Abstract: A composition for electroplating copper onto a conductive surface comprising a solution soluble copper salt and an acid electrolyte, said copper salt being present in a concentration of from about 1 to 10 grams per liter of solution and said acid being present in a concentration whereby the acid to copper ratio preferably varies between about 30 to 1 and 50 to 1. The composition is especially useful for the plating of walls of cylindrical openings having a ratio of height to diameter of at least 10 to 1 and a length of at least 0.100 inches.

Abstract: Baths and methods for electroplating tin or tin-lead alloys wherein the formation of tetravalent tin and stannic oxide sludge is reduced or prevented. These baths contain a soluble divalent tin compound, a soluble alkyl or alkylol sulfonic acid at least one wetting agent, and a hydroxyl phenyl compound reducing agent. Other compounds may be added to the bath for improving its performance during electroplating.

Abstract: A process for preparing para-aminophenol from nitrobenzene by utilizing electrochemical synthesizing method in high yield for dissolution or dispersion of nitrobenzene in electrolytic bath in which working electrodes are constituted with multi-rotating disk electrode having a plurality of disk electrode and solid polymer electrolyte electrode.

Abstract: Dispersion fluorescent brightener preparations which contain specific water-insoluble aromatic or C.sub.14 -C.sub.18 fatty alcohol auxiliaries which have melting points between above 40.degree. C. and 200.degree. C. are described. The preparations are used for fluorescent brightening of coating compositions for coating paper, cardboard, wood, films, textile materials, non-woven materials and building materials.

Abstract: To supply high-frequency energy to a workpiece support (5) which rotates in a vacuum chamber (3), a cylindrical electrode (19) is coaxially provided on a bearing shaft (7) and the energy is coupled in capacitively, via the rotary capacitor formed by the electrode (19) and the shaft (7).

Abstract: A method of operating a secondary battery including a stack of secondary cells operable, in the presence of electrolytes, in a charge mode charging electrical power from a source of electrical power and in a discharge mode discharging the charge electrical power from the secondary cell. A part of the electrical power from the electrical power source is used intermittently in the charge mode to provide intermittent circulation of the electrolytes through the secondary cell. The secondary cell continues to operate in the charge mode with the electrolytes residual in the secondary cell after each interruption of circulation of the electrolytes. A part of the electrical power charged in the secondary cell is used intermittently in the discharge mode to provide intermittent circulation of the electrolytes through the secondary cell. The secondary cell continues to operate in the discharge mode with the electrolyes residual in the secondary cell after each interruption of circulation of the electrolytes.

Abstract: A vacuum treatment apparatus includes a vacuum chamber having a first treatment position and at least one second treatment position where a substrate supported on a substrate stage subjected to a vacuum treatment. A drive device is operatively connected to a holding device to drive the same so that the holding device can move the substrate stage between the first and second treatment positions. The drive device is also operable to drive the holding device so that the holding device can rotate the substrate stage about the axis thereof at the first treatment position. A rotating device is provided for rotating the substrate stage about the axis thereof when the substrate stage is disposed at the second treatment position.

Abstract: A vinyl-pyridine or vinyl-quinoline quaternary derivative is provided to enhance the brightness and operating properties of tin aqueous sulfuric acid plating baths.

Abstract: A continuous salt-based process is provided for melting and reclaiming aluminum from aluminum scrap containing impurities including heating a molten salt in a heat bay, mixing the heated salt with aluminum scrap or skim in a charge bay to form a molten charge mixture, separating aluminum from impurities in the charge bay by coalescing aluminum to form a molten aluminum metal pad, chlorinating a portion of the charge mixture from the charge bay to form a chlorinated salt mixture and metal chlorides, removing metal chlorides from the salt mixture, and feeding the salt mixture back to the heat bay. In one aspect, the chlorinating step of the present invention includes introducing carbon monoxide or, preferably, solid carbon to control oxide concentration. The process further comprises adding fluorides and removing metal chlorides from the salt to maintain a preferred salt composition.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing a superconducting thin film, characterized in that a target made of a compound oxide containing Ba; one element M selected from a group consisting of Y, La, Gd, Ho Er and Yb; and Cu is used for carrying out physical vapor deposition to produce a thin film of perovskite type oxide or quasi-perovskite type oxide. The target may be made of preliminary sintered material which is obtained by preliminary sintering of a powder mixture including oxides, carbonates, nitrates or sulfates of Ba; one element M selected from a group consisting of Y, La, Gd, Ho Er and Yb; and Cu, or of finally sintered material which is obtained by a final sintering of preliminary sintered material at a temperature ranging from 700.degree. to 1,500.degree. C., preferably from 700.degree. to 1,300.degree. C. The physical vapor deposition is performed by high-frequency sputtering technique under Ar and O.sub.2 containing atmosphere, at a partial pressure of Ar ranging from 1.0.times.10.sup.

Abstract: A device and method for preventing fouling and/or corrosion of the exposed surfaces of a structure which is at in contact with seawater, brackish water; or fresh water. The system includes a conductive zinc-containing coating applied to the exposed surfaces of the structures which are susceptible to fouling and/or corrosion. At the coating and water interface a negative capacitive charge or an asymmetric alternating electrostatic is induced and maintained.

Abstract: Bondable fine gold coatings are obtained from electrolytic baths which contain 2 to 100 g/l gold as alkali or ammonium gold (I)-cyanide, 0.1 mg to 5 g/l of a soluble bismuth compound, 0 to 250 g/l of a phosphonic acid, its salts, esters or simple substitution products and/or 0 to 250 g/l phosphoric acid or its salts but at least 5 g/l of phosphoric acid compound or phosphonic acid compound, and which exhibit a pH of 6 to 10.

Abstract: Polymer waste products are converted into a subdivided form and into a conveyable consistency and supplied to hydrogen plasma jet, preferably with an average mass temperature of at least 1,000.degree. C. and a pressure of 0.05 to 0.5 MPa, so that a mixing of the polymer suspension or granulate with the hydrogen plasma occurs.In this hydrogen plasma, the polymer waste products are decomposed completely and react to form highly endothermic, valuable products, such as acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, CO, HCN or HCl.

Abstract: There are disclosed aqueous dispersions comprising water-insoluble or sparingly soluble fluorescent whitening agents, dispersants, further optional assistants and a copolymer of 2-vinylpyrrolidone and 3-vinylpropionic acid, their preparation and the use thereof for whitening textile fibre materials. These novel dispersions are storage-stable.

Abstract: Steel is prepared for hot-dip coating in molten zinc, by forming lead chloride on it in a greater mass (at least 12 g/m.sup.2) than possible by evaporation from saturated aqueous solution. One way of so forming the lead chloride is to cathodize the steel (24000 coulomb/m.sup.2) in 1:1 HCl saturated with lead chloride, and air-dry the steel. The steel thus prepared is dipped for 2 minutes in molten zinc or, for greater corrosion resistance, in molten scrap zinc.

Abstract: Chitin and chitosan are produced by alkali treating of a chitin-containing fragmented raw material, which includes an electrochemical process in NaOH solution, with a constant electrical current source of 4-11 A, a density of 0.05-0.2 A/cm2, a current of 15-50 V, for 10-45 minutes, with the raw material and NaOH solution at a proportion of 1:1.5-1:4 while the concentration of NaOH solution remains 0.15-2%.

Abstract: A process apparatus for producing a non-woven, especially a non-woven electret, fiber sheet provides for directing the non-woven fibers at a collecting surface and into an electric field between at least one electrode and the collecting surface.This process, in which the fibers are collected in the electric field, enables the economical production of a non-woven electret fiber sheet of single layer structure having large amount of polarized charges (giving a total electric charge per unit area of at least 7.times.10.sup.-11 Coulomb/cm.sup.2), and a weight of at least 60 g/m.sup.2, preferably greater than 80 g/cm.sup.2.The non-woven electret sheet may have the large amount of electret charge throughout its thickness and/or a uniform weight distribution and thus have excellent dust collecting properties.

Abstract: There are disclosed aqueous dispersions comprising water-insoluble or sparingly soluble fluorescent whitening agents, water-soluble fluorescent whitening agents, dispersants, optional solubilizers, further optional assistants and a copolymer of 2-vinylpyrrolidone and 3-vinylpropionic acid, their preparation and the use thereof for whitening polyester/cellulose fiber material. These novel dispersions are storage-stable and temperature-stable.

Abstract: A method of depositing thin films of silicon based compounds, particularly silicon dioxide, by cathode reactive sputtering utilizes a rotating cylindrical magnetron driven by a d.c. potential. The result is a technique of forming a uniform film on large substrates with high deposition rates. Arcing normally associated with sputtering troublesome dielectric coatings such as silicon oxides is substantially eliminated.

Abstract: An aluminum substrate, with its natural oxide film intact, is made suitable for the electrochemical deposition polymerization of the electrode-active organic material, and for further use as an electrolyte holder and a charge eliminator, by providing the aluminum substrate with an electron-conducting coating of Au, Pt, Ni, Cr, Cr-Ni or C. In blank form, following pickling in an alkali, the aluminum substrate can either directly receive the deposit, or can be prepared for this purpose by electrochemical coating with a corrosion-resistant heavy metal.The aluminum can be used in the form of a netting or expanded metal so as to achieve a particularly firm connection between the metal and the polymer, and so that the resulting mesh cavities can be used to incorporate the amount of electrolyte which is necessary for charging of the polymer electrode. This allows the use of a thinner separator as the electrolyte reservoir, improving the power density of the cell.