Abstract: An electrochemical oxidation of a pi-deficient N-heterocyclic precursor compound having an oxidizable organic group attached by a carbon-to-carbon linkage. This precursor compound is at least sparingly water soluble. The preferred electro-oxidation is conducted at an effective anode and in a medium which consists essentially of water, carboxylic acid, and the precursor compound. Preferred are electro-oxidations of substituted pyridine and quinoline bases and a particularly preferred aspect provides a convenient electrochemical synthesis of niacin from 3-methylpyridine.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrically conducting polymer, the water-insoluble polymer having essentially permanent self-doping properties, and the polymer comprises:(a) electrically polymerized polyaniline in covalent combination with(b) an organic dopant having at least one sulfonic acid functional group. The electrically conducting polymer-dopant is preferred wherein the organic dopant is selected from benzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonyl chloride, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, poly(vinylsulfonic) acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, 1-butanesulfonic acid, modified NAFION, 2,3,5-trichlorobenzenesulfonic acid, vinylphenylsulfonic acid, or the alkali metal salts thereof. In another aspect, the present invention discloses a method to produce a water-insoluble polyaniline in which an aromatic organic dopant is covalently bonded to the polyaniline, which method comprises (a) electropolymerizing aniline in an aqueous solvent which contains the organic dopant.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of plasma-polymerization at low temperature (from normal temperature to about 100.degree. C.) and that at low frequency.

Abstract: A fluorescent brightener is proposed which consists of 51-99% of an unsymmetrically substituted compound of the formula ##STR1## in which R and R.sub.1 are identical or different and, if R and R.sub.1 are identical, R.sub.1 must occupy a position in the phenyl ring to which it is bonded which differs from the position occupied by R in its phenyl ring, and in which R and R.sub.1 independently of one another are CN or a corboxylic acid ester group, and 49-1% of a symmetrically substituted compound of the formula ##STR2## in which R is as defined above and the two R's are bonded to identical positions in their phenyl rings, as are also agents which contain these fluorescent brighteners and the use of these fluorescent brighteners for the fluorescent brightening of, in particular, textile materials, preferably made of polyester.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are provided which can quantitatively measure the orrosion-inhibiting ability of thin films of materials such as lubricants. A galvanic cell is created on a sensitive surface using alternating layers of anodic and cathodic materials such as steel and copper, which are electrically isolated by an insulation matrix. The surface is then coated with a film of the material to be tested which is then allowed to drain therefrom. The surface is then cooled to below the dew point of the surrounding environment to cause condensation on the thin film. The galvanic current between the anodic and cathodic materials is then monitored for the first indication of environmental penetration through the film, i.e., corrosion.

Abstract: In the electric-impulse method, substances to be treated are subjected successively in time to impulse groups of electro-magnetic fields having varying energy densities, in order to increase the yield of the reactions initiated. The electric impulses or impulse groups are generated by discharging charged capacitors, which have a varying capacitance (C1,C2,C3), along a discharge path (A1,A2), the discharge paths being formed by electrodes (11,12,13) between which the substances to be treated are located in an electrolyte.

Abstract: A process for preparing oil-soluble nitrogen-containing compounds which comprises subjecting nitrogen-containing telogens and alpha-olefin taxogens to radical telomerization reaction. The nitrogen-containing compounds are mixtures of telomers having an average molecular weight not less than 300 and a nitrogen content of from 0.1 to 10 wt %. The compound may be further reacted with boron-bearing compounds or boron compounds to obtain oil-soluble nitrogen and boron-containing compounds. These compounds are useful as additives for fuel oils and lubricating oils.

Abstract: A method for tagging one or a mixture of natural or synthetic materials comprising contacting the same with one or a mixture of tagging compounds containing one or more non-ionic luminophore moieties attached to at least one poly(oxyalkylene) moiety by means of a linking moiety; wherein said tagging compound has substantial absorbance within the range of from about 300 to about 400 nm and reemits substantial visible light, said contacting effecting at least a temporary association between said material and said compound wherein said compound is present in an amount between about 0.0001 and about 10 percent by weight of said material.

Abstract: Hydroxycarboxylic esters of the general formula ##STR1## where n is an integer from 0 to 10, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each hydrogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy or an aliphatic or olefinic, straight-chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, and R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 together may furthermore form an alkylene radical, and the hydrocarbon radicals may furthermore be substituted by halogen, hydroxyl, epoxy or nitrile, and R.sup.3 is a low molecular weight alkyl radical, are prepared by electrochemical oxidation of a hydroxyaldehyde of the general formula ##STR2## in the presence of an alcohol of the formula R.sup.3 OH and of an ionic bromide or chloride in an undivided electrolysis cell.

Abstract: The process for the electrosynthesis of an aldehyde, according to the invention, is carried out by electrolysis, in a cell comprising only a single compartment, of an organic halide and of an N,N-disubstituted formamide such as dimethylformamide, followed by hydrolysis of the reaction mixture.The anode is made of a metal chosen from the group consisting of the reducing metals and their alloys, preferably zinc, aluminum or magnesium.The cathode, which is inert, is preferably covered with an electrolytic deposit of zinc, cadmium, lead or tin.Aldehydes are compounds which are commonly employed in many fields of the chemical industry, especially in perfumery, agricultural chemistry and pharmacy.

Abstract: Electrically conductive polythiophene and its derivatives are prepared by polymerizing compounds of the formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently hydrogen, R.sup.3, --OR.sup.3 or --SR.sup.3 ; and R.sup.3 is aryl of 6 to 12 carbons or aliphatic of 1 to 12 carbons; comprising reacting the compound of formula I in the presence of an initiator, the initiator comprising a 2-substituted thiophene nucleus which has a lower oxidation potential than the compound of formula I and which is capable of being incorporated into the polymer resulting from the polymerization reaction; a chemical oxidant or an applied electrochemical potential; and a non-aqueous organic solvent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of electrically conducting polyheteroaromatics by electrochemical oxidation of monomers of heteroaromatic compounds in electrolyte systems containing water, surfactants and/or co-surfactants with deposition of the polyheteroaromatics on the surface of the anode, characterized in that the electrolyte system is a microemulsion consisting of monomeric compound, water, surfactant and co-surfactant.

Abstract: An aluminum film is formed on the surface of a substrate magnesium or magnesium alloy, and the resulting product is heated in a non-oxidizing or reducing gas having a high hydrostatic pressure at a temperature ranging from the eutectic point of the magnesium or magnesium alloy and the different metal to a temperature at or below which neither of the magnesium or magnesium alloy and the different metal is molten. This treatment provides a boundary layer between the aluminum film and the magnesium or magnesium alloy. This boundary layer is free from pinholes running from the interface of the aluminum film and the boundary layer to the magnesium or magnesium alloy ground. This surface-treated magnesium or magnesium alloy has excellent corrosion resistance surface electric conductivity, thermal conductivity and heat shock resistance.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of an electrochromic electrically conductive composite membrane, which process comprises:(a) combining aniline and metal phthalocyanine in dilute hydrochloric acid; and(b) applying to the solution of step (a) a constant current density of between about 0.05 and 0.2 milliamperes/cm.sup.2 for between about 1 to 10 minutes on an electrode selected from a transparent platinum electrode or an ITO electrode to produce the improved electrically conductive electrochromic membrane. The present invention also relates to a process for the production of an electrically conductive composite membrane which comprises:(a) combining aniline, organic sulfonic acid and NAFION.RTM. all in the acid form and electropolymerizing the aqueous solution to obtain the polyaniline thin film. The electrochromic electrically conductive composite membrane produced by the process is described which is colorless when subjected to between about -0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the electrochemical regeneration of pyridine cofactors.The process of the invention is characterized by carrying out a doubly mediated catalysis by means of a flavin and an oxidoreductase enzyme.

Abstract: Ion exchange membrane divided electrochemical cells with a system of separated heterogeneous aqueous/nonaqueous electrolytes provide improved performance in both energy consuming and energy producing electrochemical processes by more effectively restricting the transmission of neutral molecules between cell compartments and by isolating reactions occuring at the working and counter electrodes.

Abstract: Quinones are produced by electrolysis of corresponding hydroquinones, in the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell, by electrolyzing a dispersion or emulsion including a conductive aqueous solution of hydroquinone and at least one stable cosolvent which is poorly soluble in water but which is a good solvent for the quinone produced and a poor solvent for the hydroquinone.

Abstract: Electrodes for electrochemical processes, especially anodes for the cathodic protection of metal substrates, e.g. reinforcing bars in concrete, comprise a conductive core which acts as a current-distributing member, an outer member which provides an electrochemically active outer surface, and an intermediate member composed of a material which is of higher resistivity, and/or which is less electrochemically active, than the material of the outer member. The higher the resistivity of the intermediate member, the more regular the current distribution along the length of the electrode. When the intermediate member is less electrochemically active, this protects the core from corrosion if the outer member is damaged by physical means or through electrochemical erosion. Preferably at least one of the intermediate member and the outer member is composed of a conductive polymer, especially one comprising carbon black or graphite as conductive filler.

Abstract: In a magneto-optical recording element comprising a substrate, a magnetic layer and a dielectric layer, the dielectric layer is formed by deposition of a composition comprising Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 and a refractive index-improving agent such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 or Y.sub.2 O.sub.3. This dielectric layer has a high refractive index and the enhancement effect is improved. Moreover, this dielectric layer is excellent in the adhesion and resistance characteristics.

Abstract: The 4-acryloxyazetidin-2-ones, which are intermediates in the production of carbapenems and penems, are produced from 4-furanylazetidin-2-ones by electrochemical methods.