Abstract: For transforming unsaturated diolefinic hydrocarbons to a &agr;-olefinic hydrocarbons at rates which are at least 1.5 times higher than the rate of hydrogenation of &agr;-olefinic hydrocarbons to saturated compounds, the catalyst contains palladium distributed at the periphery of particles (spherules or extrduates), and at least one element selected from tin and lead. Further, the tin and/or lead is advantageously distributed at the periphery of the spherules or extrudates.

Abstract: A regenerative thermal oxidation system for reducing the VOC content of asphalt vapors.

Abstract: A process for reforming naphtha-containing hydrocarbon feedstreams is disclosed wherein a naphtha stream containing at least about 25 wt % of C5 to C9 aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons is contacted with a modified reforming catalyst, e.g. ZSM-5, containing a dehydrogenation metal, e.g. zinc, which has been modified by contact with Group IIA alkaline earth metal, e.g. barium, or with an organosilicon compound in an amount sufficient to neutralize at least a portion of the surface acidic sites present on the catalyst. The resulting reformate contains a reduced content of C1 to C4 gas and a C8 aromatic fraction having an enhanced content of para-xyelene.

Abstract: In a method of removing acidic compounds, color, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and for removing or converting hydrocarbons containing heteroatoms from petroleum distillates, phase transfer catalyst is employed to facilitate the transfer of inorganic or organic bases to the substrate of the distillate. An inorganic or organic base, a phase transfer catalyst selected from the group including quaternary ammonium salts, polyol ethers and crown ethers, and used oil distillate are mixed and heated. Thereafter, contaminants are removed from the used oil distillate through distillation. A solvent is then mixed with the resulting distillate to extract contaminants therefrom. The solvent is recovered and distilled to separate the contaminants therefrom, and is then reused. The petroleum distillate having the contaminants separated therefrom is also distilled to remove any remaining solvent therefrom, with the recovered solvent being reused.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the chemical conversion and removal of hydrogen sulfide from gaseous and liquid streams by contacting a low temperature catalytically-active carbonaceous char capable of rapidly decomposing hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous solution with said stream.

Abstract: A catalytic pyrolysis process for production of ethylene and propylene from heavy hydrocarbons, comprises that heavy hydrocarbons are contacted with a pillared interlayered clay molecular sieve and/or phosphorus and aluminum or magnesium or calcium modified high silica zeolite having a structure of pentasil contained catalysts in a riser or downflow transfer line reactor in the presence of steam and catalytically pyrolysed at a temperature of 650° C. to 750° C. and a pressure of 0.15 to 0.4 MPa for a contact time of 0.2 to 5 seconds, a weight ratio of catalyst to feedstock of 15:1 to 40:1 and a weight ratio of steam to feedstock of 0.3:1 to 1:1. The yields of ethylene and propylene by the present invention are over 18 wt %.

Abstract: A process for the solvent separation of hydrocarbons from tar sand or contaminated soils comprises extracting the hydrocarbons from the sand or soil in a solvent extraction means to form a hydrocarbon rich solvent solution. The rich solvent is separated from the hydrocarbon in a process that utilizes flashing of the solvent in a heated flashing column at ambient pressure. The hydrocarbon is withdrawn from the bottom of the column and the flashed solvent vapors are strategicly withdrawn and passed into a condensation column from which the condensed solvent may be recycled. The flashing column is divided by a series of horizontal, vertically aligned apertured trays. The solution is introduced into the top of the column and the flashing operation is facilitated by the increase in the surface area of the solution as it flows by gravity from tray to tray. The column is maintained at a temperature, preferably above the boiling temperature of the solvent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel type of hydrogenation reactor, to methods of hydrogenation implemented therein, and more generally to the use of such a reactor. A reactor of the invention has a double wall; said double wall comprising an outer wall (10) suitable for withstanding mechanical loads and an inner wall (20) defining the reaction volume (30) within which a reaction medium is caused to react, said inner wall (20) withstanding said reaction medium and protecting said outer wall (10) from coming into contact therewith.

Abstract: A process combination is disclosed to selectively upgrade naphtha to obtain a component for blending into gasoline. A naphtha feedstock is subjected to formation of olefins from paraffins using a nonacidic catalyst followed by aromatization of the resulting olefin-containing product to obtain improved yields of an aromatics-rich, high-octane gasoline product.

Abstract: Adverse effects of asphaltenes in liquid hydrocarbons are reduced by incorporating into the liquid hydrocarbon sufficient concentration, e.g., about 0.5 to 5 weight % of a dispersant to disassemble or break up agglomerates of the asphaltenes. The dispersant has a polarity of about 0.3 to about 3.2 Debye Units and is preferably selected from the group of toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, tetralin, furan, phenol, ethyl benzoate, butraldehyde, acetophenone and cyclohexanone.

Abstract: Use is made of a high-speed agitator comprising vessel 2 rotated at a low speed and bladed agitating element 3 rotated at a high speed in direction reverse to that of the vessel 2, the bladed agitating element 3 having a rotary axis arranged parallel to, and located apart from, the rotary axis of the vessel 2. Petroleum residuum such as solvent deasphalting residuum is agitated together with a grinding auxiliary and water in the high-speed agitator so that the petroleum residuum is ground. Thereafter, a dispersant is added thereto to form a slurry and the viscosity thereof is adjusted to a given value. A stabilizer is further added thereto to obtain a stable slurry. The dispersant and the stabilizer may be placed in the high-speed agitator prior to the grinding of the petroleum residuum. Thus, there is provided a process in which a high-concentration petroleum residuum-water slurry with a desirable particle size distribution, being cheap and highly stable, can easily be obtained by a one-stage grinding.

Abstract: A process for obtaining a substantial amount of olefinic products from a residual feedstock by use of a vapor short contact time conversion process unit comprised of a bed of fluidized heat transfer solids. The vapor short contact time process unit is operated at conditions which includes steam dilution to reduce partial pressure of hydrocarbon vapors and a vapor residence time less than about 0.5 seconds.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for converting a hydrocarbon feed in which said feed is treated in a distillation zone producing a bottom effluent and a vapour distillate, associated with an at least partially external reaction zone comprising at least one catalytic bed, in which at least one reaction for converting at least a portion of at least one hydrocarbon is carried out in the presence of a catalyst and a gas stream comprising hydrogen, the feed for the reaction zone being drawn off at the height of at least one draw-off level and representing at least a portion of the liquid flowing in the distillation zone, at least part of the effluent from the reaction zone being re-introduced into the distillation zone at the height of at least one re-introduction level, so as to ensure continuity of the distillation, and so as to withdraw a distillate from the distillation zone and to recover a bottom effluent from the bottom of the distillation zone, said process being characterized in that the temperature of t

Abstract: A cavitation enhanced atomizing process comprises forming a flowing solution of the liquid to be atomized and a lower boiling cavitating liquid. This flowing solution is then contacted with a pressure reducing means, at a temperature below the bubble point of the cavitating liquid in the solution, to produce cavitation bubbles. These bubbles comprise cavitation liquid vapor and the bubble nucleation produces a two-phase fluid of the bubbles and liquid solution. The two-phase fluid is passed downstream into and through an atomizing means, such as an orifice, and into a lower pressure atomizing zone, in which the bubbles vaporize to form a spray of liquid droplets. The nucleated bubbles also grow in size as the so-formed two-phase fluid passes downstream to and through the atomizing means.

Abstract: A process comprises providing a catalyst comprising a support, a microwave absorption material, and a catalytically active phase; heating the catalyst with a source of microwave energy which is absorbed by said microwave absorption material to increase the temperature of the catalyst to a desired temperature; and contacting said heated catalyst with a hydrocarbon feedstock for upgrading same.

Abstract: A residue from petroleum refining is thermally cracked to convert the residue to useful cracked products and to generate fuel gas. The residue is cracked by contact with hot synthesis gas produced by the gasification on the tar/pitch residue remaining after the cracking of the residue feed. Waste heat can be recovered from remaining portions of the synthesis gas from the gasifier in the form of steam which can be used in the gasification process and in the cracking process as needed for coke suppression. The combustible synthesis gas and the combustible gasses form the thermal cracking are separated from the cracked product liquid and used for power generation in a combined cycle plant.

Abstract: The invention relates to a hydrocarbon catalytic cracking method in the presence of a catalyst in fluidized phase, within a tubular type reactor (1) containing an injection area.According to the invention, a substantial part of the load to be cracked is introduced into the injection area using at least one means of injection (3) of such load against the flow, in relation to the direction of flow of the catalyst grains, and a substantial part of the load to be cracked is simultaneously introduced in the same area using at least one means of injection (2) of such load in direction of the flow in relation to the direction of flow of the catalyst grains.

Abstract: A process for recovering a base oil of lubricating viscosity from used oil in which, following optional pretreatment, used oil is re-refined by distilling it in distillation apparatus having multiple theoretical plates. Impurities are then extracted from the lube range distillate fraction or fractions with a liquid extractant such as N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) at a temperature below the temperature, if any, of complete miscibility of the extractant and the oil. The oil and extractant are then separated whereupon the extractant is re-used in the process and the oil is subject to further treatment, as necessary, for targeted uses.

Abstract: A hydrocracking process wherein a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock and a hot hydrocracking zone effluent containing hydrogen is passed to a denitrification and desulfurization reaction zone to produce hydrogen sulfide and ammonia to thereby clean up the fresh feedstock. The resulting hot, uncooled effluent from the denitrification and desulfurization zone is hydrogen stripped in a stripping zone maintained at essentially the same pressure as the preceding reaction zone with a hydrogen-rich gaseous stream to produce a vapor stream comprising hydrogen, hydrocarbonaceous compounds boiling at a temperature below the boiling range of the fresh feedstock, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and a liquid hydrocarbonaceous stream.

Abstract: A process to provide a multiplicity of hydrocracking reaction zones containing hydrocracking catalyst wherein the catalyst is rejuvenated or reactivated while the process unit remains on-stream by the periodic exposure of partially spent catalyst to hot recycle gas containing hydrogen. The hydrocracking catalyst always operates at "near" fresh activity and selectivity thereby resulting in more stable temperature, yield and product quality performance.