Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) switch circuit and a method for operation of a RF switch circuit. The RF switch circuit may include a first switch connected between a first port and an antenna port, a second switch connected between a second port and the antenna port, a third switch connected between the antenna port and ground, a fourth switch connected between the antenna port and the ground, and a switch control circuit configured to control the first switch, the second switch, and the third switch to be turned off and the fourth switch to be turned on in a low power mode.

Abstract: A robot and a controlling method thereof are provided. The robot includes: a driver; first and second communication interfaces; a memory storing instructions; and a processors configured to execute the instructions and cause the robot to: based on receiving an instruction to move to a second floor from a first floor, control the robot to board an elevator, based on identifying that the elevator is stopped, obtain through the first communication interface Wi-Fi device identification information, identify whether a floor on which the elevator is stopped is the second floor based on the Wi-Fi device identification information, based on identifying that the elevator is stopped on the second floor, identify whether the elevator door is open based on a RSSI value of a signal received through the second communication interface, and based on identifying that the elevator door is open, control the robot to get off the elevator.

Abstract: There is provided a decoding apparatus for decoding a low density parity check (LDPC) code, wherein the decoding apparatus includes a memory a memory configured to store a scheduling table indicating a desired processing order of a plurality of rows included in a parity check matrix and a plurality of columns included in each of the rows of the parity check matrix, and processing circuitry configured to decode the LDPC code based on the scheduling table, the decoding including performing processing on at least one column included in a second scheduled row of the parity check matrix before processing of all columns included in a first scheduled row of the parity check matrix has been completed.

Abstract: A dishwasher comprises: a tub that forms a washing chamber; a spray unit that sprays water into the washing chamber; a sump housing that includes a first coupling portion; a pump, coupleable to the sump housing, and includes a second coupling portion; and a pump holder that connects the first coupling portion of the sump housing and the second coupling portion of the pump to thereby allow the pump to be mounted on the sump housing. In order to prevent the pump from separating from the sump housing, at least one of the first coupling portion or the second coupling portion may include a first extension portion extending along a first direction and a second extension portion extending from the first extension portion along a second direction intersecting with the first direction.

Abstract: A neural network device and an action selecting method using the same, which select an action corresponding to a current state on the basis of a value return. A method of selecting, executed by at least one processor, an action on the basis of deep learning includes receiving a current state as an input, calculating a value distribution corresponding to each of a plurality of actions to be performed on the current state, and selecting an optimal action from among the plurality of actions based on the value distribution, wherein the value distribution includes at least one Gaussian graph following a Gaussian distribution.

Abstract: A method of requesting detachment of a head-mounted display (HMD) device, may include: detecting a sleep onset of a wearer wearing the HMD device; based on the sleep onset of the wearer being detected and the wearer not being set as a care recipient, generating an alarm for the detachment of the HMD device; and based on the sleep onset of the wearer being detected and the wearer being set as the care recipient, sending a request to detach the HMD device to an agent device not operated by the wearer.

Abstract: Embodiments provide a fused polycyclic compound, a light emitting element that includes the fused polycyclic compound, and a display device that includes the light emitting element.

Abstract: A washing machine may include a washing tub configured to wash laundry with carbon dioxide; a compressor configured to compress the carbon dioxide discharged from the washing tub; a first storage tank connected to the compressor and configured to store carbon dioxide; a second storage tank connected to the compressor and configured to store carbon dioxide; a distillation tank to accommodate carbon dioxide and foreign matter discharged from the washing tub and to evaporate the carbon dioxide so that the foreign matter and the carbon dioxide evaporated in the distillation tank are separated; and a first pressure relief valve on a first discharge flow path between the washing tub and the second storage tank, and configured to open in response to pressure in the washing tub being greater than or equal to a first pressure so that carbon dioxide in the washing tub is moved to the second storage tank.

Abstract: A beam scanning device includes a light modulation array and a processor. The light modulation array is configured to scan an external space based on phase modulating a plurality of light beams and, in a state in which the plurality of light beams are arranged in a first direction, sequentially steering the plurality of light beams in a second direction different from the first direction. The processor is configured to control the light modulation array to cause a degree of steering shift of the light modulation array to vary depending on whether a region of interest is located in the external space.

Abstract: A multilayer electronic component according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure may include: a body including a dielectric layer and internal electrodes alternately disposed with the dielectric layer in a first direction, and including first and second surfaces opposing each other in the first direction, third and fourth surfaces connected to the first and second surfaces and opposing each other in a second direction, and fifth and sixth surfaces connected to the first to fourth surfaces and opposing each other in a third direction; side margin portions disposed on the fifth and sixth surfaces; and external electrodes disposed on the third and fourth surfaces, wherein at least one of both ends of the internal electrodes in the third direction may be spaced apart from the side margin portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is an accelerator device which includes an interface circuit that communicates with an external device, a memory that stores first data received through the interface circuit, a polar encoder that performs polar encoding with respect to the first data provided from the memory and to output a result of the polar encoding as second data, and an accelerator core that loads the second data. The first data are compressed weight data, the second data are decompressed weight data, the accelerator core is configured to perform machine learning-based inference based on the second data, and the first data are variable in length.

Abstract: A washing machine including a washing tub to wash laundry carbon dioxide; first and second storage tanks to store carbon dioxide; a first flow path connecting a compressor and the first storage tank; a second flow path connecting the compressor and the second storage tank; a first valve to open and close the first flow path; a second valve to open and close the second flow path; and a controller configured to, upon completion of a laundry washing operation, operate the compressor to compress carbon dioxide received from the washing tub, open the first valve to move the compressed carbon dioxide from the compressor along the first flow path to the first storage tank, and, based on pressure in the washing tub, close the first valve and open the second valve to move the compressed carbon dioxide from the compressor along the second flow path to the second storage tank.

Abstract: A power control method of a power control device, includes: rectifying, by a rectifier, an input current of a system including the power control device; sensing, by a current sensor, a first current through a first switch and a second current through a second switch, wherein the first switch and the second switch are connected to an output of the rectifier; filtering the sensed first current and the sensed second current through a low pass filter; sampling, by a processor, the filtered first current and the filtered second current once per switching cycles of the first switch and the second switch; and performing balancing control based on the sampled first current and the sampled second current such that an average value of the first current through the first switch and the second current through the second switch is uniform or is substantially uniform for a period.

Abstract: A coil component includes a body, a support member disposed within the body, a coil disposed on the support member, and including a lower surface in contact with the support member, an upper surface facing the lower surface, an insulating wall covering a side of the coil and filling a gap between respective turns of the coil, an insulating film disposed between adjacent the insulating walls and covering the upper surface of the coil, and an external electrode disposed on the body. The insulating wall includes a plurality of layers, with an interface therebetween. A height of the insulating wall is greater than or equal to a height of an upper surface of the insulating film.

Abstract: An identifier generation system includes a certification server that generates a certificate, and an electronic device that receives the certificate from the certification server. The electronic device includes a read-only memory (ROM) that applies a secret value and a 0-th layer identifier to a message authentication code to generate a unique identifier, a boot loader layer that generates asymmetric keys and generates an asymmetric key certificate corresponding to the asymmetric keys, and a firmware layer that stores the asymmetric key certificate and transmits and receives the asymmetric keys. The asymmetric keys generated by the boot loader layer include one or more unique asymmetric keys that are immutable when the electronic device is updated, and one or more variable asymmetric keys that vary when the electronic device is updated.

Abstract: A processor-implemented method with image generation includes obtaining a first image, determining predicted texture information of a target image corresponding to the first image through a texture prediction model, based on the first image, determining predicted color information of the target image through a color prediction model, based on the first image, and generating the target image based on the first image, using the predicted texture information and the predicted color information, wherein a format of the target image is different from that of the first image.

Abstract: A cache-coherent persistent memory (PMEM) device includes an input/output (I/O) interface; a volatile memory module; an error correction module which is configurable according to an I/O protocol; a non-volatile storage module; and at least one processor configured to: receive a store command and data corresponding to the store command from a host device through the I/O interface, based on the store command, control the volatile memory module to store the data, control the error correction module to encode the data to generate encoded data, and control the non-volatile storage module to store the encoded data.

Abstract: A semiconductor package may include a chip stack, a first semiconductor chip provided on a top surface of the chip stack, outer terminals provided on a bottom surface of the chip stack, and a mold layer provided on a bottom surface of the first semiconductor chip to enclose the chip stack. The chip stack may include a second semiconductor chip including first penetration vias, which are provided in second semiconductor chip and are exposed to an outside of the second semiconductor chip. The chip stack may include third semiconductor chips stacked on a top surface of the second semiconductor chip. Each of the third semiconductor chips may include second penetration vias, which are provided to penetrate the same and are exposed to an outside of the same. The first semiconductor chip may have a width larger than the chip stack, and the first semiconductor chip may include a logic chip.

Abstract: A multilayer electronic component includes a body having first and second surfaces opposing each other in a first direction, third and fourth surfaces opposing each other in a second direction, and fifth and sixth surfaces opposing each other in a third direction, the body including a capacitance formation portion including a dielectric layer and an internal electrode, and a cover portion, and an external electrode. When maximum sizes of the multilayer electronic component in the first to third directions are L, W and T, respectively, average sizes of the cover portion, dielectric layer, and internal electrode in the first direction are tc, td, and te, respectively, 0.75 mm?L?1.25 mm, 0.25 mm?W?0.75 mm, T<0.5 mm, 28 ?m?tc?34 ?m, 0.4 ?m?td?0.5 ?m, and 0.4 ?m?te?0.5 ?m are satisfied.

Abstract: An electronic device including a projector; a memory storing at least one instruction, and at least one processor configured to execute the at least one instruction stored in the memory to receive a selection of first projection information from among at least one piece of projection information included in a projection information list, wherein each piece of the at least one piece of projection information includes a projection location, which corresponds to a position of the projector, and a projection purpose, adjust a projection direction of the projector to the first projection location, and control the projector to project, from the first projection location, first content corresponding to the first projection purpose.

Abstract: A semiconductor package includes a first semiconductor chip including a semiconductor substrate having an active surface and an inactive surface, a device layer on the active surface, first chip pads on the device layer, and a first through-electrode and a second through-electrode, where the first through-electrode and the second through-electrode penetrate the semiconductor substrate, at least one of the first chip pads is connected to the first through-electrode and at least one of the first chip pads is connected to the second through-electrode, a redistribution structure including a redistribution layer on the inactive surface of the semiconductor substrate and a redistribution via connected to the redistribution layer, contact pads on an upper surface of the redistribution structure, and a second semiconductor chip on the redistribution structure and including second chip pads connected to the contact pads.

Abstract: A washing machine may include a storage tank to store carbon dioxide; a tub to wash laundry using the carbon dioxide; a distillation tub to separate carbon dioxide discharged from the tub and foreign substances contained in the carbon dioxide; a compressor to compress the carbon dioxide discharged from the tub and move the carbon dioxide to the storage tank; a rotatable drum inside the tub; a driving device to drive rotation of a rotatable shaft connected to the rotatable drum to rotate the rotatable drum; a pipe configured to pass inside of the tub to exchange heat of the compressed carbon dioxide with the tub; and a blade protruding from the rotatable shaft so that the blade is rotated by rotation of the rotatable shaft to circulate air inside the tub to spread the heat of the compressed carbon dioxide emitted from the pipe.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming a dielectric layer on a lower structure. The method includes forming an opening to penetrate through the dielectric layer. The method includes alternately repeating a first operation, in which a first sputtering deposition process is performed to form a first metal pattern in the opening, and a second operation, in which a second sputtering deposition process is performed to form a second metal pattern in the opening, two or more times to form a first metal layer. The method includes forming a second metal layer on the first metal layer in an electroplating manner, and planarizing the first and second metal layers. Moreover, first and second process times, during which the first sputtering deposition process and the second sputtering deposition process, respectively, are performed, are each about five seconds or less.

Abstract: An operation method of a data filtering module configured to communicate with a multi-speaker application module, includes: receiving a plurality of communication data from a plurality of external devices; generating filtered voice data from the plurality of communication data based on a filtering priority determined based on a number of voice data included in the plurality of communication data; and providing the filtered voice data to the multi-speaker application module.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a display module of a plurality of display modules arranged in a display apparatus includes forming a light-emitting layer on a base substrate, positioning a mask pattern having an aperture on the light-emitting layer, forming a plurality of inorganic light-emitting devices by etching the light-emitting layer through the aperture, forming a reflective layer on the mask pattern and the plurality of inorganic light-emitting devices, and removing the mask pattern positioned on the plurality of inorganic light-emitting devices and removing the reflective layer formed on the mask pattern.

Abstract: A refrigerator includes: a main body including a storage chamber; a door configured to open or close the storage chamber; a hinge bracket supporting the door such that the door is rotatable about a hinge shaft with respect to the main body; a supply member including at least one of a wire or a pipe, and connected to the main body and the door; and a supply cover covering at least a portion of the supply member and a side of the hinge bracket, the supply cover being penetrated by the supply member, where the supply member includes a bending portion configured to be bendable according to opening or closing of the door, and where the supply cover includes a guide portion configured to support the bending portion in a state in which the door is closed.

Abstract: A cooking apparatus may include a housing forming a cooking chamber, a turntable in the cooking chamber on which an object is placeable, a motor configured to rotate the turntable, a heating source configured to heat the object on the turntable, a roller supporting the turntable and which is movable, according to rotation of the turntable by the motor, on a roller track surface on an inner surface of the housing, a lever protruding from the roller track surface toward the cooking chamber and configured to be pressable by pressure from the roller, and thereby operated, when the object is on the turntable and the roller moves over the lever, and a sensor configured to sense that the lever is operated and to generate a signal corresponding to the lever being operated, wherein an operation of the heating source and the motor is controlled based on the signal.

Abstract: A circuit configured to detect a threshold voltage includes a first delay circuit, a second delay circuit and a controller. The first delay circuit has a first sensitivity to threshold voltage of a transistor. The first delay circuit may be configured to generate a first output signal delayed with respect to the input signal by a first delay time that changes depending on the digital control code. The second delay circuit has a second sensitivity that is higher than the first sensitivity. The second delay circuit may be configured to generate a second output signal delayed with respect to the input signal by a second delay time. The controller may compare the first and second output signals and may generate a digital output code corresponding to the digital control code when the first delay time is equal to the second delay time to indicate the threshold voltage of the transistor.

Abstract: A magnetic component includes a magnetic body, wherein the magnetic body includes a plurality of magnetic particles including an Fe-based alloy, at least a portion of magnetic particles, among the plurality of magnetic particles, include a first layer disposed on surfaces of the at least a portion of magnetic particles and a second layer disposed on a surface of the first layer, the first layer includes an Fe oxide component and has an average thickness of less than 5 nm, and the second layer includes an Si oxide component and has an average thickness of 5 nm or more.

Abstract: A method of controlling an ultrasound imaging device is disclosed. The method may include obtaining volume data of an object, obtaining a reference cross-sectional image crossing a first axis from the volume data, obtaining, from the volume data, a candidate standard cross-sectional image crossing a second axis that is different from the first axis, displaying the reference cross-sectional image and the candidate standard cross-sectional image on a first graphic user interface (GUI) view, rotating the reference cross-sectional image on the first GUI view, updating the candidate standard cross-sectional image on the first GUI view by adjusting a slicing plane of the candidate standard cross-sectional image based on the rotation of the reference cross-sectional image, and displaying, according to completion of the rotation of the reference cross-sectional image, the updated candidate standard cross-sectional image as a standard cross-sectional image on the first GUI view.

Abstract: A multilayer electronic component may include: a body including a dielectric layer and internal electrodes alternately disposed with the dielectric layer; an interface plating layer disposed on an end of the internal electrode; and an external electrode disposed to contact at least a portion of an end of the dielectric layer disposed between the internal electrodes and to cover the interface plating layer, and including a conductive resin layer including a conductive metal and a resin.

Abstract: At least one embodiment provides a computing device including: a controller that receives first input data of a first data type and second input data of a second data type different from the first data type, and outputs a first signal representing the first data type, a second signal representing the second data type, and a clock signal based on the number of bits of the first input data and the second input data, and a computing circuit that performs a multiplication computation the first input data and the second input data based on the first signal, the second signal, and the clock signal and generates output data.

Abstract: An image sensor includes photoelectric conversion devices provided in a substrate comprising first and second surfaces, first and second photoelectric conversion elements in the substrate, first and second separation structures in the substrate, first and second grid structures on the first and second separation structures. The second photoelectric conversion element is disposed between the first separation structure and the second separation structure. The first and second grid structure are vertically overlapping with the first and second separation structure. The first grid structure comprises an air gap and N plurality of layers on an external side surface of the air gap. Each of the N plurality of layers extends in a first direction. The second grid structures comprises M plurality of layers on an external side surface of the second grid structure and extends in the first direction.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device and method of manufacturing same, the semiconductor device including: a substrate; an interlayer insulating layer on the substrate; an upper wiring trench in the interlayer insulating layer; an upper wiring layer including an upper wiring barrier layer along a sidewall of the upper wiring trench and a bottom surface of the upper wiring trench, and an upper wiring filling layer on the upper wiring barrier layer, wherein the upper wiring filling layer fills an inside of the upper wiring trench; and a first etching stop layer on each of an upper surface of the interlayer insulating layer and an upper surface of the upper wiring layer, the first etching stop layer including: a first portion in contact with an upper surface of the upper wiring filling layer; a second portion in contact with an upper surface of the upper wiring barrier layer; and a third portion in contact with the upper surface of the interlayer insulating layer, wherein a percentage of nitrogen (N) in the first

Abstract: An electronic apparatus including a mirror display, a sensor, memory storing one or more instructions, and one or more processors connected to the mirror display, the sensor and the memory to control the electronic apparatus. The one or more processors are configured to, by executing the one or more instructions, based identifying that a user's face approaches the mirror display within a predetermined distance based on first data obtained via the sensor when the mirror display is in a mirror state and that the user exhales based on second data obtained via the sensor, control the mirror display to enter a drawing state by processing an area of the mirror display to be opaque based on the second data, and control the mirror display so that reflectivity of an area corresponding to a user gesture input in the opaque area increases.

Abstract: A food waste disposer comprises: a cover housing; a disposal device which is positioned in the cover housing to accommodate food waste; an exhaust pipe to be connected to the disposal device so as to guide moisture-containing air; a water storage container which may collect condensate water in the exhaust pipe and may be separated to the outside of the cover housing; a water storage housing to accommodate the water storage container; and a sensor module which comprises a water level sensor coupleable to the water storage housing, which based on the water level sensor being adjacent to the water storage container outputs a signal related to the water level of the condensate water collected in the water storage container, wherein the water level sensor detects the water level of the condensate water in the water storage container by making contact with the water storage container.

Abstract: A printed circuit board includes a substrate; first and second through-portions penetrating between upper and lower surfaces of the substrate; a magnetic layer disposed in the first through-portion; a voltage regulator disposed in the second through-portion; a first through-hole penetrating between upper and lower surfaces of the magnetic layer; a first insulating layer disposed on the substrate, covering the magnetic layer and the voltage regulator, and filling the second through-portion and the first through-hole; a second through-hole penetrating between upper and lower surfaces of the first insulating layer in the first through-hole; a first wiring pattern disposed on an upper surface of the magnetic layer; a second wiring pattern disposed on a lower surface of the magnetic layer; and a first via pattern disposed in the second through-hole and connecting the first and second wiring patterns to each other.

Abstract: A system for evaluating a display device includes a display device including a display panel outputting images for a plurality of viewpoints and a lens array refracting the images; and a viewing angle meter disposed on a measuring point of the display device and extracting a viewing angle for each of the plurality of viewpoints. The viewing angle meter determines an optimal viewing coordinates of refracted images corresponding to each of the plurality of viewpoints based on the viewing angle.

Abstract: A negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery and a rechargeable lithium battery including the same, the negative electrode including a current collector; and a negative electrode active material layer located on the current collector and including a negative electrode active material. The negative electrode active material includes a silicon-based composite, the silicon-based composite is a composite of a silicon-based active material, a phenoxy resin, and carbon nanotubes, and a weight ratio of the silicon-based active material and the carbon nanotubes ranges from about 1:0.0013 to about 1:0.01.

Abstract: An electronic device includes: a display; at least one memory comprising a memory storing instructions; and at least one processor operably connected to the at least one memory and configured to execute the instructions, where, by executing the instructions, the at least one processor is configured to: obtain first pattern information including information about a state of a first user for a plurality of time intervals; identify the state of the first user for a current time interval based on the first pattern information; identify a first wavelength distribution corresponding to the state of the first user based on spectrum information stored in the at least one memory; determine a first RGB output setting of the display according to the first wavelength distribution; and generate first correction information based on a user input for screen setting correction and the first RGB output setting.

Abstract: A first electronic device includes: a first transceiver; a first memory storing at least one instruction; and a first processor operatively connected to the first transceiver and the first memory, the first processor being configured to execute the at least one instruction to: transmit, to at least one second electronic device, a non-high-efficiency (non-HE) announcement frame, and transmit, to the at least one second electronic device, a downlink (DL) multi-user (MU) extension (Ext) physical layer protocol (PPDU), wherein the DL MU Ext PPDU includes: a non-HE PPDU and a HE PPDU.

Abstract: A server may include: a communication interface; memory storing one or more instructions; and at least one processor operatively connected to the memory and the communication interface, and configured to execute the one or more instructions to: obtain a first image by compressing an original image; obtain quality information of the first image by analyzing image quality of the first image; obtain, based on the quality information, meta model information of a meta model used for performing image quality processing on the first image; and control the communication interface to transmit the meta model information and the first image to an image processing device configured to display a second image based on the meta model information and the first image.

Abstract: A display device is provided. The display device includes a display panel including a pixel array including pixels arranged in a plurality of row lines and including a plurality of inorganic light-emitting elements, and sub-pixel circuits corresponding to inorganic light-emitting elements 120 of the pixel array, and a driver configured to set an image data voltage corresponding to an image frame in units of the plurality of row lines in the sub-pixel circuits, set a reset voltage in units of the plurality of row lines in an anode terminal of the inorganic light-emitting elements, and drive the sub-pixel circuits so that the inorganic light-emitting elements emit light based on the set image data voltage and reset voltage.

Abstract: A single-slope analog-digital (AD) conversion circuit for performing AD conversion on a pixel signal includes a plurality of comparators configured to receive a plurality of pixel signals and a ramp signal, a count pulse controller configured to generate a counter input signal for counting an average value or a weighted average value of the plurality of pixel signals from a clock signal, based on outputs of the plurality of comparators, and a counter configured to count the average value or the weighted average value of the plurality of pixel signals based on the counter input signal.

Abstract: A ramp signal generator includes a resistor connected between an output node outputting a ramp signal that increases or decreases at a constant slope and a first power node which receives a first power voltage, and plural current cells. A cell current flows through each of the current cells to the first power node or the resistor. The current cells include a first current cell. The first current cell includes a first transistor connected between a first switching node and the output node, the cell current flowing to the resistor through the first transistor, a second transistor connected between the first switching node and the first power node, the cell current flowing to the first power node through the second transistor, and a negative feedback circuit that maintains a constant voltage at the first switching node.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device includes: a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells connected to a plurality of word lines and a plurality of bit lines, a row decoder configured to selectively control the plurality of word lines, a page buffer including a plurality of latches corresponding to the plurality of bit lines, respectively, and a control circuit configured to control the non-volatile memory device to enter a suspend state after terminating a verify operation of a program loop of a program operation of the plurality of memory cells in response to a suspend request being generated during an execution operation of the program loop.

Abstract: A display device includes: a display element layer disposed on a substrate and including a light emitting element and an encapsulation member disposed on the display element layer and including: a first inorganic encapsulation layer, an organic encapsulation layer disposed on the first inorganic encapsulation layer, and a second inorganic encapsulation layer including a first seed layer disposed on the organic encapsulation layer and a first inorganic layer disposed on the first seed layer and having a density less than a density of the first seed layer.

Abstract: An ultrasonic distance sensor is provided. The ultrasonic distance sensor according to an embodiment includes: a signal generator configured to generate a frequency-modulated continuous ultrasonic signal array; a gating switch configured to perform time gating to allow part of ultrasonic signals in the continuous ultrasonic signal array to pass therethrough; a transmitter configured to emit ultrasonic signals, having passed through the gating switch, toward an object; a receiver configured to receive an echo signal reflected from the object; and a signal processor configured to measure a location of the object by using the echo signal.

Abstract: A semiconductor package includes a cover layer including a first surface contacting a lower chip structure and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The lower chip structure includes one or more stacked chips. The one or more stacked chips contact the first surface of the cover layer and include an upper surface having groove. The cover layer includes convex portions on the first surface that fill the grooves, and one or more concave portions on the second surface that are aligned on one or more convex portions.

Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device which may include: a channel structure; a gate structure on the channel structure; and a gate contact structure on the gate structure, the gate contact structure configured to receive a gate input signal, wherein the gate contact structure is a portion of the gate structure itself, and no connection surface, interface or boundary is formed between the gate contact structure and the gate structure.