Abstract: The particle size is controlled in the preparation of hydrophilic polymer powders by polymerization of water-soluble monoethylenically unsaturated monomers in a powder bed in the presence of a polymerization initiator and an inert auxiliary liquid by a method in which a solution of the monomers in an inert auxiliary liquid is divided into fine drops with the aid of a multimaterial nozzle which dips into the powder bed, using an inert gas stream, and the particle size of the resulting polymer powder is regulated by varying the amount of inert gas.

Abstract: Liquid, alkaline detergent formulations which contain as essential constituents a surfactant, water and 0.1-20% by weight of partially esterified copolymers are obtainable by the copolymerization of(a) one or more C.sub.4 -C.sub.28 -olefins and(b) ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydrides of from 4 to 8 carbon atomsin a molar ratio of 1:1 and subsequent partial esterification of the copolymers of the reaction products(A) C.sub.1 -C.sub.30 -alcohols, C.sub.8 -C.sub.22 fatty acids, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkylphenols or secondary C.sub.2 -C.sub.30 -amines with(B) one or more C.sub.2 -C.sub.4 -alkylene oxides or tetrahydrofuranin a molar ratio of (A):(B) of from 1:2 to 1:50 and hydrolysis of the anhydride groups of the copolymer to carboxyl groups, the partial esterification of the copolymers being carried on until more than 5 to 50% of the carboxyl groups of the copolymers have been esterified.

Abstract: Stable water-in-oil emulsions of hydrolyzed polymers of N-vinylamides of the formula ##STR1## where R and R.sup.1 are each H or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl are prepared by polymerization of a compound of the formula I alone or as a mixture with other monoethylenically unsaturated monomers, in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion, to give a water-in-oil polymer emulsion, and subsequent hydrolysis of the polymer, by a process in which hydrolysis of the polymer in the form of the water-in-oil polymer emulsion is carried out in the presence of an acid or base and of from 1 to 30% by weight, based on the polymer, of an emulsifier which is obtainable by(A) reacting a C.sub.10 -C.sub.22 -fatty alcohol with epichlorohydrin in a molar ratio of from 1:0.5 to 1:1.5 to give a glycidyl ether,(B) reacting the glycidyl ether with (1) a saturated C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alcohol containing from 2 to 6 OH groups or (2) its monoether with a C.sub.10 -C.sub.22 -fatty alcohol, in a molar ratio of glycidyl ether to (1) or (2) of from 1:0.

Abstract: Pulverulent and liquid detergents contain (1) one or more anionic surfactants, one or more nonionic surfactants or mixtures thereof and (2) copolymers in amounts of from 0.1 to 15% by weight preparable by copolymerization of(a) from 10 to 55 mol % of a 1,2-di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxyethylene,(b) from 10 to 60 mol % of a monoethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic anhydride of from 4 to 8 carbon atoms,(c) from 0 to 60 mol % of a monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -monocarboxylic acid and(d) from 0 to 20 mol % of another monoethylenically unsaturated monomerand subsequent hydrolysis of the anhydride groups of the copolymerized monomer (b) or reaction of these groups with an alcohol or an amine.Preferred copolymers contain 1,2 dimethoxyethylene as the (a) monomer, maleic acid as the (b) monomer, and acrylic acid as the (c) monomer.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers containing copolymerized vinylamine units are prepared by copolymerizing (a) from 95 to 10 mol % of N-vinylformamide and (b) from 5 to 90 mol % of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl vinyl ethers, the esters, nitriles and amines of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone, and then eliminating from 30 to 100 mol % of the formyl groups from the copolymer. Preferred copolymers are copolymers of N-vinyl-formamide and vinyl acetate, in which from 30 to 100 mol % of the monomer units are hydrolyzed. The copolymers are used in papermaking to increase the dry strength and wet strength of the paper.

Abstract: A fuel for gasoline engines contains a small amount of a copolymer of an olefin of from 2 to 40 carbon atoms and/or a cycloolefin of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms with maleic anhydride and/or a copolymer of an alkyl vinyl ether of from 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and/or a cycloalkyl vinyl ether of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group with maleic anhydride and/or a copolymer of an alkyl vinyl ether of from 1 to 30 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and/or a cycloalkyl vinyl ether of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and an olefin of from 2 to 40 carbon atoms and/or a cycloolefin of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms with maleic anhydride having a total molecular weight of from 500 to 20,000 g per mole, the carboxyl groups on the copolymer having been wholly or partly converted with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal to form an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt and the remaining carboxyl groups having been converted with an alcohol and/or an amine of up to 50 carbon atom into the cor

Abstract: Oxyalkylated, carboxyl-containing polymers are prepared by reacting(A) a polymer which contains one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -carboxylic acids as copolymerized units with(B) an alkylene oxidein an aqueous medium at not more than 120.degree. C. by a process in which the reaction is started at a pH of from 5.0 to 5.9 and is ended after a pH of from 5.5 to 8.5 has been reached. As a result of monitoring of the pH, the selectivity of the addition reaction of alkylene oxides with the polymers (A) is substantially improved compared with known processes.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers having a K value of from 15 to 120 (determined on the sodium salt according to H. Fikentscher in aqueous solution at 25.degree. C., a pH of 7 and a polymer concentration of the Na salt of 1% by weight) contain, in the polymerized form,(a) from 99.5 to 80 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids and(b) from 0.5 to 20 mol % of one or more comonomers which possess two or more ethylenically unsaturated, non-conjugated double bonds, are derived from esters and are obtainable by esterification of(b1) monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids with(b2) polyhydric alcohols of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, polyalkylene glycols, polyglycerols, polyvinyl alcohol and monohydric, monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.

Abstract: Paper, board, and cardboard having high dry strength are made by adding to the paper stock a dry strength agent which is obtainable by mixing enzymatically digested starch having a viscosity of from 20 to 2,000 mPa.s (measured in 7.5% strength aqueous solution at 45.degree. C.) and a cationic polymer which contains, as typical copolymerized monomers,(a) diallyldimethylammonium chloride,(b) N-vinylamine or(c) an unsubstituted or substituted N-vinylimidazoline, the K value of the cationic polymer in each case being not less than 30, and draining the paper stock with sheet formation.

Abstract: A cementing composition useful in cementing oil, gas and water wells, comprising water, hydraulic cement and an effective amount of water soluble fluid loss additive comprised of a copolymer of acrylamide/vinyl imidazole and derivatives thereof in a weight percent ratio of from about 95:5 to 5:95, said copolymer having a molecular weight range of from about 100,000 to 3,000,000. The composition can also optionally include a dispersant such as sodium or potassium salts or a sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers having a K value of from 8 to 100 (determined on the Na salt of the copolymers according to H. Fikentscher in aqueous solution at 25.degree. C., at a pH of 7 and at a concentration of the Na salt of the polymer of 1% by weight) are prepared by copolymerization of monomer mixtures of(a) from 98.5 to 18.5 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids,(b) from 1.5 to 20 mol % of one or more comonomers which contain two or more ethylenically unsaturated, nonconjugated double bonds which are separated from one another by one or more ester bonds,(c) from 0 to 80 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 -C.sub.

Abstract: Organic polyacids are prepared from monomeric monofunctional acids, such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and monomers without an acid group, with or without dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides, by continuous free radical mass copolymerization under superatmospheric pressure at from 200.degree. to 400.degree. C., followed, if desired, by neutralization of the polyacids obtained. The polyacids obtained by the novel process are useful as phosphate substitutes and scale inhibitors in detergents and cleansers.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers having a K value of from 8 to 100 (determined according to H. Fikentscher on sodium salt in aqueous solution at 25.degree. C., a pH of 7 and a polymer concentration of the Na salt of 1% by weight) contain, in polymerized form,(a) not less than 15 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids,(b) from 0.5 to 84.5 mol % of one or more ethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 -C.sub.6 -dicarboxylic acids,(c) from 0 to 20 mol % of one or more hydroxyalkyl esters, where hydroxyalkyl is of 2 to 6 carbon atoms, of monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -carboxylic acids,(d) from 0 to 30 mol % of other water-soluble, monoethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with (a), (b) and (c),(e) from 0.

Abstract: A roll stand comprises a frame, a pair of upper guide members spaced apart on the frame along an upper axis and a pair of lower guide members spaced apart on the frame along a lower axis parallel to the upper axis. Guide formations between the members and the frame prevent the members from moving axially relative to the frame and permit the members to move vertically in the frame. Respective upper and lower journal blocks on the members are prevented from moving vertically relative to the respective members by respective guide formations between the blocks and the members but can move axially on the members. An upper roller is carried between the upper journal blocks, axially coupled thereto, and rotatable thereon about the upper axis and a lower roller is carried between the lower journal blocks, axially coupled thereto, and rotatable thereon about the lower axis.

Abstract: A crosscurrent heat exchanger body made up of a stack of joined, parallel flow web plates (1), and a hollow chamber (5) for flow across them between each two successive web plates, with the cover layers (2,2') of successive web plates being sloped toward one another at their ends over the hollow chamber (5) enclosed between them, and being joined tightly to one another over the entire width, is disclosed.

Abstract: A detergent contains as a grayness inhibitor in the wash and aftertreatment of textile material containing synthetic fibers a graft polymer obtainable by grafting(a) a polyalkylene oxide which has a number average molecular weight of from 300 to 100,000 and is based on ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and/or butylene oxide with(b) N-vinlypyrrolidone and(c) a vinyl ester derived from a saturated monocarboxylic acid containing from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and/or a methyl or ethyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid in a weight ratio (a):(b):(c) of from 1:0.3:1 to 1:5:30, the order of the addition of (b) and (c) in the graft copolymerization being immaterial and it being possible for up to 1 mole % of the grafted-on monomers (c) to be hydrolyzed.

Abstract: Water-soluble copolymers having a K value of from 15 to 120 (determined according to H. Fikentscher in an aqueous solution of their sodium salt at 25.degree. C., a pH of 7 and a polymer concentration of the Na salt of 1% by weight) contain, in polymerized form,(a) not less than 80 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids,(b) from 0.5 to 20 mol % of a comonomer which possesses two or more ethylenically unsaturated, non-conjugated double bonds and one or more --CO--OX groups and/or their salt with an alkali metal, ammonium or alkaline earth metal base, and, if required,(c) not more than 10 mol % of one or more comonomers which differ from (b) and possess two or more ethylenically unsaturated, non-conjugated double bonds, and the said copolymers are prepared by copolymerization of the monomers (a), (b) and, if required (c) in aqueous solution and are used for coating seed.

Abstract: A surfactant-based detergent contains water-soluble copolymers which contain(a) from 99.5 to 15 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 - to C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids,(b) from 0.5 to 20 mol % of one or more comonomers which contain two or more ethylenically unsaturated nonconjugated double bonds and have one or more --CO--OX groups where X is hydrogen, an alkali metal, one equivalent of an alkaline earth metal or ammonium,(c) from 0 to 84.5 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 - to C.sub.6 -dicarboxylic acids,(d) from 0 to 20 mol % of one or more hydroxyalkyl esters of monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 - to C.sub.6 -carboxylic acids and(e) from 0 to 30 mol % of other water-soluble monoethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with (a) to (d)as copolymerized units, with the proviso that the sum of the mol % ages (a) to (e) is always 100 and which have a Finkentscher K value of from 8 to 120.

Abstract: A surfactant-based detergent contains water-soluble copolymers which contain(a) from 99.5 to 15 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.3 - to C.sub.6 -monocarboxylic acids,(b) from 0.5 to 20 mol % or one or more comonomers which have two or more ethylenically unsaturated nonconjugated double bonds and are derived from esters,(c) from 0 to 84.5 mol % of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated C.sub.4 - to C.sub.6 -dicarboxylic acids,(d) from 0 to 20 mol % of one or more hydroxyalkyl esters of monoethlenically unsaturated C.sub.3 - to C.sub.6 -carboxlic acids and(e) from 0 to 30 mol % of other water-soluble monoethylenically unsaturated monomers copolymerizable with (a) to (d)as copolymerized units, with the proviso that the sum of the mol % ages (a) to (e) is always 100 and which have a Fikentscher K value of from 8 to 120.

Abstract: Slightly crosslinked, water-soluble polymaleic acid which is obtainable by polymerization of maleic anhydride with from 0.1 to 10% by weight of a crosslinking agent in an aromatic hydrocarbon at from 60.degree. to 200.degree. C. in the presence of from 1 to 20% by weight, based on maleic anhydride, of a peroxyester, and hydrolysis of the polymer to give slightly crosslinked polymaleic acid having a Fikentscher K value of from 8 to 20 (measured at 20.degree. C. in 5% strength aqueous solution at pH 7 as the Na salt), a process for the preparation of slightly crosslinked polymaleic acid, and its use as a water treatment agent for reducing boiler scale and hard water deposits in water-conveying systems.