Abstract: Apparatus and method for the electrochemical reduction of a nitroaromatic to a dye includes a housing divided into two sections by membrane. An electrolyte solution including a non-aqueous electrolyte dimethylformamide and a supporting electrolyte is provided to the two sections of the housing. A cathode is located in one section of the housing while an anode is located in the other section. A nitroaromatic is provided to the section having the cathode. A direct voltage is provided to the cathode and to the anode so that a current can pass and cooperate in a reaction between the nitroaromatic and the electrolyte solution to provide a dye.

Abstract: A magnetic fluid comprising metal fine particles of cobalt, 25 to 60% based on the weight of the metal particles of a surface-active agent selected from the group consisting of polyglycerine fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, and mixtures thereof, and 50 to 250% based on the weight of the metal particles of a low boiling hydrocarbon medium exhibits remarkably high saturation magnetization.

Abstract: In a method of manufacturing a magneto-optic recording film wherein a vertically magnetized film of a Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet is formed on a substrate, a target consisting of an oxide containing at least Bi atoms, Fe atoms and rare-earth element atoms is sputtered, and the atoms constituting the oxide which are released from the target by sputtering are deposited on the substrate which is held at a temperature of 700.degree. C. or lower, thereby forming the vertically magnetized film consisting of the Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet.With this method, a vertically magnetized film of a Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet having a large Bi substitution amount x, a very large Faraday rotation angle .theta..sub.F, a sufficiently large coercive force H.sub.c and a sufficiently small absorption coefficient .alpha. can be manufactured, so that a magneto-optic recording film having excellent magneto-optic recording characteristics can be manufactured.

Abstract: A magnetron sputter device includes a first target having an emitting surface and a second target having a concave emitting target defined by a side wall of a frustum of cone. Separate plasma discharges for the targets are confined by separate electromagnet derived magnetic fields, coupled to the targets by pole pieces.

Abstract: A process of forming improved ohmic contacts is disclosed. Substrates having contact openings formed in a dielectric layer thereon are cleaned under vacuum with HF/H.sub.2 O vapor wherein the temperature of the vapor is at least about 5.degree. C. lower than that of the substrate. The cleaned substrates are then metallized in-situ in a closed system, e.g. by magnetron sputtering, thus preventing air from contacting the substrate. The cleaning and metallization each require about one minute, thus making the process suitable for efficient, large-scale operation.

Abstract: Stilbene fluorescent brightener solutions which are stable to metal ions and metal catalysts and contain a stilbene fluorescent brightener substituted by sulfo groups and a fatty amine oxyalkylation product of the formula ##STR1## in which Q is an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having 12 to 22 carbon atoms, M is hydrogen or an alkali metal ion, ammonium ion or amine salt ion and m and n are integers, the sum of m and n being at least 2 and not more than 50, and their use for the fluorescent brightening of natural and synthetic fibrous materials.

Abstract: A stable ferrofluid composition and the method of preparing and using the ferrofluid composition, such as in a ferrofluid seal apparatus, and which ferrofluid composition comprises: a liquid carrier; ferromagnetic particles sufficient to provide magnetic properties to the ferrofluid dispersed in the liquid carrier; and a dispersing amount of a cationic surfactant to provide a stable ferrofluid composition. The stable ferrofluid compositions have improved electrical conductivity and are useful in sealing computer disc drives and in sputtering apparatus in the semiconductive industry.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the zeta potential of particles in a suspension comprising: a cell containing at least a portion of the suspension of particles; a first electrode and a second electrode disposed in a cell; means for producing an electric field between the first and second electrodes, the electric field causing the particles to accelerate; means for converting a force, the force being generated by the acceleration of the particles, into electrical energy; and means for measuring the electrical energy.

Abstract: A plurality of bar-like magnets are arranged in a vacuum chamber at an equal space interval to form a plurality of strong magnetic fields in a stripe-pattern form and the magnets are moved reciprocally in the direction of arrangement of the magnetic fields while changing gradually the stop points of the magnets over a work to be processed by etching or sputtering in a step-like manner so that the integral effect of each magnetic field acting on the work is uniform over the entire region of the work.

Abstract: An electron-beam reactive magnetic coating composition for use in magnetic recording media comprising a magnetic powder and a polymer resin as a binder therefor, the polymer resin containing vinyl chloride as a main component and having at least one hydrophilic group selected from the group of COOM, SO.sub.3 M, SO.sub.4 M, PO.sub.3 M.sub.2 and PO.sub.4 M.sub.2 (wherein M represents hydrogen, an alkali metal or ammonium) and not more than 10,000 double bond equivalents of an unsaturated acid ester group.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for evaporation arc stabilization including a target having a surface of material of non-permeable material to be evaporated; circuitry for establishing an arc on the target surface for evaporating the target material, the arc being characterized by the presence of charged particles and a cathode spot which randomly migrates over the target surface; and a confinement ring surrounding the target surface, the ring being composed of a magnetically permeable material to thereby confine the cathode spot to the target surface.

Abstract: Hydrogen fluoride is produced by the electrodialysis of an alkali metal fluoride salt solution or an ammonium fluoride solution in an electrodialysis cell having an anode compartment and a cathode compartment spaced from one another by an inner electrodialysis compartment bounded by spaced cation exchange membranes.

Abstract: A composite sputtering target is provided which is constructed of a non-magnetic sputtering material bonded to a magnetic backing material. A magnetic field is provided through the backing material by a magnetic system, so that the backing material and magnetic system form a closed flux path. During sputtering the magnetic system is operated at a high enough field strength to saturate the backing plate. This saturation causes a fringing field over the non-magnetic target similar to that obtained with magnetic target systems. In another embodiment, the return path for magnetic flux beneath the target material is a permanent part of the magnetic system instead of being permanently attached to the target material as a backing for support.

Abstract: A coating film comprises an amorphous carbon of a specified atomic ratio with respect to hydrogen and carbon and it is excellent in hardness, oxidation resistance, thermal resistance, electric resistance and thermal conductivity. The coating film is produced by sputtering a graphite target electrode in an atmosphere of hydrogen, fluorine or a mixture of hydrogen and fluorides having a gas pressure of 6.665 to 666.5 Pa (0.05 to 5.0 Torr) while maintaining the relative current density for the graphite target electrode and a power source between 11.3 and 14.7 ma/cm.sup.2 thereby limiting the H/C ratio in terms of an atomic ratio between 0.5 and 0.9. A sputtering apparatus used for producing such coating film includes a coating forming deposition substrate arranged at a position within a sputtering vacuum container which is not directly exposed to a plasma or a deposition substrate mounted on an electron drawing electrode within the container and a plasma adjusting electrode positioned in front of the substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed is a RIE apparatus wherein the anode (maintained at ground potential) is composed of a three-plate configuration and is disposed in parallel relationship with the cathode plate. The top and middle plates of the anode have small gas pump-out holes and are affixed to the chamber walls below the pump-out port to form a high pressure baffle chamber. A gas ring interposed between the top and middle anode plates permits uniform diffusion of etchant species into the reaction volume. The third plate (plasma potential reduction plate -PPRP) of the anode is flexibly attached to the middle plate and contains a large number of large holes compared to those in the top and middle plates. The minimum size of the holes in the PPRP is twice the plasma dark space to permit the plasma formed in the reaction volume below the PPRP to be sustained thereabove, thereby increasing the ratio of the grounded area to the cathode area to which the plasma is exposed.

Abstract: A cathode sputter magnetron device is controlled so that there is a uniformity of material supplied to workpieces over the lives of plural geometrically spaced targets from which material is sputtered. Each target is subjected to a separate plasma discharge that is confined to the associated target by a separate magnetic field. The relative powers of the separate plasma discharges are controlled so that the relative powers change as a function of target erosion condition. The impedances of the separate discharges are controlled by varying each separate magnetic field in response to variable currents applied to electromagnets.

Abstract: Cathode sputtering apparatus with at least two adjacently arranged stations including a charging station and a coating station. At least one sputtering cathode and a substrate carrier that can execute reciprocatory movement between the stations are arranged on a vacuum chamber. The substrate carrier is secured by means of an extension arm eccentrically on a pivot bearing passing through the vacuum chamber. A coolant circulation line is led through the pivot bearing to the substrate holder.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for improving the stability and durability of sputtered metal films such as silver and copper by means of depositing a protective overcoat of a metal such as stainless steel on the exposed surface of the film.

Abstract: A magnetic paint for use in magnetic recording media comprising a magnetic powder and as a binder therefor, a copolymer resin having a bonded carboxyl group content of 0.3 to 5.0% by weight, a bonded epoxy group content of at least 0.5% by weight, and a vinyl chloride unit content of at least 60% by weight.

Abstract: Substituted aurones of formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2 R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 are the same or different and can each represent hydrogen, halogen, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.1-6 alkoxy, C.sub.3-8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, C.sub.1-6 haloalkyl, amido, amino, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, C.sub.2-4 alkenyl, carboxyl, tetrazol-5-yl and --CH.dbd.CHCOOH; orwherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 taken together can represent a group of formula --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH-- provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 is carboxyl, tetrazol-5-yl or --CH.dbd.CHCOOH;or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or ester thereof, are effective in the prophylactic chemotherapy of allergic conditions such as bronchial asthma.