Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) integrated circuit (IC) includes a local oscillation module, analog radio receiver, analog radio transmitter, digital receiver module, digital transmitter module, and digital optimization module. The local oscillation module is operably coupled to produce at least one local oscillation. The analog radio receiver is operably coupled to directly convert inbound RF signals into inbound low intermediate frequency signals based on the local oscillation. The digital receiver module is operably coupled to process the inbound low IF signals in accordance with one of a plurality of radio transceiving standards to produce inbound data. The digital transmitter is operably coupled to produce an outbound low intermediate frequency signal by processing outbound data in accordance with the one of the plurality of radio transceiving standards. The analog radio transmitter is operably coupled to directly convert the outbound low IF signals into outbound RF signals based on the local oscillation.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency (RF) receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer coupled to the output of the LNA. The gain of the LNA is adjusted to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of the mixer and to force the mixer to operate well within its linear region when an intermodulation interference component is present. The RF receiver includes a first received signal strength indicator (RSSI_A) coupled to the output of the mixer that measures the strength of the wideband signal at that point. A second received signal strength indicator (RSSI_B) couples after the BPF and measures the strength of the narrowband signal. The LNA gain is set based upon these signal strengths. By altering the gain of the LNA by one step and measuring the difference between a prior RSSI_B reading and a subsequent RSSI_B? reading will indicate whether intermodulation interference is present.

Abstract: A method for calibrating a radio frequency (RF) transmitter begins by mixing a modulated RF signal with an in-phase (I) component of a local oscillation or a quadrature (Q) component of the local oscillation to produce a baseband representation of the modulated RF signal. The method continues by converting the baseband representation of the modulated RF signal into a digital baseband signal. The method continues by filtering the digital baseband signal to produce at least one frequency spectrum component. The method continues by interpreting the at least one frequency spectrum component to produce a calibration signal. The method continues by calibrating at least one of DC offset and gain offset of digital transmitter processing module based on the calibration signal.

Abstract: Techniques are provided for placing and routing vias that conduct signals through a connector between two electrical units. Vias that conduct a first set of signals are placed next to vias that provide return paths for the first set of signals to reduce cross-talk or impedance. Vias that conduct input or output signals can be placed next to vias that provide return paths for the input or output signals to reduce cross-talk. The vias that provide the return paths can conduct, for example, ground signals, power supply signals, or both. Vias that conduct power supply signals can be placed next to vias that provide return paths for the power supply signals to reduce impedance. The vias that provide the return paths for the power supply signals can conduct, for example, ground signals. The via configurations reduce cost and increase yield, and the via configurations are modular.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency (RF) receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer coupled to the output of the LNA. The gain of the LNA is adjusted to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of the mixer and to force the mixer to operate well within its linear region when an intermodulation interference component is present. The RF receiver includes a first received signal strength indicator (RSSI_A) coupled to the output of the mixer that measures the strength of the wideband signal at that point. A second received signal strength indicator (RSSI_B) couples after the BPF and measures the strength of the narrowband signal. The LNA gain is set based upon these signal strengths. By altering the gain of the LNA by one step and measuring the difference between a prior RSSI_B reading and a subsequent RSSI_B? reading will indicate whether intermodulation interference is present.

Abstract: A radio receiver includes a single analog to digital converter, a 1st digital mixing module, and a 2nd digital mixing module. The single analog to digital converter is coupled to convert the filtered IF signal into a digital IF signal, which includes information regarding an in-phase component and a quadrature component of a modulated RF signal. The 1st and 2nd mixing modules each receive the digital IF signal and mix the digital IF signal with an in-phase and quadrature digital local oscillation to produce a 1st baseband signal component and a 2nd baseband signal component.

Abstract: A package substrate is provided with a side/edge-mounted decoupling capacitor that can provide substantially instant power or control simultaneous switching noise (SSN) associated with a semiconductor device package. A fabrication method for such a package substrate is also provided. Further, a semiconductor device package that includes such a package substrate is provided. According to various embodiments, the decoupling capacitor is connected to edges or sides of a power plane and a ground plane in the package substrate for connection via the semiconductor device package's power delivery system to a power source or component.

Abstract: A radio receiver includes a low noise amplifier, intermediate frequency mixing stage, complex bandpass filter, a single analog to digital converter, a 1st digital mixing module, and a 2nd digital mixing module. The low noise amplifier is operably coupled to amplify a modulated radio frequency (RF) signal to produce an amplified modulated RF signal. The intermediate frequency mixing stage is operably coupled to mix the amplified modulated RF signal with a local oscillation to produce a modulated IF signal. The complex bandpass filter filters an I and Q component of the modulated IF signal to produce a filtered IF signal. The single analog to digital converter is operably coupled to convert the filtered IF signal into a digital IF signal. The 1st and 2nd mixing modules each receive the digital IF signal and mix the digital IF signal with an in-phase and quadrature digital local oscillation to produce a 1st baseband signal component and a 2nd baseband signal component.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency (RF) receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer coupled to the output of the LNA. The gain of the LNA is adjusted to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of the mixer and to force the mixer to operate well within its linear region when an intermodulation interference component is present. The RF receiver includes a first received signal strength indicator (RSSI_A) coupled to the output of the mixer that measures the strength of the wideband signal at that point. A second received signal strength indicator (RSSI_B) couples after the BPF and measures the strength of the narrowband signal. The LNA gain is set based upon these signal strengths. LNA gain is determined during a guard period preceding an intended time slot of a current frame and during a guard period following an intended time slot of a prior frame. The lesser of these two LNA gains is used for the intended time slot of the current frame.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency (RF) receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer coupled to the output of the LNA. The gain of the LNA is adjusted to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of the mixer and to force the mixer to operate well within its linear region when an intermodulation interference component is present. The RF receiver includes a first received signal strength indicator (RSSI_A) coupled to the output of the mixer that measures the strength of the wideband signal at that point. A second received signal strength indicator (RSSI_B) couples after the BPF and measures the strength of the narrowband signal. The LNA gain is set based upon these signal strengths. By altering the gain of the LNA by one step and measuring the difference between a prior RSSI_B reading and a subsequent RSSI_B? reading will indicate whether intermodulation interference is present.

Abstract: A direct conversion or VLIF receiver corrects DC offset by, prior to receiving a burst of data, the receiver determines a coarse DC offset with the antenna of the receiver switched off. The receiver then adjusts an analog portion of the receiver (e.g., the output of the mixers) based on the coarse DC offset. The receiver then determines a gain setting of the receiver (e.g., for the low noise amplifier and/or programmable gain amplifiers) with the antenna on. The receiver then sets the gain of at least one gain stage of the receiver based on the gain setting. The receiver then determines a fine DC offset with the antenna off. The receiver then, while receiving a burst of data, subtracts the fine DC offset from the digital baseband or low IF signal prior to data recovery.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency (RF) receiver includes a low noise amplifier (LNA) and a mixer coupled to the output of the LNA. The gain of the LNA is adjusted to maximize signal-to-noise ratio of the mixer and to force the mixer to operate well within its linear region when an intermodulation interference component is present. The RF receiver includes a first received signal strength indicator (RSSI_A) coupled to the output of the mixer that measures the strength of the wideband signal at that point. A second received signal strength indicator (RSSI_B) couples after the BPF and measures the strength of the narrowband signal. The LNA gain is set based upon these signal strengths. By altering the gain of the LNA by one step and measuring the difference between a prior RSSI_B reading and a subsequent RSSI_B? reading will indicate whether intermodulation interference is present.

Abstract: A self-calibrating transmitter includes an up-conversion mixing module, summing module, calibration determination module, and a calibration execution module. The up-conversion mixing module is operably coupled to mix an I component of a base-band signal with an I component of a local oscillation to produce a mixed I signal and is also operably coupled to mix a Q component of the base-band signal with a Q component of the local oscillation to produce a mixed Q signal. The summing module sums the mixed I signal with the mixed Q signal to produce a modulated radio frequency (RF) signal. The calibration determination module is operably coupled to produce a calibration signal, which it generates by interpreting the local oscillation and the modulated RF signal. The calibration execution module is operably coupled to calibrate the DC level of the I and/or Q component of the base-band signal, and/or the gain of the I and/or Q component of the base-band signal based on the calibration signal.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency RF transmitter includes a translational loop architecture that supports non-constant envelope modulation types and includes by adjusting the envelope of the translational loop at the translational loop output. The RF transmitter includes a phase equalizer, an Intermediate Frequency (IF) modulator, a translational loop, an envelope time delay adjust block, an envelope adjust block, and a time delay calibration block. The phase equalizer receives a modulated baseband signal and phase equalizes the modulated baseband signal to produce a phase equalized modulated baseband signal. The IF modulator receives the phase equalized modulated baseband signal and produces a modulated IF signal having a non-constant envelope. The translational loop receives the modulated IF signal and produces a modulated RF signal having a constant envelope.

Abstract: This invention discloses an electrochemical method for the preparation of single atom tips to replace the traditional vacuum evaporation method. The invented method for preparation of single atom tips includes the following steps: A substrate single crystal metal wire etched electrochemically to form a tip. The surface of the metal tip is cleaned. A small quantity of noble metal is plated on the apex of the tip in low concentration noble metal electrolyte. Annealing in vacuum or in inert gas ambient to diffuse the additional electroplated noble metal atoms and thus a single atom tip is formed on the surface of the substrate. The present invention also discloses the single atom tip so prepared. The single atom tip of this invention has only a very small number of atoms, usually only one atom, at its apex.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) integrated circuit (IC) includes a local oscillation module, analog radio receiver, analog radio transmitter, digital receiver module, digital transmitter module, and digital optimization module. The local oscillation module is operably coupled to produce at least one local oscillation. The analog radio receiver is operably coupled to directly convert inbound RF signals into inbound low intermediate frequency signals based on the local oscillation. The digital receiver module is operably coupled to process the inbound low IF signals in accordance with one of a plurality of radio transceiving standards to produce inbound data. The digital transmitter is operably coupled to produce an outbound low intermediate frequency signal by processing outbound data in accordance with the one of the plurality of radio transceiving standards. The analog radio transmitter is operably coupled to directly convert the outbound low IF signals into outbound RF signals based on the local oscillation.

Abstract: A radio frequency (RF) integrated circuit (IC) includes a local oscillation module, analog radio receiver, analog radio transmitter, digital receiver module, digital transmitter module, and digital optimization module. The local oscillation module is operably coupled to produce at least one local oscillation. The analog radio receiver is operably coupled to directly convert inbound RF signals into inbound low intermediate frequency signals based on the local oscillation. The digital receiver module is operably coupled to process the inbound low IF signals in accordance with one of a plurality of radio transceiving standards to produce inbound data. The digital transmitter is operably coupled to produce an outbound low intermediate frequency signal by processing outbound data in accordance with the one of the plurality of radio transceiving standards. The analog radio transmitter is operably coupled to directly convert the outbound low IF signals into outbound RF signals based on the local oscillation.

Abstract: The present invention discloses novel methods of communication for wireless local loop communication systems. The method comprises the steps of providing a plurality of fixed access units in radio communication with an array of radio fixed parts; utilizing a plurality of radio channels divided into a predetermined number of synchronized time slots; conducting radio communication between an activated fixed access unit and an activated radio fixed part during a chosen time slot on an assigned radio channel; and denying radio communication on said assigned radio channel during said chosen time slot in a controlled number of radio fixed parts surrounding said activated radio fixed parts.

Abstract: An irradiation apparatus for a photodynamic treatment. The irradiation apparatus includes a main body, a high power light emitting element, an optical lens assembly and an optical fiber. The high power light emitting element is disposed on the main body to output light. The optical lens assembly is adjacent to the high power light emitting element and disposed on the main body to receive the light from the high power light emitting element. The optical fiber has an input end and an output end. The input end is coupled to the optical lens assembly to receive and transmit the light from the optical lens assembly.

Abstract: A Radio Frequency RF transmitter includes a translational loop architecture that supports non-constant envelope modulation types and includes by adjusting the envelope of the translational loop at the translational loop output. The RF transmitter includes an Intermediate Frequency (IF) modulator, a translational loop, an envelope time delay adjust block, an envelope adjust block, and a time delay calibration block. The IF modulator receives a modulated baseband signal and produces a modulated IF signal having a non-constant envelope. The translational loop receives the modulated IF signal and produces a modulated RF signal having a constant envelope. The envelope time delay adjust block receives an envelope signal corresponding to the original modulated signal and produces a time delayed envelope signal based upon a time delay control signal. The envelope adjust block adjusts the modulated RF signal based upon the time delayed envelope signal to produce an envelope adjusted modulated RF signal.