Abstract: A digital frequency detection circuit, or frequency discriminator, is implemented for use as a synchronization field detector for the synchronization field frequency in the data stream read from a computer floppy disk. No analog components are utilized; and the detector produces an output indicative of the presence of a valid synchronization field frequency whenever the incoming data pulses fall within a predetermined range of frequencies having a lowest frequency limit and an upper frequency limit. This is accomplished by employing a multi-stage binary counter for counting the reference clock pulses from a computer. The counter is reset each time an incoming data pulse is received; and the outputs of the counter are coupled to coincidence gates, which establish the lowest and highest frequency limits of the predetermined range of frequencies to be detected.

Abstract: A monochromatic X-ray radiation source includes an anode for producing X-ray radiation, a target enclosed by the anode for converting X-ray radiation into fluorescence radiation and a screen located between the target and the anode for screen the target from electrons. A higher output of fluorescence radiation is attained in that the screen comprises an element having an atomic number greater than 50, for example, tungsten or tantalum.

Abstract: A low jitter clock phase adjust system divides an input clock signal into three clock signals having precisely equal phase differences from each other. The three clock signals are converted into current vectors and input to a trio of two-quadrature multipliers. The current vectors are multiplied by separate control signals generated from an input phase control signal. The separate control signals are generated such that only one of the separate control signals varies at a time. The result is a phase response output that is a linear function of the input phase control signal and that provides a phase adjustment range from -60.degree. to 360.degree..

Abstract: A double-crystal X-ray monochromator includes entrance and exit crystal assemblies mounted on a support structure to provide full parallelism of the crystals while one crystal is rotated and the other rotated and translated with respect to the first, allowing selection of the wavelength of X-rays to be passed through the monochromator. The monochromator is mounted in an ultra-high vacuum chamber by supports which pass through the vacuum chamber to support the monochromator independently of the vacuum chamber. Bearings supporting the monochromator provide very low friction to linear movement and rotation to allow high precision to be obtained. To compensate for the heating of the entrance crystal due to impingement of high energy X-rays on the crystal, the entrance crystal is cooled using a radiation heat transfer system which provides no physical contact between the radiator connected to the entrance crystal assembly and the heat transfer structure on the vacuum chamber.

Abstract: An adaptive power limiter circuit for suppressing power spikes output by a receiver to reduce the chances of damage to the receiver includes a first attenuating stage having an input terminal for receiving power spikes of input magnitude. A first FET is coupled to the input terminal and an output terminal is coupled to the first FET for providing power spikes of output magnitude which are diminished in power relative to the input magnitude. A second attenuating stage has an input terminal connected to the output terminal of the first attenuating stage for receiving the power spikes output by the first stage, an additional FET is coupled to the input terminal of the second stage and a second stage output terminal is coupled to the additional FET for providing power spikes of output magnitude which are considerably diminished in power relative to the input magnitude of the spikes at the input terminal of the first stage.

Abstract: A method for recording an image of ionizing radiation comprising the steps of:(1) image-wise exposing to ionizing radiation an element containing at least one phosphor which converts said ionizing radiation into photochemically active radiation,(2) image-wise exposing a recording material to the thus obtained photochemically active radiation, said recording material containing at least one non-luminescent substance or poorly luminescent substance by means of which through said photochemically active radiation at least one compound is produced forming in said recording material or by transfer into a receptor element a latent luminescent image or by means of which through said photochemically active radiation (a) compound(s) is (are) formed that is (are) allowed to transfer from the recording material into a receptor element to form therein by chemical reaction a latent luminescent image,(3) exposing said latent image to radiation stimulating the fluorescent light emission of the formed luminescent compound(s),

Abstract: By a suitable choice of a retardation foil with a specific value of .DELTA.n (.lambda.) it is possible to make the transmission/voltage characteristic curves for, for example, red, green and blue light extend parallel in an ECB display. The same type of display can then be used for modulating three colors, with modulation voltages shifted for each color.

Abstract: The polarizer of the present invention is composed of mediums having different refractive indices, by which ordinary light in incidented light is wholly reflected at a boundary between laminated medium I and medium II and extraordinary light is transmitted through the medium II. The medium II is so arranged as to be almost 45.degree. to the light axis, and thickness of the medium II is selected as a value with which the medium II works as a half wave length plate to the transmitting light. The polarizer, which has high transparency by reduction of absorption and is able to make most of incident light be similarly polarized light, is obtained. A polarizer for and apparatus for bright liquid crystal display, which is able to be enlarged to a large size display without light absorption, can be provided.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device comprises a multi-layered-type liquid crystal cell that is composed of first and second cell layers, the cell containing liquid crystal molecules with a twisted nematic orientation therein, wherein the angle of twist of the liquid crystal molecules in the first cell layer is opposite to that of twist of the liquid crystal molecules in the second cell layer; the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules in the first cell layer that is the nearest the second cell layer is at an angle of 70.degree. to 150.degree. to that of the liquid crystal molecules in the second cell layer that are nearest the first cell layer; and the angle of twist of the liquid crystal molecules in the first cell layer is different from the angle of twist of the liquid crystal molecules in the second cell layer, thereby producing a black-and-white display image with high contrast without giving rise to color and a colored display image with high contrast. Also, the dependence of the birefringence .

Abstract: The present invention is a scintillator which emits light in response to radiation. The scintillator is capable of being reversibly changed between solid and liquid phases, whichever is desired, by temperature control. The scintillator comprises a fluorescent substance for converting radiation energy into light energy; a solvent which transfers radiation energy to the fluorescent substance and dissolves and diffuses the fluorescent substance and a radioactive substance acting as an object of measurement to thereby homogenize them; and a fixing substance which enables the solvent, the fluorescent substance and the radioactive substance to be fixed in a solid state and also liquified upon heating, the fixing substance being capable of phase change reversibility.

Abstract: The disclosure pertains to X-ray tubes and, more particularly, in these tubes, it pertains to rotating anodes. The disclosed anode for an X-ray tube has a body or substrate on which a target is formed by a layer of target material, wherein the body comprises at least two parts formed by a first material, these two parts being connected to each other by a layer of a second material having greater plasticity than that of the first material.

Abstract: An output monitoring circuit for a radiation generator apparatus includes a pulse integrator circuit 37 for integrating each pulse of the output of the detector 10 supplied via a pulse amplifier 36. Further, a triangular waveform generator 34 outputs a sawtooth waveform E which is reset to the ground level at each rising edge of the trigger pulses D generated by the pulse trigger generating circuit 1 for the radiation generator apparatus, and a sample hold circuit 35 holds each peak value of the waveform E of the triangular waveform generator 34 and outputs waveform F the level of which is proportional to the pulse repetition period of the pulses of the detector 10. A divider circuit 39, having a numerator input coupled via an amplifier 38 to the pulse integrator circuit 37 and a denominator input coupled to the sample hold circuit 35, outputs a signal the level of which corresponds to the temporal average of the intensity of the radiation pulses generated by the radiation generator apparatus.

Abstract: A clocked driver circuit includes a first gate circuit, a second gate circuit, a first time constant circuit, a second time constant circuit, a first switching circuit, and a second switching circuit. The first gate circuit has one input terminal connected to a first input terminal. The second gate circuit has one input terminal connected to a second input terminal. The first time constant circuit is connected between the output terminal of the first gate circuit and the other input terminal of the second gate circuit. The second time constant circuit is connected between the output terminal of the second gate circuit and the other input terminal of the first gate circuit. The first switching circuit controls the time constant of the first time constant circuit in accordance with an output from the first gate circuit. The second switching circuit controls the time constant of the second time constant circuit in accordance with an output from the second gate circuit.

Abstract: A lens for reading an original has first to fifth lens groups sequentially arranged from an object side of a lens system to an image side thereof. The first lens group is constructed by a first lens composed of a negative meniscus lens having a convex face directed on the object side. The second lens group is constructed by a second lens composed of a positive lens. The third lens group is constructed by a third lens composed of a biconcave lens. The fourth lens group is constructed by a fourth lens composed of a positive lens. The fifth lens group is constructed by a fifth lens composed of a positive meniscus lens having a convex face directed on the object side. A combined focal length f of the entire lens system, a focal length f.sub.1 of the first lens group, and a combined focal length f.sub.24 of the second to fourth lens groups satisfy the following conditions.-2.4<(f.sub.1 /f)<-1.2 (I)0.85<(f.sub.24 /f)<1.5 (II).

Abstract: A rectifier circuit is provided including a MOSFET having a gate, a drain, and a source terminal. A Schottky diode is connected in series with the MOSFET. The cathode of the Schottky diode is connected to the source of the MOSFET. A zener diode is connected in parallel with a capacitor. A recharging diode has its anode connected to the junction between the MOSFET and the Schottky diode and its cathode connected to the cathode of the zener diode, with the drain serving as the cathode of rectifier circuit and the anode of the Schottky diode serving as the anode of the rectifier circuit. The rectifier circuit has a fast recovery time and is suitable for both high frequency and high voltage, power conversion applications. The rectifier circuit can be used in place of P-N junction fast recovery diodes with less complex snubbers and switch aiding circuits.

Abstract: A optical lens is disclosed which is capable of correcting for imaging system characteristics such as field curvature and spherical aberration. The corrective lens comprises a single optic device and imparts no additional power into the optical system. In particular, the corrective lens comprises a plano-based device (either plano-concave or plano-convex) including a series of stepped zones where the steps are formed to be parallel/perpendicular to the plano surface of the device. The stepped profile of the corrective lens is determined to approximate a lens curvature R which will impart a curvature to the wavefront passing therethrough to essentially cancel selected inherent imaging system aberrations. In particular, a corrective lens of the present invention may be utilized to correct for field curvature, spherical aberration, or both. The corrective lens of the present invention may be formed to be either transparent or reflective, depending upon system requirements.

Abstract: The present invention provides a zoom lens system designed to be used with cameras which are limitless in terms of their back focal distances, like "lens shutter cameras" and, more particularly, a ternary negative-positive-negative type of wide angle zoom lens system which has an extended zoom range toward the wide angle side so that it can have a field angle of 70.degree. or more at the wide angle end and a zoom ratio of 3 or more, is reduced in the number of lenses involved and the overall length and is made compact. This zoom lens system--which is built up of, in order from the object side, a first lens group of negative refracting power, a second lens group of positive refracting power and a third lens group of negative refracting power.

Abstract: Disclosed are high electrical charge density entities, generated in electrical discharge production. Apparatus for isolating the high charge density entities, selecting them and manipulating them by various guide techniques are disclosed. Utilizing such apparatus, the paths followed by the entities may be switched, or selectively varied in length, for example, whereby the entities may be extensively manipulated. Additional devices are disclosed for the manipulation and exploitation of these entities, including their use with a camera and also in an oscilloscope.

Abstract: A light valve comprising a first transparent electrically insulating layer, a first transparent electrically conductive layer, an electro-optic imaging medium layer, a dielectric mirror, a light blocking layer comprising an organic dye or organic pigment, a photoconductor layer comprising selenium, a second transparent electrically conductive layer and a second transparent layer. This light valve may be utilized in systems which include an imaging light source and a read-out light source.

Abstract: A low-level, electron beam activated source of preselected or programmable duration and intensity x-rays. The source may be fully or partially implanted into, or surface-mounted onto a desired area to affect a preselected irradiated region. In medical applications, a method of treating malignant cells, such as tumors, in vivo, utilizing the apparatus described above.