Abstract: A system for evaluating training 1 comprises a pulsating flow generating unit 11 for imparting a pulsating flow to a designated fluid, a coronary artery flow generating unit 12 that branches off from that pulsating flow generating unit 11 and by which a flow condition of that pulsating flow can be converted to generate a coronary artery flow, and a surgery training unit 13 provided between the pulsating flow generating unit 11 and the coronary artery flow generating unit 12 and that operates to enable coronary artery bypass surgery training under pulsation. This system for evaluating training 1 has a circuit configured to enable the coronary artery flow fluid generated by the coronary artery flow generating unit 12 to pass through a simulated blood vessel that has been subjected to a designated treatment in training using the surgery training unit 13.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of forming the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes an active region of which an edge is curved. The semiconductor device includes a gate insulating layer, a floating gate, a gate interlayer dielectric layer and a control gate line on the active region. The semiconductor device includes an oxide pattern having a concave top surface between adjacent floating gates. The control gate may be sufficiently spaced apart from the active region by the oxide pattern. The method can provide a semiconductor device that includes a reoxidation process, an active region having a curved edge and an oxide pattern having a top surface of a curved concave shape.

Abstract: A method of outputting an audio signal includes receiving an audio signal; generating a carrier waves having phases differing from each other; generating modulation signals by comparing the respective carrier waves with the audio signal; amplifying the modulation signals; and outputting the amplified modulation signals.

Abstract: An audio signal amplifying device and method for reducing a size and corresponding power consumption of demodulation filters in the signal amplifying device. In the device and method, carrier waves having phase shifts are generated from a received audio signal. The shifted carrier waves are compared to the audio signal to generate modulation signals, which are amplified based on a power supply voltage. The amplified modulation signals or a power supply signal are output based on a comparison between the carrier waves and the audio signal. The output signals are synthesized to produce a synthesized signal having a lower average voltage and current value, thus reducing power consumption of the signal amplifying device.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of forming the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes an active region of which an edge is curved. The semiconductor device includes a gate insulating layer, a floating gate, a gate interlayer dielectric layer and a control gate line on the active region. The semiconductor device includes an oxide pattern having a concave top surface between adjacent floating gates. The control gate may be sufficiently spaced apart from the active region by the oxide pattern. The method can provide a semiconductor device that includes a reoxidation process, an active region having a curved edge and an oxide pattern having a top surface of a curved concave shape.

Abstract: A method of controlling power supply voltage of an audio amplifier delays an input audio signal; estimates, with a digital signal processor, an audio output level of the delayed input audio signal based on correlations between the delayed input audio signal level and audio level change factors; sets a value of power supply voltage supplied to a power switching circuit unit in correspondence with the estimated audio output level prior to outputting the delayed input audio signal on which the estimated audio output level is based; and amplifies the delayed audio input signal to provide an audio output signal by variably controlling the power supply voltage supplied to the power switching circuit unit according to the set value of power supply voltage.

Abstract: An audio power amplifier provides a virtual ground to reduce power on/off noise and a method for processing a signal in the audio power amplifier. The audio power amplifier includes a switching amplifier to amplify a small output pulse width modulation (PWM) signal so as to generate a large output PWM signal, a pulse generating unit to generate a pulse signal having the same level as that of the PWM signal level, a first low pass filter to allow the large output PWM signal amplified by the switching amplifier to be low-pass filtered so as to restore the PWM signal to an audio signal, and a second low pass filter to allow the pulse signal generated by the pulse signal generating unit to be low-pass filtered so as to convert the pulse signal into a virtual ground voltage with respect to the restored audio signal.

Abstract: An error correction method and apparatus to enhance performance of a switching power amplifier through digital feedback of an audio pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. The error correction apparatus includes a PWM unit to convert an audio signal into a PWM signal, a power stage unit to switch and amplify power of the PWM signal generated by the PWM unit, an error signal extraction unit to compare a reference PWM signal generated in the PWM unit with the PWM signal output from the power stage unit, thereby extracting an error signal, a remodulation unit to compare the error signal extracted in the error signal extraction unit with a reference signal having a predetermined slope, thereby modulating the error signal to an error PWM signal, and a signal correction unit to correct an error, by changing the pulse width of the PWM unit according to the error PWM signal generated in the remodulation unit.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatically determining a characteristic of a speaker and automatically setting a speaker mode in an audio/video system. The method includes: detecting a current for operating the speaker by inputting a predetermined signal; measuring an impedance characteristic of the speaker in accordance with a frequency change based on the detected current; determining a speaker type based on the measured impedance characteristic; and setting a speaker mode based on an impedance characteristic curve of the discriminated speaker type.

Abstract: Disclosed is a digital X-ray image detector using an FED, including an upper substrate and a lower substrate disposed to face each other; an anode formed beneath the upper substrate; a photoconductive layer formed beneath the anode for forming electron-hole pairs using X-rays; a cathode formed on the lower substrate; an emitter formed on the cathode for emitting electrons of the cathode; a gate electrode formed on an insulating layer provided around the emitter on the cathode; and a data processing part for converting information about the electron-hole pairs formed in the photoconductive layer by the X-rays, transferred from the anode, to digital data through signal processing including filtering, amplification, storage, or A/D conversion. The high performance digital X-ray image detector of this invention has a high image resolution and a large area, is easy to manufacture and process compared to conventional processes, and has excellent detection efficiency of electrical signals.

Abstract: A temperature control apparatus used with an audio amp to prevent the audio amp from overheating and noise from being generated by effectively controlling a cooling fan of the audio amp includes a power supply to supply an electrical power, a power amp to amplify an input audio signal using the electrical power supplied from the power supply, a signal detector to detect the amount of the current flowing from the power supply during a predetermined time, a temperature sensor to sense a temperature over a predetermined level generated from the power amp, and a micro controller to control a cooling fan according to the amount of current output from the signal detector and/or the temperature sensed by the temperature sensor.

Abstract: A switching power amplifier having a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal generation unit that converts an input audio signal into a PWM signal with a predetermined carrier frequency, a correction unit that corrects the difference between an audio signal included in the PWM signal and a negative feedback output audio signal to generate a corrected PWM signal, a low pass filter that removes a high-frequency component from the corrected PWM signal, a frequency modulation unit that modulates the corrected PWM signal so that the corrected PWM signal has a switching frequency different from the carrier frequency of the input PWM signal to generate a modulated PWM signal, and a power amplification unit that amplifies a power of the modulated PWM signal.

Abstract: Semiconductor devices including a plurality of semiconductor layers. A plurality of transistors are on each of the semiconductor layers. The transistors include gate lines and have source regions and drain regions formed between the gate lines in the respective semiconductor layer including the transistors. The semiconductor devices further include a plurality of local source line structures. Each of the local source line structures is positioned on a corresponding one of the semiconductor layers and connects a plurality of the source regions formed on the corresponding one of the semiconductor layers. Methods of forming the semiconductor devices are also provided.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a nonvolatile memory device includes preparing a semiconductor substrate including a cell array region. The method also includes forming a recessed region in the cell array region by etching the semiconductor substrate. The method includes etching at least a portion of the semiconductor substrate that partially includes the recessed region and forming first and second trenches that differ in depth, intersect the recessed region, and link with each other. The method includes forming a device isolation layer having rugged bottoms and defining an active region by filling an insulating material in the first and second trenches. The method includes forming a gate insulation layer on the semiconductor substrate of the active region including the recessed region and forming a gate structure on the gate insulation layer, to fill the recessed region, the gate structure including a floating gate, an intergate insulating pattern, and a control gate.

Abstract: A method of fabricating a nonvolatile memory device includes preparing a semiconductor substrate including a cell array region. The method also includes forming a recessed region in the cell array region by etching the semiconductor substrate. The method includes etching at least a portion of the semiconductor substrate that partially includes the recessed region and forming first and second trenches that differ in depth, intersect the recessed region, and link with each other. The method includes forming a device isolation layer having rugged bottoms and defining an active region by filling an insulating material in the first and second trenches. The method includes forming a gate insulation layer on the semiconductor substrate of the active region including the recessed region and forming a gate structure on the gate insulation layer, to fill the recessed region, the gate structure including a floating gate, an intergate insulating pattern, and a control gate.

Abstract: A multi-channel digital amplifier system to generate a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal having a different switching frequency in each channel, and a signal processing method thereof. The digital amplifier system includes a PWM conversion unit to convert a plurality of audio signals on a plurality of channels into low output power PWM signals having switching frequencies that are different from each other, a switching circuit unit to amplify the plurality of low output power PWM signals to a plurality of high power output PWM signals on the respective channels, and a filter unit to restore the plurality of high output power PWM signals to a plurality of analog audio signals on the respective channels.

Abstract: Provided are a semiconductor device and a method of forming the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes an active region of which an edge is curved. The semiconductor device includes a gate insulating layer, a floating gate, a gate interlayer dielectric layer and a control gate line on the active region. The semiconductor device includes an oxide pattern having a concave top surface between adjacent floating gates. The control gate may be sufficiently spaced apart from the active region by the oxide pattern. The method can provide a semiconductor device that includes a reoxidation process, an active region having a curved edge and an oxide pattern having a top surface of a curved concave shape.

Abstract: A system for autocompleting a general recommended word and an advertising recommended word, the system including: a first database configured to maintain an autocomplete general recommend word; a second database configured to maintain an autocomplete advertising recommended word; an autocomplete indexer component configured to index the autocomplete general recommended word and the autocomplete advertising recommended word; an autocomplete index database configured to classify and store the indexed autocomplete general recommended word and the autocomplete advertising recommended word; a web server configured to 1) receive an input query, and 2) transmit the input query to a predetermined query autocompletion server, and 3) receive the autocomplete general recommended word and the autocomplete advertising recommended word, and 4) display the autocomplete general recommended word and the autocomplete advertising recommended word; and the query autocompletion server is provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are a device and a method for driving a display element that adjusts a backlight luminescence to be suitable for a mean luminescence of an image data for each frame, analyzes the mean, maximum and minimum luminescence of an image to be displayed to reduce power consumption due to unnecessary backlight luminescence, and then adjusts the backlight luminescence in accordance with the analyzed result. The device for driving a display element includes a buffer memory, a histogram analyzer, a main memory, a maximum luminescence determining and mapping unit and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). When an image data to be displayed for each frame is inputted to the buffer memory, the histogram analyzer analyzes the image data for each frame to calculate a mean luminescence, a maximum/minimum luminescence and a histogram for each of the R, G and B colors, and then outputs the analyzed image data for each frame to the maximum luminescence determining and mapping unit.

Abstract: A digital audio system to store and reproduce a digital PWM signal and a method of processing an audio signal. The method includes; converting an audio source signal into a digital pulse width modulation (PWM) signal through a series of signal processing processes and storing the PWM signal in a separate storage medium, when an audio signal is reproduced, reading the digital PWM signal stored in the storage medium and decoding the signal into an analog PWM signal, and performing a power switching operation with the decoded analog PWM signal and extracting an audio signal.