Abstract: Selective bromination of alkylarenes to the alpha monobrominated derivative is desirable as a precursor for the selective production of, for example, the corresponding alcohols. The product can be obtained by a photolytic reaction between the substrate, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen bromide in approximately equimolar ratios in an organic solvent, but improvement in the yield of the product coupled with similar or improved selectivity in its production was either not achieved or was actually impaired by a range of variations in the ratios and by omitting the solvent.The invention employs mole ratios of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 :substrate of 0.1:1 to 0.4:1, preferably 0.2:1 to 0.33:1 and of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 :bromide of 1:1.2 to 1:2, preferably about 1:1.3 to 1:1.8 and progressive introduction of the H.sub.2 O.sub.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for the preparation of 2-methyl-5-pyrazinoic acid consisting of electrochemically oxidizing a compound having formula: ##STR1## wherein X is --OH, Cl, Br, --O--CO--R, --O--SO.sub.2 --R, in which R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl radical, optionally substituted with F or Cl, or it is a C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 aryl radical, in an aqueous alkaline medium, at a temperature ranging from 20.degree. C. to 90.degree. C., using anodes coated with nickel oxide-hydroxide.

Abstract: A method for preparing perfluorinated heterocyclic compounds corresponding to the formulas Ia and Ib ##STR1## wherein m represents 3 or 4, andx is a --CF.sub.2 --O--CF.sub.2 -- group, a --CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 --CF.sub.2 -- group, or a --CF(CF.sub.3)--CF.sub.2 -- group,and their mixtures, and the perfluoro-N-cyclohexylmorpholine prepared by this method. The compounds are obtained by electrochemical perfluorination starting from corresponding cycloalkenyl derivatives, and they can be used for preparing medically usable aqueous emulsions, e.g. blood substitutes.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a quanternary ammonium hydroxide, which comprises electrolyzing a quaternary ammonium halide in a divided electrolysis cell wherein the anode material is selected from iron, nickel, zinc, molybdenum and manganese, and an electrolysis cell specifically adapted for use in the process.

Abstract: A cationic electrodeposition coating composition comprising[A] a neutralization product or a quaternary ammonium salt of a comb-shaped copolymer obtained by copolymerizing (a) 3 to 90 parts by weight of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer having a hydrocarbon chain with at least 8 carbon atoms at the molecular ends, (b) 1 to 50 parts by weight of at least one cationic (meth)acrylic monomer selected from the group consisting of aminoalkyl (meth)acrylates, aminoalkyl (meth)acrylamides (meth)acrylates containing a quaternary ammonium salt group and (meth)acrylamides containing a quaternary ammonium salt group, (c) 1 to 60 parts by weight of an alpha,beta-ethylenically unsaturated monomer other than the monomer (b), and (d) 0 to 95 parts by weight of an alpha,beta-ethylenically unsaturated monomer other than the monomers (a), (b) and (c),[B] a cationic epoxy resin capable of being dissolved or dispersed in water, and[C] a pigment.

Abstract: A color-bearing textile product which comprises fibers, a silver-gray metal layer formed on the surface of said fibers by sputtering, and a metal layer or metal compound layer of chromatic color formed on the surface of said metal layer by sputtering. The silver-gray metal layer is, for example, formed of titanium. The metal layer or metal compound layer of chromatic color is, for example, formed of gold, silver, copper, brass, or titanium nitride.

Abstract: A new process is described for the preparation of a 2-aryl-propionic acid, such as for instance 2-[4-(2-methyl-propyl)phenyl]propionic or 2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)propionic acid, through hydrogenation of a complex salt which consists of the mono- and/or di-valent anion of the corresponding 2-hydroxy-2-aryl-propionic acid, a di- or tri-valent metal cation, such as for instance Al(+3), Fe(+3), Zn(+2), or Mg(+2), and optionally other anonic or neutral ligands.This new process is particularly advantageous in that the starting salt can be obtained directly via electrocarboxylation of the corresponding aryl methyl ketone, e.g. 4-(2-methyl-propyl)acetophenone or (6-methoxy-2-naphthyl) methyl ketone, with metal anodes which dissolve during the electrolysis.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for enriching carbon 13 by mixing a halogenomethane containing one or more fluorine atoms and carbon 13 of natural isotopic abundance with one or two or more additive gases selected from a group of oxygen-containing oxidizing agents, halogens, and hydrogen halides, irradiating the resulting raw material gas mixture by a carbon dioxide laser to cause selective dissociation and reaction of the halogenomethane of carbon 13, separating the unchanged substances from the reaction mixture to obtain a product enriched with carbon 13, further converting the enriched product to carbon monoxide, and enriching carbon 13 by low-temperature distillation of the carbon monoxide. The process has advantages of low overall energy consumption, high yields of carbon 13, easy separability of the unchanged substances and high degrees of carbon 13 enrichment.

Abstract: A solution for electroplating gold-copper-zinc alloys. A solution containing excess cyanide and hydroxide ions, gold and copper each in the form of a cyanide complex, and zinc at least partially in the form of a zincate complex. Additives such as conductivity salts, chelating agents, surfactants or wetting agents, brightening agents, and reducing agents may also be present to impart a particular feature or characteristic to the solution. Also, a process for electroplating up to about 20 microns of a gold-copper-zinc alloy upon a substrate using these novel solutions. The alloy is deposited upon a substrate which is immersed in the solution by electroplating at a current density of between about 1 and 15 ASF (0.1 to 1.5 ASDM) at a temperature of about 60.degree. and 120.degree. F. for a sufficient time to obtain the desired thickness. Generally, thicknesses of 5 to 10 microns or more can be obtained without microcracking.

Abstract: A process of oxidation or reduction of organic substrates by an indirect electrochemical route is described. During oxidation, the electrochemical stage produces a metallic oxide having higher valence such as RuO.sub.2, NiOOH, which is applied to an inert conductor support. The supported metallic oxide of higher valence is separated from the aqueous electrolyte and is then placed in contact with the pure organic material to be reacted on. The metallic oxide in this manner is reduced to a lower valence and is subjected to a new electrochemical oxidation after the residues of the organic material are removed. The process consists of a cyclic repetition of these stages. The process of reduction of organic substrates is analogous and is carried out by means of the hydrogen of hydrides formed through a cathodic charge by electrolysis of an aqueous solution.

Abstract: A method for preparing perfluoropolyether oligomers comprising electrochemical coupling of perfluorocarboxylic acid salts or mixtures thereof in aqueous methanol under controlled conditions to produce perfluoropolyether oligomers.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of benzaldehyde dialkyl acetals of the general formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, R.sup.2, R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 are hydrogen or halogen, straight-chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radicals or alkoxy, acyloxy, aryloxy or aralkoxy, and n is 1 or 2, in which benzyl derivatives of the general formula ##STR2## where R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and n have the abovementioned meanings, R.sup.5 is hydrogen or R.sup.6 --CO--, and R.sup.6 is hydrogen or alkyl of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, are anodically oxidized in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R.sup.1 --OH where R.sup.1 has the abovementioned meaning.

Abstract: A low cure cathodic electrodepositable resin is disclosed. The backbone of the resin is a polyepoxide amine adduct having primary or secondary hydroxyl groups which is crosslinked with aminoplast resins and catalyzed by metal catalysts. The resin is capable of curing in a basic environment at a temperature below 150.degree. C. The resin can be salted with an acid and can be dissolved or dispersed in water. The aqueous dispersions can then be formulated into electrocoat primer coatings for metal objects.

Abstract: A process in which an electrochemical cell is used to simultaneously conduct a product synthesis and purification while also regenerating conductive material. The improved process is applied to an electrochemical synthesis which is conducted by electrolyzing a working electrolyte into which ions selectively flow, as through an ion-exchange membrane, from a counter electrolyte. The improvement comprises the step of purifying a previously electrolyzed working electrolyte by including it in or as a counter electrolyte in a subsequent synthesis.

Abstract: An improved preparation of titanocenes of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 is cyclopentadienyl.sup..crclbar., indenyl.sup..crclbar. or 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl.sup..crclbar., each of which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.18 alkoxy, C.sub.2 -C.sub.18 alkenyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.8 cycloalkyl, C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, C.sub.7 -C.sub.16 aralkyl, --Si(R.sub.3).sub.4, --Ge(R.sub.3).sub.4 or halogen, or the two R.sub.1 radicals together are a divalent radical of the formula II ##STR2## in which Z is --(CH.sub.2).sub.m -- where m=1, 2 or 3, unsubstituted or phenyl-substituted C.sub.2 -C.sub.12 alkylidene, --Si(R.sub.3).sub.2 -- or --Si(R.sub.3).sub.2 --O--Si(R.sub.3).sub.2 --, and R.sub.3 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl or C.sub.6 -C.sub.10 aryl, and R.sub.

Abstract: A cationic resin containing blocked isocyanate groups which is suitable for use in electrodeposition is disclosed. The cationic resin is derived from an epoxy resin and contains in the resin molecule cationic salt groups, active hydrogen groups and blocked isocyanate groups. The blocked isocyanate groups are incorporated into the resin molecule by reacting the epoxy resin with a compound selected from the class consisting of mercapto compounds and acid group-containing compounds where the compounds also contain blocked isocyanate groups. The resin can be formulated into an electrocoating composition which is free of lead and yet provides outstanding corrosion resistance when electrodeposited over steel substrates. The outstanding corrosion resistance can be attained when the substrate has not been given a chrome rinse which is conventional in pretreating the steel substrate before electrodeposition.

Abstract: Mixtures of fluorescent whitening agents consisting of 51 to 99% by weight of 1-(4-cyanostyryl)-4-(3'-styryl)benzene, 49 to 1% by weight of 1-(4-cyanostyryl)-4-(2'-cyanostyryl)benzene and 0.5 to 5% by weight of 1,4-bis(cyanostyryl)benzene, a process for the preparation of said mixtures by condensing terephthalaldehyde with a 4-dialkylphosphonomethylbenzonitrile to 4-cyano-4'-formylstilbene, which is further condensed, either direct or after isolation, with a 3- and 2-dialkylphosphonomethylbenzonitrile, the use of these mixtures for whitening polyester fibres, and compositions containing said mixtures for whitening polyester fibres.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of electrically conductive polyheteroaromatics by electrochemical oxidation of oxidatively polymerizable monomeric heteroaromatic compounds; according to the invention, an electrolyte system which consists of monomeric compound, water, polyhydric alcohol and sulphonic acid and/or sulphuric acid half-ester and in which the electrical conductivity displays a minimum is used.

Abstract: An electric arc is used for reacting carbonaceous materials and water to produce a combustible gaseous product comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane as its major components, wherein the electrothermal and photochemical effects of the arc result in the production of active chemical species which cause and participate in the gasification reactions.

Abstract: This invention relates to an improved method for electroplating a layer of nickel into titanium base alloy substrates. It is particularly useful in electroplating a layer of nickel onto titanium alloys which contain refractory metal elements, such as the alloy Ti-8Al-1V-1Mo. The method includes the steps of etching the surface of the substrate with a solution containing hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid, followed by electroplating the etched surface in a nickel sulfamate solution.