Abstract: A method is disclosed for forming thin, suspended membranes of epitaxial silicon material. Silicon oxide strips having a predetermined thickness are first formed on a silicon substrate. The gap, or spacing, between adjaceant beams is preferably less than or equal to about 1.4 times the thickness of the silicon oxide strip. The underlying silicon substrate is exposed within these gaps in the silicon oxide layer, thereby the gaps provide a seed hole for subsequent epitaxial growth from the silicon substrate. Epitaxial silicon is grown through the seed holes and then allowed to grow laterally over the silicon oxide strips to form a continuous layer of epitaxial silicon over the silicon oxide strips. The backside of the silicon substrate, or surface opposite the surface having the silicon oxide strips, is then masked to delineate the desired diaphragm and microbridge pattern. The silicon is etched conventionally from the backside.

Abstract: After the oxygen ion is implanted to the surface of (100) Si single crystal substrate, the annealing of about 10 cycles is conducted under the nitrogen gas ambience, wherein the high temperature of 1150.degree. C. and low temperature of 450.degree. C. are alternately repeated during one heat cycle of about seven minutes and thereby a Si single crystal layer is formed near the surface and the SiO.sub.2 insulator is then formed just under the Si single crystal layer.

Abstract: A driving apparatus in which power of a single motor is distributed to two shafts by a cam roller, whereupon the power quantities of the respective shafts are transmitted to working rolls through speed reducers.By employing planetary reduction gears of the inner gearing type as each of the speed reducers, it is permitted to transmit a great torque with small gears.

Abstract: A universal rolling stand has horizontally oriented rolls mounted in upper and lower roll mounts, as well as vertically oriented rolls mounted in roll mounts such that the respective axes of all rolls extend in a common plane. A biparted center frame in the stand has a plane of partitioning coinciding with the common plane. Tie rods releasably interconnect the two frame halves; slide structure on the frame halves permit therein separation in opposite directions upon release of the tie rods; and the upper and lower roll mounts are releasably mounted to the frame halves by means of additional tie rods. Upper and lower roll mounts are independently supportable upon release from the frame halves. The roll mounts can be placed on rails underneath.

Abstract: Existing roll housings are retro-fitted with a hydraulic drive by placing a sleeve with a collar in the bore that used to accommodate an adjusting spindle. The sleeve has a threaded extension on which is screwed a nut with a flange to which, in turn, the drive is releasably fastened. The sleeve is tension-biased in that the collar is urged against an internal shoulder. The piston rod traverses the sleeve and holds the mount for the upper roll.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for rolling metal strips by a tandem cold rolling mill. The strip is periodically swung in its width directions at a location upstream of the tandem rolling mill, to bring the strip into contact with rolls of the tandem cold rolling mill over areas of the rolls as widely as possible, thereby preventing irregular wears of the rolls to make it possible to produce defect-free metal strips.

Abstract: A supercompact rolling group (10) with rolls supported at one end. Vertical (11) and horizontal (12) units are arranged alternately or as necessary. Each unit (11-12) is driven by an independent motor (25-23) through a transmission (34) on parallel axes. A rolling line has at least one supercompact rolling group (110-210) constituted as above.

Abstract: The rolls of a rolling mill can be axially moved by way of an actuator device equipped with piston-and-cylinder units. The bearing blocks which receive the journal ends of the rolls to be moved are horizontally guided in separate guide bodies. The guide bodies, in turn can be shifted vertically in cylinder blocks arranged at the flanks of the windows of the respective base member, or in pressure plates associated with such cylinder blocks. The actuator device is characterized by a compact design which even during exchange of rolls is contained in the confines of the roll stand, and it can be easily coupled to the rolls to be moved. The guide bodies of at least one base member are formed with lateral projections at which are mounted the motive power providing hydraulic cylinders, and these are connected in such a way that the piston rods thereof point in the direction of the guide bodies.

Abstract: An adjustable hydrostatic machine is connected to a pressure line with impressed system pressure. The pressure difference applied at the machine is set at a control valve so that the stroke volume of the machine in idling operation is set to an adjustment belonging to a predetermined load torque. In idling operation the machine is thus operated at large stroke volume with small pressure difference. If it is then necessary to furnish the load torque a switching valve is opened so that at the machine the full pressure difference is immediately applied, the machine can furnish the desired torque and the time loss necessary for setting the machine is eliminated.

Abstract: Screens for limiting heat losses from heated material, e.g. bars and slabs in rolling mills. Screens are provided in the form of strings of heat insulating bodies composed of metal shells containing insulating material. These screens may form curtains and/or covers for the hot material. Containing chambers for the hot material may be provided with such strings of elements and the chambers may also comprise structure for limiting heat conduction losses through the material supports therein. The screens may be collapsed over the hot material thereby completely surrounding and insulating the material from loss of heat. A displaceable chamber installation may also be provided for limiting heat loss when holding and transferring hot material between processing stages.

Abstract: The rolls of a rolling mill, especially the working rolls, are horizontally shifted by a compact adjusting device, with use being made, as required, of guide pieces. The device is readily arranged in cylinder blocks, and the movements of the device can be easily monitored, transmitted, and set. The predetermined motions are carried out in rigidly controlled manner and no elastic yielding is allowed because of pressure plates extending in the windows of the base frame members. The pressure plates can be horizontally aligned and they cooperate with the holding elements which are to be shifted. The pressure plates are supported by wedges which can be shifted horizontally and transversely with respect to the plane of the frame, by way of pressure posts which operatively engage the pressure plates.

Abstract: A rolling mill has a pair of cooperating work rolls with first and second chock pairs associated with each work roll. At least one work roll is rocked in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the work roll during operation of the rolling mill to enhance shear rolling and create regions of irregular thickness in the workpiece. This reduces friction between the work rolls and the workpiece in subsequent rolling thereby permitting greater lateral spread of the workpiece. The rocking may be effected in a generally vertical direction by a pair of cylinders secured to a pair of chocks or may be effected in a generally horizontal direction which may be that of the path of flow of the workpiece through the rolling mill by pairs of cylinders associated with each work roll or may involve rocking in both directions.

Abstract: A multi-stage roll mill for producing a lengthy continuous rolled sheet material by a one-pass operation, comprises a driven central working roll, and a plurality of peripheral working rolls arranged spaced apart and on the periphery of the central working roll, the diameter of each of the peripheral working rolls being much smaller than that of the central working roll. Each peripheral working roll has a screw-down mechanism which is capable of freely adjusting the gap between the periphery of the peripheral working roll and the periphery of the central working roll. The peripheral working rolls are arranged in such a manner that the work being held in the gap between the peripheries thereof and the periphery of the central working roll is subjected to continuous multi-stage rolling.

Abstract: A roll for treating a web of material includes a hollow roll supported for rotation about a stationary cross piece. Between the inside circumference of the hollow roll and the cross piece, a longitudinal chamber filled with temperature-controlled pressure liquid is provided, in which a lengthwise subdivision is arranged so that the flow of the pressure liquid in the two partial longitudinal chambers is in opposite directions in order to obtain a uniform temperature distribution along the roll.

Abstract: A metal workpiece such as a slab is rolled into a desired width without requiring broadsiding. The system generally involves reducing a first portion along the width of the workpiece to a first thickness while creating a second portion along the width of the workpiece having a thickness greater than the first portion thickness and having a predetermined mass. Subsequently the second portion is reduced to establish a predetermined increase in the width of the workpiece and a decrease in the thickness of the workpiece to obtain a substantially uniform thickness along substantially the entire width of the workpiece. A preferred approach includes providing a pair of cooperating work rolls at least one of which has a generally cylindrical portion and at least one adjacent tapered portion. Initial reduction is effected by employing a pair of cooperating cylindrical central portions and at least one tapered portion. This provides a workpiece with a reduced portion and an enlarged portion.

Abstract: A rolling mill has upper and lower rolls with axes which cross each other. These two rolls are pivoted at ends diametrically opposite to each other. Only rolls chocks mounted at the non-pivoted ends of the rolls are allowed to be hydraulically moved the same distance in the same direction, i.e., the rolling direction or the reverse direction, in a symmetrical relation with respect to the center line of the rolling mill.

Abstract: A shape controlling method for controlling the shape of a sheet rolled in a rolling mill, with the shape pattern of the sheet being approximated by a formula of an order of a large number, in accordance with the detected shape signals. Asymmetrical fundamental component (component of the first order) is extracted from the approximating formula. The control with respect to the fundamental component is allotted to the rolling reduction function, while the controls relative to the higher order asymmetrical components are conducted by other final control element than the rolling reduction function. The asymmetrical fundamental component causes winding of the sheet during rolling. By controlling the fundamental component separately from other components, it is possible to improve the shape of the rolled product while avoiding winding of the product under rolling operation.

Abstract: A mill stand having a pair of work rolls cooperating with at least one backup roll. Bending forces are applied to at least one work roll at or adjacent the ends thereof. The work rolls may be offset with respect to the backup rolls in either an upstream or downstream direction, and the bending forces may be applied in the direction of offset. The forces may be applied to both work rolls. An opposing force may be applied to the opposite side of the work rolls intermediate the bending forces applied to the work roll ends either through the strip tension differential or a direct application. A rolling mill stand having a pair of cooperating work rolls and cooperating backup rolls has a pair of first auxiliary rolls applying forces at or adjacent the ends of the work rolls. The work rolls may be offset and the bending forces are applied in the direction of offset. Second auxiliary rolls may be provided intermediate the first auxiliary rolls to provide an opposing force.

Abstract: A self-compensating roll for rolling various width strip-like material wherein the roll is subject to non-uniform rolling load distribution between its opposite ends during rolling. The roll comprises a cylindrical roll body and outer material contacting surface. Outwardly extending displaceable members are formed beneath the contacting surface in the roll body at the opposed ends of the roll which permit the outer contacting surface areas to be displaced in a direction away from the direction the axial portion of the roll body deflects under a given load.

Abstract: A roll bending apparatus for use in a multi-stage rolling mill adapted for rolling a hard material or a thin sheet material with a high uniformity of thickness along the breadth, with a high degree of accuracy and low energy. The rolling mill has work rolls of a comparatively small diameter. The amount of bend of the small-diameter work roll is controlled by the roll bending apparatus for attaining the high degree of uniformity of thickness along the breadth of the rolled material. The roll bending apparatus has, for each of said work rolls, a supporting member having a work roll supporting portion for rotatably supporting the work roll and rockable vertically about a fulcrum, and a bending force generating means adapted for engaging the supporting member so as to cause a rocking motion of the supporting member thereby applying a substantially vertical roll bending force to the work roll through the supporting member.