Abstract: A process is described for purifying liquids by cryogenic sublimation. This process involves solidifying the liquid by reducing the temperature and pressure to below the triple point. Purification is then carried out by direct transformation from the solid to the vapor phase. Because of increased differentials in vapor pressures at the low temperature at which the procedure is carried out, this purification process is highly efficient and is also particularly suitable for liquids that are susceptible to decomposition with ordinary purification procedures requiring elevated temperatures. The procedure is also advantageous in separating azeotropes, structurally similar compounds, as well as treating flammable, hydroscopic, corrosive and fuming compounds.

Abstract: An apparatus for controllably introducing particulate material into the interior of a hollow reactor housing in a predetermined particulate material flow path having a predetermined directional flow for enabling reaction of the particulate material within the housing interior includes means for collecting a pile of particulate material injected into the interior to provide a pile having an unsupported surface oriented to the horizontal at a predetermined natural angle of repose of the particulate. Means are located within the collected pile for introducing a thin stream of fluid into the interior of the collected pile from beneath the pile in the same direction as the predetermined direction of material flow to disturb the natural angle of repose equilibrium condition of the pile for impelling a portion of the collected particulate from the surface into the flow path.

Abstract: The arrangement comprises a working member formed by a pair of intercommunicating nozzles of which one nozzle comprises a bellmouth mounted above the oven platform with a certain spacing, facing with its enlarged portion the bottom part of the oven and intimately adjoining this part upon engaging the oven, and the second nozzle is of cylindrical shape and has an ejector communicated with a compressed gas source for reducing pressure within the nozzles, whereby the first nozzle functions as a suction nozzle to collect the remainders of coke from the platform, and the second nozzle functions as a delivery nozzle to project the collected remainders of coke into the oven chamber.

Abstract: Distillate produced by the condensing stage of an evaporation installation is conducted to a reservoir to be preheated to its boiling point in preparation for a further degassing step. The required rise in temperature of the distillate in the reservoir is effected by the heat of condensation of a portion of the steam directed via a main pipe from the evaporating stage of the installation to the condensing stage. The required contacting of such steam portion with the reservoir is effected by diverting, to the reservoir, a portion of the steam in the main pipe via a diaphragm or another blocking member interposed in the main pipe and a branch pipe that communicates with the main pipe upstream of the diaphragm member and extends to the reservoir. A conventional overflow pipe disposed at a predetermined height in the reservoir is effective to conduct the heated distillate to the subsequent degassing stage.

Abstract: A thermal reactor comprising a shell, an outer core in the shell, an inner core supported by the outer core, an inlet pipe being fixed to the shell and extending through the outer and inner cores, and an outlet pipe. A convex portion on the periphery of the outer core is slidably supported in a concave portion provided on the shell and one end of the inner core is slidably supported on the periphery of the outer core. The outlet pipe is fixed to the shell and the outer core. Therefore, relative movements caused by the thermal deformations are permitted between the shell and the outer and inner cores, while generations of noise and vibration of each member are prevented.

Abstract: An apparatus according to the invention utilizes an elongated combustion chamber at least partially surrounded by a cooling air chamber receiving cooling air, directing a portion of the heated cooling air into the combustion chamber, and discharging the remaining heated cooling air into the atmosphere. A number of separated ducts discharge afterburned exhaust gas and are connected to a combustion chamber discharge pipe. Each duct has a wall forming a joint heat exchange surface with the cooling air chamber and the openings of the ducts into the atmosphere are separate from the air chamber opening. The ducts may each be formed of a corrugated metal shell with the corrugation peaks connected with the exterior wall of the cooling air chamber.

Abstract: The quenching apparatus includes a collector or receiver positioned above and connected to a quenching vessel. Incandescent coke pushed from a coke oven is deposited in the receiver and fed at a controlled rate from the receiver into the upper portion of the quenching vessel. Nozzles positioned adjacent the top of the quenching vessel spray quenching water on the incandescent coke as it is introduced into the quenching vessel. A suction device is provided adjacent the lower portion of the quenching vessel to draw the vaporized quenching water downwardly through the bed of quenched coke in the quenching vessel and discharge the quenching vapors to the atmosphere. The bed of quenched coke serves as a filter to remove the particulate material from the quenched water vapor.

Abstract: A catalytic reactor assembly for purifying exhaust gas from internal combustion engine comprises a first bed of catalytic material which promotes reducing reactions in exhaust gas from the engine between unburned and partially burned fuel components and NO.sub.x whereby the latter is substantially converted to nitrogen and a second bed of catalytic material which promotes oxidizing reactions in the presence of added air to oxidize unburned and partially burned components of exhaust gas from the first bed. Exhaust gas is constrained to pass substantially radially outwards from the interior of the first bed to a collection space therearound and is then directed to the interior of the second bed for passage radially outwardly therethrough before discharge to atmosphere. The two catalytic beds are preferably cylindrical or annular, and located end-to-end for maximum conversions with minimum pressure drop.

Abstract: A tank with an upwardly concave bottom, a rotatable center shaft running on the vertical axis of the tank from the top of the tank to the bottom, middlings outlets at the side of the tank, a sands discharge outlet at the bottom of the tank, an overflow means connected at the side of the tank, a sand rake connected to the center shaft to rotate with the shaft and positioned to move settled sand toward the sand discharge outlet and a means for rotating the center shaft, the improvement which comprises a combination of two or more saucer-shaped deflecting baffles located in the cell and concentric with the shaft and affixed thereto, the lowest baffle being located immediately above the sand rake, and inverted to the bottom of the cell and having a skirt extending downward from the outer periphery thereof and at least one other deflecting baffle being located in between the feed well and the lower baffle.

Abstract: Apparatus for the continuous production of saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids by the catalyzed nitric acid oxidation of the corresponding cycloalkanols and cycloalkanones with recirculation of the reaction sludge and the reaction gases, which comprises cooling the reaction sludge by passing it through the tubes of a multiple tube heat exchanger, separating the reaction gases downstream of the heat exchanger, and dispersing the recycled portion of the reaction gases in the reaction sludge upstream of the heat exchanger, in a volume amount 0.1 to 2.0 times the volume of the reaction sludge circulating per unit time and in a pressure ratio of initial gas pressure to pressure in the circulation reactor at the gas feed point of (x + 0.25) : x to (x + 1.5) : x, wherein x is the pressure at the gas feed point, to form a homogeneously dispersed three-phase mixture of the recycled reaction gases in the reaction sludge in the tubes of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A carbon black apparatus is disclosed wherein a hydrocarbon feedstock is axially introduced into a tubular reactor at one end, carbon black-bearing smoke is withdrawn at the other end, a first vortex of hot combustion gases is created around the hydrocarbon feedstream, and wherein a second vortex is created upstream with respect to the first vortex, said second vortex being created under such conditions as to exert an aspirating effect on the gases of the first vortex so that an axial prolongation of the zone of hot combustion gases of the first vortex moving around the hydrocarbon feedstream is created upstream of the first vortex.

Abstract: A flash reactor unit includes a housing shaped to define a chamber therein in which gases and particulate matter are continuously circulated. A stream of hot, high velocity exhaust gas from a combustion chamber turbine is introduced into the chamber proximate the bottom thereof such that the gases are directed upwardly into the chamber. A cooling liquid such as, for example, sanitary waste liquid, is sprayed into the chamber proximate the top thereof. At the same time metallic waste objects, such as tin cans, are introduced to the chamber with the hot gases continuously circulating the metallic objects to thereby expose substantially all of the surface area of the objects to the chemicals in the hot gases and the liquid sanitary waste. The surfaces of the metallic objects form a reaction surface for generating insoluble salts from the hot gases, the metallic objects and the liquid wastes. The metallic objects are continuously ejected from the chamber as more metallic objects are introduced therein.

Abstract: A coke quencher car apparatus comprises a receptacle that is similar to a standard quencher car, but having one internal baffle forming coke compartments, and a frame at each end thereof on which is supported metal curtain material. Each curtain is stretchable to cover one of the coke compartments during and after the pushing of coke is completed. The quencher car is connected to a traction car carrying equipment to remove and clean gases arising from the pushed coke in the quencher car and to move the quenching car.

Abstract: An improved by-product coke oven wherein the ends are heated through the doors or jambs to prevent condensation of the tar and the deposit of carbon and coal. This improved coke oven possesses improved sealing features and minimizes pollution during coking and during the extraction of the doors.

Abstract: A plate for fluid bed reactors to insure uniform distribution of the fluidizing gas, comprises a pair of spaced opposed plates having holes therethrough, the holes in one plate being staggered relative to those of the other plate. The peripheral holes are larger than the central holes. The holes in the upper plate have upper frusto-conical parts and lower cylindrical parts, while the holes in the lower plate have upper cylindrical parts and lower frusto-conical parts. The plates have central holes closed by frusto-conical plugs operable from outside the associated apparatus to discharge material from the plate.

Abstract: A fluidized bed reactor is provided with heat exchange coils for controllng the temperature of the fluidized bed. The heat exchange coils are vertically oriented and elements thereof pass through the constriction plate of the reactor. Multiple function Tuyere elements are provided which admit air into the reaction chamber from the windbox, provide for passage of elements of the heat exchange coils through the constriction plate, structurally support the heat exchange coils in position and constitute thermal sleeves for accommodating differential thermal expansion of the heat exchange coils and the constriction plate.

Abstract: A device suitable for mixing and redistributing reactants between the beds of a multi-bed, mixed phase down flow reactor comprising means for injecting gas into the reactor having a number of parallel perforated pipes extending across the width of the reactor and a number of quench boxes also extending across the width of the reactor. The quench boxes also have an inner and two outer compartments, passages through the walls between the inner and outer compartments, passages in the roof of either the inner or outer compartments and passages in the floor of whichever of the inner or outer compartments has no passages in its roof.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods for processing coal and like material, wherein the material is converted by heat into plastic-like condition and then supplied to a pressurized receiver such as a coal gasification reactor or a synthesis gas generator.

Abstract: A coke oven discharge device for the closed discharge of coke from a horizontal row of coke ovens into a receiving bunker located alongside the ovens comprises a support frame which is mounted on an undercarriage for movement along a path alongside the rows of coke ovens. The tank is made up of a plurality of heat resistant metal plates which are suspended in loosely adjacent layers from strips and they overlap their adjacent plates. The tank includes a bottom with openable door means for selectively opening and closing a bottom discharge for discharging the coke into a receiving bunker. A separator and washer is connected to the tank for withdrawing gaseous dust and odors and for subjecting them to a washing and a removal of the dust. The tank carries a sealing sleeve which is engageable between the exterior of the tank around the bottom discharge and a bunker to seal the space therebetween during the discharge.

Abstract: A gas treatment apparatus suitable for removing sulfur oxides and dust from gas streams is disclosed. The gas to be treated is conveyed through a conduit and past at least one nozzle positioned in fluid communicaton with the interior of the conduit. The nozzle injects an atomized solution, such as an alkali metal carbonate solution, into the gas. Solids formed by contacting the gas with the solution collect on the inner surface of a conical funnel-shaped portion of a hollow body. The hollow body includes a conduit portion in coaxial alignment with the hollow body. The solids are first removed from the hollow body by a screw conveyer positioned on the conical funnel-shaped portion and then withdrawn through a solids exit port. Gases formed by the contact of the gas with the injected solution are removed through a gas exit port in the hollow body and a gas passageway defined by the inner surface of the hollow body and the outer surface of the conduit portion.