Abstract: An apparatus includes a linear heater. The linear heater includes a linear supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The heating element is located on the linear supporter and includes a carbon nanotube film. The carbon nanotube film includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes entangled with each other. The at least two electrodes are separately located and electrically connected to the heating element.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a hollow heater. The hollow heater includes a hollow supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The hollow supporter defines a hollow space. The hollow supporter has an inner surface and an outer surface. The heating element is attached on one of the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow supporter. The heat element includes at least one linear carbon nanotube structure. The at least two electrodes are electrically connected to the heating element.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a hollow heater. The hollow heater has a hollow supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The at least two electrodes are separately and electrically connected to the heating element. The hollow supporter defines a hollow space, the hollow supporter has an inner surface and an outer surface. The heating element disposed on one of the surfaces of the hollow supporter. The heating element includes a carbon nanotube film. The carbon nanotube film is made of a plurality of carbon nanotubes entangled with each other.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a linear heater. The linear heater includes a linear supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The heating element is located on the linear supporter and includes a carbon nanotube structure. The at least two electrodes are separately located and electrically connected to the heating element.

Abstract: A planar heater includes a heating element and at least two electrodes. The at least electrodes are electrically connected to the heating element. The heating element includes a carbon nanotube film comprising of a plurality of carbon nanotubes. An angle between a primary alignment direction of the carbon nanotubes and a surface of the carbon nanotube film is in the range of about 0 degrees to about 15 degrees.

Abstract: A method for making a hollow heater is provided. The method includes providing a hollow supporter and, the hollow supporter defines a hollow space. A carbon nanotube structure is made and then fixed on a surface of the hollow supporter. A first electrode and a second electrode is provided and electrically connected to the carbon nanotube structure.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a hollow heater. The hollow heater includes a hollow supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The hollow supporter has an inner surface and an outer surface. The heating element is attached on one of the inner and the outer surfaces of the hollow supporter. The heat element comprises of a carbon nanotube film comprising of carbon nanotubes arranged along a same direction. The at least two electrodes are electrically connected to the heating element.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a linear heater. The linear heater includes a linear supporter; a heating element and two or more electrodes. The heating element is located on the linear supporter. The two or more electrodes are separately located and electrically connected to the heating element. At least one of the two or more electrodes includes a carbon nanotube structure.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a hollow heater. The hollow heater includes a hollow supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The hollow supporter defines a hollow space, the hollow supporter has an inner surface and an outer surface. The heating element is located on the inner surface or the outer surface of the hollow supporter. The at least two electrodes are electrically connected to the heating element. At least one of the at least two electrodes includes at least a carbon nanotube structure.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a linear heater. The linear heater includes a linear supporter; a heating element and at least two electrodes. The heating element is located on the linear supporter and includes at least one linear carbon nanotube structure. The at least two electrodes are separately located and electrically connected to the heating element.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a hollow heater. The hollow heater includes a hollow supporter, a heating element and at least two electrodes. The least two electrodes electrically connected to the heating element. The hollow supporter defines a hollow space, and the hollow supporter has an inner surface and an outer surface. The heating element is located on the inner surface or the outer surface of the hollow supporter. The heating element comprises at least one carbon nanotube film comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes, and an angle between a primary alignment direction of the carbon nanotubes and a surface of the carbon nanotube film is 0 degrees to 15 degrees.

Abstract: A method and system of measuring the spectroscopic impedance of a sensor and its immediate surroundings. The sensor is disposed on an engineered structure and is coated with a protective coating. The method includes providing a first optical signal having a first modulation frequency and amplitude. The method also includes transmitting the first optical signal and a second optical signal from a first location to a sensor location. The method also includes modulating the second optical signal with a second modulation frequency and amplitude, the second modulation frequency and amplitude converted from the first optical signal. The method also includes comparing the first modulation frequency to the second modulation frequency to determine one of a phase difference and a time lag and calculating the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of the sensor and its immediate surroundings as a function of frequency.

Abstract: A filter includes a carbon nanotube film. The carbon nanotube film includes a plurality of linear carbon nanotubes, the linear carbon nanotubes being entangled with each other to form a number of micropores, wherein the diameters of the micropores are less than 10 nanometers. The method for making the filter includes the following steps: (a) providing a carbon nanotube array formed on a substrate; (b) removing the carbon nanotube array from the substrate to obtain a raw material of carbon nanotubes; (c) adding the raw material of carbon nanotubes into a solvent to obtain a flocculent structure; and (d) separating the flocculent structure from the solvent and shaping the flocculent structure to obtain a filter.

Abstract: Provided is a method of making microarrays that includes providing a substrate with discrete first microfeatures that have a first profile, and depositing vapor-coated materials onto the first microfeatures to form second microfeatures having a second profile that is substantially different from the first profile. Also provided is a method of adding a replication material to the vapor-coated microfeatures to form a mold. Microarrays made by this method can be used as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor includes a first electrode, a second electrode opposite to the first electrode, a separator sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode, a cell accommodating the first electrode, the second electrode and the separator, and an electrolytic solution filled into the inner space of the cell, with the first electrode, the second electrode and the separator immersed into the electrolytic solution. The first electrode and second electrode are in a CNT film structure, wherein the CNT film includes a number of CNTs packed closely, entangled and interconnected with each other, and disorderly arranged. The electrolytic capacitor is a high-performance capacitor.

Abstract: A detection system for monitoring an engineered structure includes an array of sensors disposable in a predetermined pattern on the engineered structure and disposable between a surface of the engineered structure and a protective coating substantially covering the surface. The detection system also includes a controller in communication with the array of sensors for retrieving data from the sensors. The controller communicates with the sensor array via an optical fiber backbone. The array of sensors can remotely provide data corresponding to at least one of a degree of cure of the protective coating, a health of the cured protective coating, and a corrosion rate of the engineered structure at each of the sensors.

Abstract: Provided is a method of fabricating hierarchical articles that contain nanofeatures and microstructures. The method includes providing a substrate that includes nanofeatures and then creating microstructures adding a layer, removing at least a portion of the layer to reveal at least a portion of the substrate.

Abstract: A method for making a high-density carbon nanotube array includes the steps of: (a) providing a substrate having a carbon nanotube array formed thereon; (b) providing an elastic film; (c) stretching the elastic film uniformly, and covering the elastic film to the carbon nanotube array; (d) exerting a pressure uniformly on the elastic film, and shrinking the carbon nanotube array and the elastic film under the pressure; and (e) separating the nanotube array from the elastic film to acquire a high-density carbon nanotube array.

Abstract: A multifunctional optical film for enhancing light extraction includes a flexible substrate, a structured layer, and a backfill layer. The structured layer effectively uses microreplicated diffractive or scattering nanostructures located near enough to the light generation region to enable extraction of an evanescent wave from an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device. The backfill layer has a material having an index of refraction different from the index of refraction of the structured layer. The backfill layer also provides a planarizing layer over the structured layer in order to conform the light extraction film to a layer of an OLED display device. The film may have additional layers added to or incorporated within it to an emissive surface in order to effect additional functionalities beyond improvement of light extraction efficiency.

Abstract: A multifunctional optical film for enhancing light extraction includes a flexible substrate, a structured layer, and a backfill layer. The structured layer effectively uses microreplicated diffractive or scattering nanostructures located near enough to the light generation region to enable extraction of an evanescent wave from an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device. The backfill layer has a material having an index of refraction different from the index of refraction of the structured layer. The backfill layer also provides a planarizing layer over the structured layer in order to conform the light extraction film to a layer of an OLED lighting device such as solid state lighting devices or backlight units. The film may have additional layers added to or incorporated within it to an emissive surface in order to effect additional functionalities beyond improvement of light extraction efficiency.