Abstract: The inventive concept provides a method for treating a surface of an object to be treated, in which a part provided and contaminated in an apparatus for treatment of a substrate such as a wafer serves as the object to be treated. In an embodiment, the surface treatment method includes forming a vacuum in an atmosphere in which the object is provided and cleaning the surface of the object by collision of first particles with contaminants on the surface of the object at supersonic speed.

Abstract: A shift lever assembly for a vehicle includes a housing having an inner space and an open part. The open part is provided at a lower part of the housing and is open in upward and downward directions. A shift lever is rotatably mounted in the inner space by being inserted into the inner space from a lower side to an upper side of the inner space through the open part. A bracket is assembled with the lower part of the housing to close the open part and allowing the housing to be fixed to a vehicle body.

Abstract: A transformable toy transformable so as to be coupled to a model toy and a toy set including the model toy and the transformable toy are provided. The transformable toy includes a transformable body. The transformable body is configured to be transformable into a first state where the transformable body is independent from the model toy and a second state where the transformable body at least partially covers the model toy and is releasably coupled to the model toy. The transformable body includes a pair of grip portions. The pair of grip portions are configured to be rotatable in opposite directions about one rotation axis or a pair of rotation axes and are configured to releasably grip the model toy by being moved toward each other.

Abstract: A transformable toy transformable so as to be coupled to a model toy and a toy set including the model toy and the transformable toy are provided. The transformable toy includes a transformable body that is transformable into a first state of being independent from the model toy and a second state of partially covering the model toy and being releasably coupled to the model toy. The transformable body incudes a frame portion and a transformation portion. The frame portion partially covers the model toy in the second state of the transformable body. The transformation portion is coupled to the frame portion so as to be rotatable about a corresponding rotation axis. The transformation portion is rotated about the corresponding rotation axis with respect to the frame portion for transformation of the transformable body from one of the first and second states to the other.

Abstract: A shift lever assembly for a vehicle includes a housing having an inner space and an open part. The open part is provided at a lower part of the housing and is open in upward and downward directions. A shift lever is rotatably mounted in the inner space by being inserted into the inner space from a lower side to an upper side of the inner space through the open part. A bracket is assembled with the lower part of the housing to close the open part and allowing the housing to be fixed to a vehicle body.

Abstract: A shift lever apparatus for a vehicle is an apparatus, in which by integrating P-range switch function into manual switch function, components for the P-range switch are eliminated and thus the configuration is simplified and cost reduction is achieved.

Abstract: A shift lever apparatus for a vehicle is an apparatus, in which by integrating P-range switch function into manual switch function, components for the P-range switch are eliminated and thus the configuration is simplified and cost reduction is achieved.

Abstract: An anti-theft device for a vehicle includes an approach prevention cover disposed in a shift lever housing to cover a shift cable connected to a shift lever so as to prevent the shift cable from being detached. Such an anti-theft vehicle makes is possible to easily and efficiently prevent theft of the vehicle by preventing a shift cable operated along with operation of a shift lever from being removed.

Abstract: A shift lever mechanism has a neutral (N) range shift lock, the shift lever mechanism configured such that when shifting from a drive (D) range to a park (P) range, rotation of a shift lever is confined to the N range, and then, when a shift condition to the P range is satisfied, the shift lever is rotated to allow shifting to the P range, thereby preventing damage to a parking mechanism due to driver error when shifting to the P range.

Abstract: An integrated apparatus for implementing shift lock and shift lock release functions of an automatic transmission vehicle includes a shift lock solenoid having a plunger capable of moving forward and backward; a shift lock release lever forcibly moving the plunger backward by coming into contact with the plunger when moving toward the shift lock solenoid; and a casing coupling the shift lock solenoid and shift lock release lever to be integrally modularized.

Abstract: An apparatus for imparting an operating feeling of a gear shift mechanism to a driver, may include a housing having an accommodating space, a bullet portion disposed in the accommodating space to operate in a longitudinal direction of the accommodating space, wherein the bullet portion has a head part on an upper portion thereof, and an elastic member disposed between the head part and the accommodating space to operate to allow the bullet portion to be elastically moved in and out of the accommodating space. The head part has a sliding protrusion and the accommodating space has a sliding groove having a shape to correspond to that of the sliding protrusion.

Abstract: An apparatus for imparting an operating feeling of a gear shift mechanism to a driver, may include a housing having an accommodating space, a bullet portion disposed in the accommodating space to operate in a longitudinal direction of the accommodating space, wherein the bullet portion has a head part on an upper portion thereof, and an elastic member disposed between the head part and the accommodating space to operate to allow the bullet portion to be elastically moved in and out of the accommodating space. The head part has a sliding protrusion and the accommodating space has a sliding groove having a shape to correspond to that of the sliding protrusion.

Abstract: An integrated apparatus for implementing shift lock and shift lock release functions of an automatic transmission vehicle includes a shift lock solenoid having a plunger capable of moving forward and backward; a shift lock release lever forcibly moving the plunger backward by coming into contact with the plunger when moving toward the shift lock solenoid; and a casing coupling the shift lock solenoid and shift lock release lever to be integrally modularized.

Abstract: A radiation detector may include: a first photoconductor layer including a plurality of photosensitive particles; and/or a second photoconductor layer on the first photoconductor layer, and including a plurality of crystals obtained by crystal-growing photosensitive material. At least some of the plurality of photosensitive particles of the first photoconductor layer may fill gaps between the plurality of crystals of the second photoconductor layer. A method of manufacturing a radiation detector may include: forming a first photoconductor layer by applying paste, including solvent mixed with a plurality of photosensitive particles, to a first substrate; forming a second photoconductor layer by crystal-growing photosensitive material on a second substrate; pressing the crystal-grown second photoconductor layer on the first photoconductor layer that is applied to the first substrate; and/or removing the solvent in the first photoconductor layer via a drying process.

Abstract: According to a method for manufacturing a sheet-like heating element and a sheet-like heating element manufactured by the method of the present invention, cubics are pulverized into nanoparticles, the nanoparticle powder is mixed with carbon to become an original yarn, and the original yarn is cut to a length of between 0.2 mm and 0.8 mm and mixed into a pulp liquid to be formed into nanoparticle pulp. The sheet-like heating element forms a space where the particles can be rotated so as to allow 90% or higher far infrared radiation, and thus contributes to the health of users, entails a low defective rate since no bending occurs during the manufacturing, can be manufactured in quantity at low cost, and can be used for multiple purposes.

Abstract: An optical head for a hologram optical apparatus and a method of operating the same are provided. The optical head for the hologram optical apparatus includes a reference light unit for guiding reference light, a signal light unit for guiding signal light, and a light source unit for providing 1 the reference light and the signal light to the reference light unit and the signal light unit, wherein the reference light unit and the signal light unit are stacked. The signal light unit includes: a plurality of optical waveguides stacked sequentially; composite hologram optical elements and lighting hologram optical elements disposed on the plurality of optical waveguides; an optical modulator for modulating light output from the plurality of the optical waveguides; and a lens for condensing light output from the optical modulator onto a recording layer.

Abstract: Provided is a holographic recording method in which an interference fringe between a reference beam and a signal beam, modulated according to information regarding a plurality of hologram pixels, is recorded on a holographic recording medium, the holographic recording method including multiplexing-recording the interference fringe of the plurality of hologram pixels such that at least a part of the interference fringe recorded of neighboring hologram pixels of the plurality of hologram pixels is overlapped.

Abstract: An X-ray detector may include a silicon substrate including a first area and a second area; a plurality of pixels in the first area configured to detect X-rays; a control pad in the second area configured to supply a common control signal to the plurality of pixels; and/or a power supply pad in the first area configured to supply a power supply voltage to groups of pixels grouped from among the plurality of pixels.

Abstract: A transistor, a method of manufacturing a transistor, and an electronic device including a transistor are provided, the transistor may include a channel layer having a multi-layer structure. The channel layer may have a double layer structure or a triple layer structure. At least two layers of the channel layer may have different oxygen concentrations.

Abstract: A varifocal lens including a first liquid crystal layer; a first electrode portion disposed below the first liquid crystal layer and having a flat shape; a first non-uniform electric field generator which generates a non-uniform electric field in the first liquid crystal layer together with the first electrode portion, and the first non-uniform electric field generator including a second electrode portion having a flat shape.