Abstract: Dehydrocyclizable hydrocarbons are converted to aromatics by contacting them at hydrocarbon dehydrocyclization conditions with an acidic multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of catalytically effective amounts of a platinum group component, a nickel component, a zinc component, and a halogen component with a porous carrier material. The platinum group, nickel, zinc and halogen components are present in the multimetallic catalyst in amounts respectively, calculated on an elemental basis, corresponding to about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % platinum group metal, about 0.05 to about 5 wt. % nickel, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % zinc, and about 0.1 to about 3.5 wt. % halogen.

Abstract: A process for processing a sulfur-containing heavy oil, which comprises:in a first zone, catalytically cracking a sulfur-containing heavy oil in the presence of fluidized catalyst particles containing about 30 to 60 wt % Fe to thereby convert the heavy oil to a light oil, deposit sulfur-containing coke on the catalyst particles, and partially fixing the decomposed sulfur compounds with the reduced iron contained in the catalyst particles as iron sulfide;in a second zone, contacting the catalyst from the first zone with an oxygen containing gas in an amount less than that theoretically required to thereby partially combust the coke on the catalyst, reduce the iron in the catalyst, and fix the sulfur compounds contained in the coke as iron sulfide; andin a third zone, contacting the reduced catalyst from the second zone with steam in a fluidized manner to produce hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide and to convert the reduced iron and iron sulfide in the catalyst to iron oxides, with the iron oxide-containing catalyst

Abstract: A hydropyrolysis process for upgrading heavy, high molecular weight feedstocks such as coal-derived liquids, petroleum crudes, tar sand bitumens, shale oils, bottom residues from process streams, and the like, to lighter, lower molecular weight liquid products. The process includes subjecting the feedstocks to pyrolysis in the presence of hydrogen under carefully controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. The process can be defined as hydrogen-modified, thermal cracking in the specific temperature range of 450.degree. C. to 650.degree. C. and in the hydrogen pressure range of about 120 psi to 2250 psi. The amount of hydrogen present can be varied according to the type of feedstock and the liquid product desired. Although the hydrogen is not consumed in large amounts, it does participate in and modifies the process, and thereby provides a means of controlling the process as to the molecular weight range and structural type distribution of the liquid products.

Abstract: Cyclic hydrotreating of resids with low pressure, short term on-stream periods yields desirable products.

Abstract: In a process for the thermal cracking of hydrocarbons to produce olefins, improvement of recovering hydrocarbons boiling above 200.degree. C. from the thermal cracking stage, preferably removing polymeric components therefrom, catalytically hydrogenating resultant hydrocarbons boiling above 200.degree. C., and recycling resultant hydrogenated hydrocarbons to the thermal cracking stage.

Abstract: An apparatus for the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons comprising two independent transfer line reactors, each of which is associated with an independent cyclone separation system and wherein the cyclone separation systems are located within a common reactor vessel. The apparatus is suitable for use in the simultaneous fluidized catalytic cracking of dissimilar hydrocarbon feedstocks without commingling either the feedstocks or the products therefrom.

Abstract: An improvement in the solvent extraction of nonhydrocarbons from a synfuel liquid, e.g., shale oil, involves that the extract from the extractor, rather than being recycled directly back to the extractor, is first hydrotreated. A further improvement involves that a portion of the hydrotreated extract is fractionated and a light fraction is returned to the extractor. Use of the hydrotreated extract as recycle increases the efficiency of the extractor. A still further improvement involves the use as a selective solvent of one of the following: dialkylformamide, aldehydomorpholine, keto-morpholine, morpholine or an aliphatic aromatic ketone. These preferred solvents have the advantage of providing a clear interface between the extract and raffinate in the extractor. Removal of the nonhydrocarbons permits production of more hydrocarbons having enhanced utility as a jet fuel from a synfuel liquid than otherwise would be possible.

Abstract: Dehydrocyclizable hydrocarbons are converted to aromatics by contacting them at hydrocarbon dehydrocyclization conditions with an attenuated superactive acidic multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing catalytically effective amounts of a halogen component, a silver component and a uniform dispersion a catalytically effective amount of a platinum group component which is maintained in the elemental metallic state. The platinum group, pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl, silver and halogen components are present in the multimetallic catalyst in amounts respectively, calculated on an elemental basis, corresponding to about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % platinum group metal, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % rhenium, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % silver and about 0.1 to about 3.5 wt. % halogen.

Abstract: A contaminating metal on cracking catalyst used for the cracking of hydrocarbons is attenuated by contacting the catalyst with a boron compound at attenuation reaction conditions. The source of the contaminating metal may be the feedstock or residual metals resulting from the synthesis of the catalyst. The passivation is effected by impregnation with an aqueous solution of a water soluble boron compound, preferably in a separate passivation zone.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons wherein an ascending cocurrent stream of vaporous hydrocarbon and entrained catalyst particulates is effected in a tubular reaction zone the method including the following steps: (1) altering the direction of flow of said stream of hydrocarbons and particulates to a downward direction by conducting the stream into a flow reversing zone, (2) accelerating the rate of downward flow of the particulates by gravitational force augmenting fluid flow drag forces to impart momentum thereto, (3) withdrawing cracked hydrocarbons laterally from the downwardly flowing particulates, and (4) contacting the downwardly flowing particulates with inert stripping gas, the momentum of said particulates preventing their passage laterally with the cracked hydrocarbons and permitting their passage counter current to the upward movement of stripping steam.

Abstract: Dehydrocyclizable hydrocarbons are converted to aromatics by contacting them at hydrocarbon dehydrocyclization conditions with an attenuated superactive acidic multimetallic catalytic composite comprising a combination of a catalytically effective amount of a pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl component with a porous carrier material containing catalytically effective amounts of a halogen component, a cadmium component and a uniform dispersion of a catalytically effective amount of a platinum group component which is maintained in the elemental metallic state. The platinum group, pyrolyzed rhenium carbonyl, cadmium and halogen components are present in the multimetallic catalyst in amounts respectively, calculated on an elemental basis, corresponding to about 0.01 to about 2 wt. % platinum group metal, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % rhenium, about 0.01 to about 5 wt. % cadmium and about 0.1 to about 3.5 wt. % halogen.

Abstract: Heat transfer in a hydrocarbon conversion process utilizing a magnetically stabilized fluid bed reactor and a magnetically stabilized catalyst regenerator is improved by the use of a fluidizable solids mixture comprising substantially inert heat carrier particles and magnetizable catalyst particles wherein the inert particles have settling rates higher than the settling rates of the catalyst particles. The heat carrier particles and the magnetizable catalyst particles are completely or partially separated in settling zones associated with the reactor and regenerator. The separated heat carrier particles and catalyst particles are independently circulated between the reactor and regenerator so that the heat carrier particles can be passed through one or more heat exchangers to provide the desired temperature levels in the system.

Abstract: A novel aluminous composition prepared by impregnating porous gamma alumina with aluminum hydride and subsequently heating the impregnated alumina to a temperature of from about 300.degree. C. to about 900.degree. C. in a non-oxidizing environment. The composition is useful as a catalyst in reactions catalyzed by acid catalysts.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for converting an asphalt-free heavy hydrocarbon oil to high V.I. low pour point lube base stock and naphtha. The heavy oil is first catalytically dewaxed with a catalyst such as Ni-ZSM-5 and the dewaxed oil is then hydrocracked, or hydroconverted with a large pore zeolite catalyst such as dealuminized Y or ZSM-20 associated with palladium. The V.I. is controlled by the severity of the hydroconversion step.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion process wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with a magnetically stabilized fluid bed of particulate solids comprising a mixture of separate, discrete (a) magnetizable substantially non-catalytic particles, and (b) non-magnetizable catalytic particles. The particulate solids mixture is withdrawn from the magnetically stabilized, fluidized bed and separated into magnetizable, substantially non-catalytic particles and non-magnetizable catalyst particles. The non-magnetizable catalytic particles are thereafter regenerated and returned to the hydrocarbon conversion zone. The separated magnetizable, substantially non-catalytic particles are subjected to heat transfer prior to their return to the conversion zone.

Abstract: Heavy liquid hydrocarbon oil, such as petroleum derived tars, predominantly boiling over 425.degree. C., are upgraded to products boiling below 425.degree. C., without substantial formation of insoluble char, by heating the heavy oil with hydrogen and a hydrogen transfer solvent in the absence of hydrogenation catalyst at temperatures of about 320.degree. C. to 500.degree. C., and a pressure of 20 to 180 bar for 3 to 30 minutes. The hydrogen transfer solvents are polycyclic compounds free of carbonyl groups, e.g., pyrene, and have a polarographic reduction potential which is less negative than phenanthrene and equal to or more negative than azapyrene.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon conversion catalyst suitable for conversion of heavy hydrocarbon oils containing large amounts of metallic contaminants, such as petroleum residua, to lower boiling products comprises a porous inorganic oxide such as bulk alumina composited with an inorganic oxide gel matrix such as silica-alumina, and a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite.

Abstract: Metals such as nickel, vanadium and iron contaminating a cracking catalyst are passivated by contacting the cracking catalyst under elevated temperature conditions with tungsten and compounds of tungsten.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the conversion of a hydrocarbon stream which is primarily C.sub.4 paraffins to aromatic hydrocarbons and hydrogen over certain crystalline silicates containing zinc.

Abstract: In regeneration of a cracking catalyst using platinum to catalyze combustion of CO, the amount of nitrogen oxides formed is decreased by empolying a combustion promoter containing, for each part of platinum, from 0.01 to 1 part of iridium or rhodium.