Abstract: A structure of a copper conductor is obtained by oxidizing copper film formed on the surface of a substrate, and by heat treating the same in a reducing atmosphere, whereby only the surface layer portion of the oxidized copper film is reduced to become copper. The copper film of a conductor is formed on the surface of the substrate with the oxidized copper film interposed therebetween. As a result, an adhesion of the copper film to the surface of the substrate is enhanced.

Abstract: A transfer sheet for electrostatically transferring thereon an electrically conductive or electrically semi-conductive toner in electrostatic photography or electrostatic printing, which comprises a substrate and a toner-receiving layer formed on at least one surface of the substrate, which toner-receiving layer contains a composition comprising (A) a thermoplastic acrylic polymer having a carboxyl group content of 2 to 30% by weight and (B) a thermosetting resin reactive with the acrylic polymer (A), is produced by coating on at least one surface of the substrate an aqueous composition containing the thermoplastic acrylic polymer in the form of an aqueous emulsion and the thermosetting resin in the form of an aqueous solution and drying the coated substrate to form a toner-receiving layer on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Method and apparatus to test continuity of miniature printed circuit board traces prior to installation of components. A short circuits probe and an open circuits probe are each provided which are specific to the pattern of traces to be tested. The probes are constructed by adapting a mirror image of the traces to be tested as probe contact points and registering the adapted mirror image as plating on a second circuit board substrate. Interconnections between contact points are typically provided on the back side of the second substrate. The interconnections couple the contact points with a continuity indicator. The circuit pattern specific probes according to the invention are employed by aligning the contact points with the circuit board traces to be tested and then effecting contact therebetween. The plating forming the contact points is of sufficient uniformity and elevation to provide desired clearance between adjacent traces.

Abstract: The chemical process developed herein takes place in an aqueous solution containing a substance that acts as an electron acceptor (CrO.sub.3) and a reagent (NaF) that behaves as a specific ligand for beryllium oxide. The combined effects of these two substances, coupled with non-turbulent flow conditions, produce a highly corrosion-resistant surface.

Abstract: A chromate conversion coating formed on an article in an acidic chromating bath in reaction with a metal surface on the article, such as cadmium or zinc, is stabilized by subjecting the coating to an alkaline bath having a pH in a range between 11 and 12, immediately upon removing the article from the chromating bath and without first rinsing the article in water. The stabilized coating exhibits resistance to damage during rinsing and drying operations.

Abstract: A process of making printed circuit boards in which the individual substrates involved are hot set formed from a suitable thermosetting resin and filler composition, with the cure being limited to the resin B stage. The side surfacing of the individual substrates that is to bear the metallic electrically conductive circuiting is catalyzed and then electrolessly plated with copper or the like electrically conductive metallic material to a thickness in the range of from about 50 to about 100 millionths of an inch, and thereafter the thusly plated substrates are hot set to fully cure same and perfect the bond between the substrate and its plating.

Abstract: Chromized nickel- and cobalt-based superalloys have alphachrome phase formed during chromizing, and the amount of that phase is diminished by one or more treatments with alkali-permanganate solution and intervening removal of permanganate reaction product film as by acid dip. A kit of such solutions can be prepared. Low-alloy steel steam boiler tubing can have chromized interior and aluminized exterior, and long lengths chromized without a perfectly sealed retort around it can have end caps fitted with extra pack to reduce oxygen penetration to interior. Chain saw cutter blades can be chromized and carburized. Stripping of aluminized coatings from superalloys with fluoride-containing nitric acid solution is improved by follow-up treatment with fluoride-free nitric acid solution.

Abstract: In the process for the production of conversion layers continuously on a continuously moving band or sheet-like metal surfaces of aluminum, zinc or iron, by the application of a solution creating a layer on said metal surfaces selected from the group consisting of a chromating solution, an acid solution free of chromic acid and containing fluorides and compounds of titanium, zirconium or manganese, an acid solution free of chromic acid containing fluorides, and an acid solution free of chromic acid containing compounds of titanium, zirconium or manganese, by the stationary spray method, onto the cleaned and rinsed metal surface, and subjecting said metal surfaces to customary aftertreatments, the improvement consisting in that said solution creating a layer on said metal surfaces is sprayed through at least one two-component jet spray nozzle with the aid of an inert compressed gas where said solution and said compressed gas are fed separately each to an opening in said two-component jet spray nozzle.

Abstract: This invention relates to a carrier material for photographic purposes which is formed of paper coated with a synthetic resin. The paper contains a water soluble inorganic salt that enhances its drying by microwaves. In a preferred embodiment, the paper contains starch.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for coating both sides of a moving web and for independently controlling the coatings' width, thickness and uniformity of thickness along the length of the web. A moving web is supported on a backing surface. Two stationary and pliant smoothing films are positioned one adjacent each surface of the web, including the web surface which is supported by the backing surface. A coating liquid is metered to each side of the web at the confluence of the web and the two smoothing films, the respective metering rates being selected to produce a desired respective coating width. A pliant pressure generating means, in the form of a membrane holds a length of one smoothing film against the moving web with a static force whose magnitude is selected in accordance with a desired coating thickness. The relative position of the backing surface and the pressure generating means determines the length of coincidence of the moving web, coating liquid, stationary smoothing films and pressure generating means.

Abstract: A surface treatment is disclosed for welding rod or wire of ferrous composition to greatly enhance its resistance to corrosion and considerably extend shelf life. The treatment consists of forming a relatively thick (0.0001 inches) black oxide surface layer on the rod, by an aqueous alkali-nitrate immersion process, and is applied to the wire or rod after the final drawing operation in which the outside diameter of the wire or rod is sized to closely controlled tolerances to insure proper feeding in reel and other automated arc welding operations. The aqueous alkali-nitrate immersion process enables the formation of relatively thick layer of black oxide without appreciably affecting the diameter of the treated welding rod, such that mechanical working may be entirely completed prior to treatment, insuring a smooth, uninterrupted coating.

Abstract: This invention provides a good coating metal capable of achieving permanent protection from crevice corrosion of austenitic stainless steel placed in corrosive environments. The coating metal of this invention is a Ni-base, Co-base or Ni-Co base metal by having incorporated therein a suitable amount of Cr, Mo, Fe, Si B, and other elements.

Abstract: In a method for manufacturing a stranded conductor for an electric power cable comprising a process for forming insulating films by passing an uninsulated stranded conductor constituted by a plurality of stranded conductive strands through oxidizing liquid, the stranded conductor passing through the liquid is curved at an angle of 3.degree. to 10.degree. in a predetermined path to form gaps between the strands, and the oxidizing liquid is caused to penetrate between the strands through the gaps to form oxide films on the surfaces of the strands.

Abstract: The surface treatment is carried out by employing an apparatus comprising a vessel and a holed container rotatably equipped in said vessel.Materials to be treated are filled into said holed container of said apparatus then treating liquids and/or washing liquids are charged in order into said holed container according to the treatment process and said holed container is driven to rotate thus treating liquids and/or washing liquids contact whole surface of said materials and the treatment is carried out. After the treatment, treating liquids and/or washing liquids are effectively removed from the surface of said materials by the centrifugal force accompanying with the rotation of said holed container.

Abstract: A monocrystalline semiconductor substrate is provided, and a thin film pattern is defined on a surface thereof. An epitaxial layer is then grown on the substrate surface such that it overgrows the thin film pattern a predetermined distance. That portion of the thin film not covered by the epitaxial layer is then removed.

Abstract: Apparatus for the quantity production of friction nuts prepared for subsequent fusion of thermoplastic resin particles deposited in thread grooves therein, in which the nuts are supported with their axes vertical, a fluid slurry of the particles in a liquid carrier is introduced into the threaded interior of the nuts to fill the threaded opening, including the thread grooves therein, either completely or to a predetermined level from the bottom of the nuts. Excess slurry is then drained from the bottom ends of the openings. The exterior of the nuts is washed or otherwise cleared of any slurry thereon. In order to leave the threads clear of obstruction at the bottom of the nut, the deposited slurry, after partially drying, is removed from the bottom thread convolutions by repeatedly inserting and withdrawing a sponge-like material directly into and out of the lower end of the thread opening, or by strongly agitating a small quantity of water in the lower part of the threaded opening, or otherwise.

Abstract: A method of forming a colloidal wetting sensitizer is disclosed. The method comprises combining a stannous species and a cupric species in an aqueous medium maintained at a pH of between 0.4 and 1.5.

Abstract: An improved nozzle structure for directing a wide, thin jet stream of a gaseous medium from an outlet nozzle opening onto the surface of a running length of a flexible substrate or strip emerging from a liquid coating bath provides more accurate control of the thickness and the distribution of the coating liquid. The nozzle structure has a plurality of elongated, parallel plenum chambers each having its length dimension extending transversely of and being at least substantially as great as the width of the strip being coated. Gaseous fluid is supplied under pressure to the nozzle structure through a plurality of inlet openings spaced along the length dimension of one plenum chamber and uniform, narrow slot openings along substantially the full length of the chambers provides fluid communication between successive chambers from the inlet to the outlet nozzle whereby substantially uniform pressure is obtained along the full length of the narrow outlet nozzle.

Abstract: The electrical conductivity of metallic surfaces may be regenerated in situ by treating the surface with a regenerating agent in the form of a hydrogen halide such as hydrogen chloride. Hydrogen halide may be utilized in either liquid, gaseous or vaporous form. If so desired, an ammonium salt such as ammonium chloride may also be used to enhance the regenerative powers of the hydrogen halide. For example, the surface of steel may be treated with hydrogen chloride and ammonium chloride to enhance the formation of ferric oxide which possesses a greater electrical conductivity than does ferrous oxide.

Abstract: Metallic surfaces are imparted to non-conductive or dielectric substrates by an electroless coating process comprising coating the surface of the substrate with a hydrous oxide colloid of non-precious metal ions preferably selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and copper ions, reducing the selected metal ions to a reduced or zero valence state with a suitable reducing agent, and exposing the substrate to an electroless plating bath.