a very limited region of the catalyst bed.

Abstract: A fuel processing method for a solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising the steps of: (a) supplying a feed stream comprising ethanol to a methanation reactor containing catalytic material for the methanation of ethanol; (b) processing the feed stream in the methanation reactor under adiabatic conditions to produce an effluent fuel comprising methane; (c) transferring the effluent fuel comprising methane to the anode of a solid oxide fuel cell stack comprising at least one solid oxide fuel cell; (d) providing the cathode of the solid oxide fuel cell stack with an oxygen-containing gas; and (e) converting the fuel comprising methane and the oxygen-containing gas to electricity in the solid oxide fuel cell stack.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of hydrocarbon products including the steps of (a) providing a stream containing oxygenates; (b) mixing the stream with a recycle stream to form a gasoline feed stream; (c) contacting the gasoline feed stream with one or more gasoline synthesis catalysts to obtain an effluent stream with higher hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range; (d) withdrawing from step (c) the effluent stream; and (e) splitting a part of the effluent stream to form the recycle stream which is optionally further reduced in content of water or enriched in hydrogen, then pressurized and recycled to step (b).

Abstract: A process for the production of lactic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-butenoic acid or esters thereof by conversion of glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose and glycolaldehyde dissolved in a solvent in presence of a solid Lewis acidic catalyst.

Abstract: The invention provides a method and system for purification of a carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, incompletely combusted hydrocarbons and soot containing exhaust gas from a combustion engine comprising the steps of catalytically oxidizing the carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas, retaining soot and remaining amounts of hydrocarbons in the oxidised exhaust gas in a filter, addition of a reducing agent to gas and catalytically reducing nitrogen oxides, and obtaining a purified exhaust gas.

Abstract: Catalyst for use in the high temperature shift reaction comprising in its active form a mixture of zinc alumina spinel and zinc oxide in combination with an alkali metal selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, Cs and mixtures thereof.