Abstract: Derivatives of compounds containing a carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety and methods of fabrication thereof consisting of a thioether, an ester, an ether, a phosphate and a silylether. Electrons are supplied to the carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety to form a reduced material. The reduced material is contacted with an electrophile which attacks and chemically combines with the carbonyl group conjugated to an aromatic moiety. The parent material can be regenerated by hydrolysis of the derivative. A silyl derivative can be selectively formed on a polyimide material surface which can act as a barrier to an RIE etch of the polyimide material. After etch the polyimide material is regenerated from the silyl derivative.

Abstract: Disclosed are organic laser dyes and more particularly o,o'-bridged oligophenylene laser dyes which when excited to lase emit radiation in various ranges and especially in the ultraviolet and violet ranges, that is, from about 300 nm to about 420 nm, of the light spectrum. An organic laser dye of this invention comprises an oligophenylene having at least one biphenyl moiety bridged between adjacent ortho positions via a single atom or a plural of atom substituents of various sizes. In one most preferred embodiment, the substituent bonded to the phenyl moieties forming the bridge is a carbon atom free of benzylic hydrogens. The bridging substituent can also be other atoms or groups free of reactive substituents. In another most preferred embodiment, the o,o'-bridged oligophenylene laser dyes are free of vinylene groups bonded directly to the phenyl moieties forming the oligophenylene chains.

Abstract: Disclosed are organic laser dyes and more particularly o,o'-bridged oligophenylene laser dyes which when excited to lase emit radiation in various ranges and especially in the ultraviolet and violet ranges, that is, from about 300 nm to about 420 nm, of the light spectrum. An organic laser dye of this invention comprises an oligophenylene having at least one biphenyl moiety bridged between adjacent ortho positions via a single atom or a plural of atom substituents of various sizes. In one most preferred embodiment, the substituent bonded to the phenyl moieties forming the bridge is a carbon atom free of benzylic hydrogens. The bridging substituent can also be other atoms or groups free of reactive substituents. In another most preferred embodiment, the o,o'-bridged oligophenylene laser dyes are free of vinylene groups bonded directly to the phenyl moieties forming the oligophenylene chains.

Abstract: A continuous method is provided for preparing alkanesulfonyl halides, particularly chlorides and alkanesulfonic acids in high yields without the formation of undesirable side-products, and without the net production of hydrogen chloride as a by-product. The method involves the continuous electrolysis of an alkanethiol (RSH) or dialkyl disulfide (RSSR') in an aqueous hydrochloric acid-containing solution, continuously removing the electrolyzed product mixture from the electrolysis zone, and recovering the alkanesulfonyl chloride (RSO.sub.2 Cl) or alkanesulfonic acid (RSO.sub.3 H) product from the mixture. The alkyl groups in the dialkyl disulfide (R and R') may be straight or branched chain, substituted or unsubstituted, have 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and may be different, but are preferably the same. The aqueous hydrochloric acid-containing medium and any unreacted sulphur compounds may be recycled through the electrolysis chamber.

Abstract: An apparatus for holding and turning lenses, particularly for eyeglass lenses to be coated in a high-vacuum vapor deposition or sputtering system. A ring pair carrying the lens to be held is seated on a substrate holder in the process chamber of the high-vacuum system. The substrate holder is a sheet metal part shaped like a half shell, and is rotatable about a vertical axis. A sickle shaped sheet metal blank forms a rake that partially overlaps the substrate holder. The rake is held and guided by a guide ring that is displaceable in the direction of the rotational axis of the substrate holder. The rake is displaceable by a lifting element of a lifting motor secured to the wall of the chamber. The rake includes individual tines having lower edges facing toward the substrate carrier. The tines engage pinions or gear wheels on the individual lens holders. The lens holders are mounted to the substrate via pegs, which allow the lens holders to pivot 180.degree..

Abstract: A halogenated organic compound is introduced into a plasma. In the plasma state, substances are very reactive and chemical substances which are not readily decomposed such as halogenated organic compounds are decomposed in a short time. Specifically, in a high-temperature plasma exceeding 10,000.degree. C., almost all molecules are considered to dissociate into atoms. A reactive substance such as water is introduced into a plasma together with a halogenated organic compound. The decomposed halogenated organic compound is caused to react with the reactive substance, for preventing the decomposed organic compound from returning to its original state.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of unsaturated halogenated hydrocarbons of the formula R.sup.1 --CR.sup.2 .dbd.CR.sup.2 --R.sup.2 in which R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently of one another are hydrogen, chlorine or fluorine, R.sup.2 is also --C(R.sup.1).sub.2 --R.sup.3 or the grouping [C(R.sup.1).sub.2 ].sub.m --C(R.sup.1).sub.2 represents two of the radicals R.sup.2, by electrolysis in the presence of certain onium compounds and metal salts, the electrolysis cells being divided or undivided. The process can be carried out continuously or discontinuously under atmospheric pressure or under an elevated pressure up to 10 bar and at temperatures from -40.degree. C. up to the boiling point of the electrolyte; the current density is in the range from 1 to 600 mA/cm.sup.2. The cathode is generally composed of carbon material. The products obtained are suitable for use as starting materials for the preparation of polymers containing fluorine.

Abstract: A microwave plasma processing apparatus used for etching or ashing processes of a semiconductor substrate, comprising a plasma generation chamber, into which a reactive gas and microwave power are introduced, a reaction chamber in which the substrate is disposed for processing, and a plasma shield plate separating the reaction chamber from the plasma generation chamber, the plasma shield plate being of electrically conductive material and having at least a hole for flowing the plasma into the reaction chamber and forming a portion of the plasma generation chamber. The microwave plasma processing apparatus of the invention further comprises a cover member disposed on a surface of the plasma shield plate facing the plasma generation chamber and made of inactive material with active species included in the plasma such as quartz and alumina ceramic.

Abstract: The process for encasing an electrically conductive region in an electronic component in an insulating layer comprises the steps of depositing a polymer layer by electrochemical polymerization of phenol-, thiophenol- and analine-containing monomers and their combinations from an electrolytic solution on the electrically conductive region and subsequently cross-linking the polymer layer to form a chemically inert insulating layer. The process provides a uniformly adhering thin insulating layer. A field effect transistor so encased is suitable for use as a physical and/or chemical sensor.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for electrochemically treating p-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid salts under oxidizing conditions to form 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid or the salts thereof. The process provides satisfactory yields of the stilbene compound while enabling substantial recycling of reaction materials. Substantial benefits are obtained when lithium hydroxide is employed in the reaction medium, including recovery of product of high purity, and improved recovery and recycling of lithium to the process.

Abstract: Described are aqueous acidic solutions for the electrodeposition of tin and lead/tin alloys for improving electro- deposition in the high current density range and for providing a uniform luster distribution of metals deposited in the low current density range. The solutions contain a mixture of metal salts, free alkanesulfonic acid, a non-ionic wetting agent and optionally aromatic short-chain aldehydes and/or optionally aromatic ketones and/or optionally short-chain unsaturated carboxylic acids. In the solutions, tin and/or lead salts of the alkanesulfonic acid are employed as the metal salt(s), the alkyl moiety of the alkanesulfonic acid consisting of from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, the free alkanesulfonic acid having alkyl moieties with from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. They contain, as a further brightener, a mixture comprising a reaction product of acetaldehyde and/or its aidol condensation product with ammonia and/or acyclic ketones and/or aliphatic amines, amides, amino acids and or hydrazine compounds.

Abstract: This invention relates to a novel, high yield process for the preparation of optically active substituted 1,4-diols with a high degree of enantiomeric purity.

Abstract: An improvement in the appearance of golf balls is disclosed. The "clear coat," i.e. the transparent coat which is the last put on the outer surface of the golf ball, has included in it an optical brightener, preferably one selected from the group consisting of stilbene derivatives, styryl derivatives of benzene and biphenyl, bis(benzazol-2-yl) derivatives, coumarins, carbostylrils, naphthalimides, derivatives of dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, pyrene derivatives, and pyridotriazoles. Substantial improvements in appearance of the golf ball are obtained.

Abstract: The composition disclosed is an improved black chromium plating bath useful for solar selective coatings. The bath comprises an aqueous solution of sulphate-free chromic acid containing ions of nitrate, borate and fluosilicate. Being a room temperature black chromium bath, good quality black chromium deposite is obtained in the temperature range of 30.degree. C. to 50.degree. C. which is quite coherent and whose selectivity is better than 8.

Abstract: Both a method and apparatus to recover metal in a solid amalgamated form from waste heavy metal electrolye and to reduce the remaining substance to an inert material and distilled water. The hot electrolyte is sprayed through a direct current sparking corona discharge freeing positive and negative ions. Before they reunite they are blown with air and accelerated with polarized force fields at a non-conductive dividing hemisphere with polarity collecting plates on its sides that ions of the correct polarity take to hold to make up molecules. The blown hot ozone vapor laden air is channeled onto a condensing flue, where clean water is removed, and goes on into the next identical cell to repeat this process twice more ending with a scrubber. The electrolyte is cycled through the cells until depleted, when clean water is introduced and filtered. The substance filtered out is inert.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the electrosynthesis of a beta,gamma-unsaturated ester by electrolysis, in a cell having only a single compartment, of a mixture of an alpha,beta-unsaturated halide and an alpha-halogenated ester in the presence of an amount which is less than the stoichiometric amount for the reaction between the halide and the ester of a catalyst based on nickel complexed with a binitrogenous bidentate organic ligand.The anode, which is consumed by the electrochemical reaction of which it is the center, is made of a metal chosen from the group comprising the reducing metals and their alloys and is preferably made of zinc, aluminum or magnesium.This process, which is simple and economical, in particular permits the synthesis of arylacetates and arylpropionates, which are intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceutical or plant protection products.

Abstract: A device for preventing fouling organisms in seawater from attaching to the exposed surfaces of a marine vessel, buoy, oil rig platform, or other seawater structure. The antifouling device includes a zinc coating applied to the exposed surfaces of the seawater structure which are susceptible to fouling. When a small negative charge is impressed upon the seawater structure, a Helmholtz double layer forms at the interface between the zinc coating and the seawater which is precludes fouling. The slight negative charge impressed upon the zinc coating also prevents dissolution of the zinc into the seawater which would otherwise be expected.

Abstract: Dihydroxydiones of the general formulaR--CO--CH(OH)--CH(OH)--CO--R Iwhere R is alkyl, are prepared by a process in which an aldehyde of the general formula ##STR1## where R has the abovementioned meaning, is subjected to electrolysis in a water-containing electrolyte which has a pH of less than 7.

Abstract: An electrode, preferably of a conductive polymer, has on its surface, preferably over all of its surface, an ion exchange material, preferably of significant thickness. Such a coated electrode may be used for sensing the presence or measuring the concentration of an ionic species, or for removal from or release of an ionic species into an electrode.

Abstract: A process for the production of nitrides for ceramic materials, in particr ALN, is described in which the element to be converted to the nitride is anodically oxidized. This oxidation is carried out in the presence of a nitrogen compound which can be reduced under the electrolysis conditions and of a substance which increases the conductivity. The electrolysis is followed, if necessary, by removal of volatile constituents and calcination of the product.