Abstract: An encoder: generates, in an inter prediction mode, a first prediction image of a current block to be processed, based on a derived motion vector; and generates a final prediction image of the current block by applying an update process to the first prediction image. Candidates for the update process include a first process and a second process. The first process is a BDOF process. The second process is a process of mixing the first prediction image with a second prediction image generated in intra prediction for the current block. In the applying of the update process, the first process and the second process are mutually exclusively applied.

Abstract: An encoder includes: circuitry; and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: controls whether to change a resolution of a picture from a resolution of a previous picture preceding the picture in one of display order and encoding order, according to a constraint that allows the changing only when the picture is a random access picture among one or more random access pictures; and when a resolution of a reference picture to be used in encoding of an inter-predicted picture is different from a resolution of the inter-predicted picture, resamples a reference image in the reference picture according to a difference between the resolution of the reference picture and the resolution of the inter-predicted picture, and encodes an image in the inter-predicted picture using the reference image resampled.

Abstract: Provided is an encoder which includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry splits an image block into a plurality of partitions, obtains a prediction image for a partition, and encodes the image block using the prediction image. When the partition is not a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains (i) a first prediction image for the partition, (ii) a gradient image for the first prediction image, and (iii) a second prediction image as the prediction image using the first prediction image and the gradient image. When the partition is a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains the first prediction image as the prediction image without using the gradient image.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry determines whether a first virtual pipeline decoding unit (VPDU) is split into smaller blocks and whether a second VPDU is split into smaller blocks. In response to a determination the first VPDU is not split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is split into smaller blocks, a block of chroma samples is predicted without using luma samples. In response to a determination the first VPDU is split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is split into smaller blocks, the block of chroma samples is predicted using luma samples. In response to a determination the first VPDU is not split into smaller blocks and a determination the second VPDU is not split into smaller block, the block of chroma samples is predicted using luma samples. The block is encoded using the predicted chroma samples.

Abstract: An encoder that encodes a moving picture using an inter prediction process, and includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In the inter prediction process, when performing a correction process which is a local illumination compensation (LIC) process for a prediction image, the circuitry, in operation; performs the correction process on a prediction image generated using a finally-derived motion vector that is finally derived in a stage before the correction process; and after the correction process, determines, as a final prediction image, the prediction image subjected to the correction process, without applying other correction process on the prediction image.

Abstract: A decoding method of a video stream, which is encoded video information. The video stream includes a base video stream, and an enhanced video stream, which is a video stream to enhance luminance of the base video stream, and a describer that contains the combination information of the base video stream and the enhanced video stream. The decoding method includes acquiring the describer, and identifying the combination of the base video steam and the enhanced video stream. The decoding method also includes generating base video information by decoding the base video stream, generating enhanced video information by decoding the enhanced video stream, generating decoded video information based on the base video stream and the enhanced video stream, and outputting the decoded video information.

Abstract: A method for providing information includes: arranging, on the basis of taste information regarding a user and the menu information regarding a second restaurant indicated by a store identifier, first menu items included in the menu information in order according to the taste information; and causing the first menu items arranged in the order according to the taste information to be displayed in a first display area of a display screen of a terminal apparatus, and causing second menu items specified by the second restaurant to be displayed in a second display area of the display screen.

Abstract: A training method includes: obtaining an image and a distance image corresponding to the image; cutting a partial area out from the distance image obtained; generating an embedded image by pasting the partial area cut out from the distance image onto a predetermined area in the image, where the predetermined area is located at a position corresponding to the position of the partial area and has a size corresponding to the size of the partial area; and training a machine learning model, using training data including the embedded image as input data and the distance image as correct answer data.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry performs a primary transform on a derived prediction error, performs a secondary transform on a result of the primary transform, quantizes a result of the secondary transform, and encodes a result of the quantization as data of an image. When a current block to be processed has a predetermined shape, the encoder performs the secondary transform using, among secondary transform basis candidates that are secondary bases usable in the secondary transform, only a secondary transform basis candidate having a size that is not largest size containable in the current block.

Abstract: A method for controlling a terminal apparatus includes: arranging, on the basis of taste information regarding a user and menu information regarding a second restaurant indicated by a store ID, first menu items included in the menu information in order according to the taste information; and causing the first menu items arranged in the order according to the taste information to be displayed in a first display area of a display screen of a terminal apparatus, and causing second menu items specified by the second restaurant to be displayed in a second display area of the display screen.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. In both of a first type of residual coding where an orthogonal transform is applied and a second type of residual coding where the orthogonal transform is skipped, wherein when a restriction on a number of CABAC processes allows CABAC coding of a set of coefficient information flags, the circuitry: encodes the coefficient information flags by CABAC; and otherwise, the circuitry: skips the CABAC encoding of the coefficient information flags; and the circuitry encodes a remainder value of the coefficient with Golomb-Rice code when the coefficient information flags are encoded; and otherwise the circuitry encodes a value of the coefficient with the Golomb-Rice code, wherein in the second type of residual coding, the circuitry encodes absolute value flags each relating to an absolute value of the coefficient after encoding the coefficient information flags and before encoding the remainder value of the coefficient.

Abstract: A decoder includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry, in a first operating mode, derives first motion vectors for a first block obtained by splitting a picture, using a first inter prediction scheme, and generates a prediction image corresponding to the first block, by referring to spatial gradients of luminance generated based on the first motion vectors. Using the memory, the circuitry, in a second operating mode, derives second motion vectors for a sub-block obtained by splitting a second block, using a second inter prediction scheme different from the first inter prediction scheme, the second block being obtained by splitting the picture, and generates a prediction image corresponding to the sub-block without referring to spatial gradients of luminance.

Abstract: An encoder that; obtains two prediction images by performing motion compensation using two motion vectors; obtains a gradient value of each of pixels included in the two prediction images; derives a local motion estimation value for each of sub-blocks based on the pixel value and the gradient value of each of the pixels, the sub-blocks being obtained by partitioning the current block; and generates a final prediction image for the current block using the pixel value and the gradient value of each of the pixels, and the local motion estimation value derived for each of the sub-blocks. Each of the pixels in the two prediction images is interpolated with sub-pixel accuracy, and a reference range for the interpolation is included in a normal reference range that is referred to for motion compensation for the current block in normal inter prediction performed without using the local motion estimation value.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry determines whether to split a current luma virtual pipeline decoding unit (VPDU) into smaller blocks. When it is determined not to split the current luma VPDU into smaller blocks, the circuitry predicts a block of chroma samples without using luma samples. When it is determined to split the luma VPDU into smaller blocks, the circuitry predicts the block of chroma samples using luma samples. The circuitry encodes the block using the predicted chroma samples.

Abstract: Provided is an encoder which includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry splits an image block into a plurality of partitions, obtains a prediction image for a partition, and encodes the image block using the prediction image. When the partition is not a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains (i) a first prediction image for the partition, (ii) a gradient image for the first prediction image, and (iii) a second prediction image as the prediction image using the first prediction image and the gradient image. When the partition is a non-rectangular partition, the circuitry obtains the first prediction image as the prediction image without using the gradient image.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry, in operation, selects an encoding mode from among candidates including a decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR) encoding mode and a partition encoding mode. When the DMVR encoding mode is selected, the circuitry: obtains a first motion vector for a first image block; derives a second motion vector from the first motion vector using motion search; and generates a prediction image for the first image block using the second motion vector. When the partition encoding mode is selected, the circuitry: determines a plurality of partitions in a second image block; obtains a third motion vector for each partition; and generates a prediction image for the second image block using the third motion vector, without deriving a fourth motion vector from the third motion vector using motion search.

Abstract: A decoder that decodes a current block using a motion vector includes: a processor; and memory. Using the memory, the processor: derives a first candidate vector from one or more candidate vectors of one or more neighboring blocks that neighbor the current block; determines, in a first reference picture for the current block, a first adjacent region that includes a position indicated by the first candidate vector; calculates evaluation values of a plurality of candidate regions included in the first adjacent region; and determines a first motion vector of the current block, based on a first candidate region having a smallest evaluation value among the evaluation values. The first adjacent region is included in a first motion estimation region determined based on the position indicated by the first candidate vector.

Abstract: An encoder that encodes a current block in a picture includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry: performs a first transform on a residual signal of the current block using a first transform basis to generate first transform coefficients; and performs a second transform on the first transform coefficients using a second transform basis to generate second transform coefficients and quantizes the second transform coefficients, when the first transform basis is the same as a predetermined transform basis; and quantizes the first transform coefficients without performing the second transform, when the first transform basis is different from the predetermined transform basis.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry, in operation, selects an encoding mode from among candidates including a decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR) encoding mode and a partition encoding mode. When the DMVR encoding mode is selected, the circuitry: obtains a first motion vector for a first image block; derives a second motion vector from the first motion vector using motion search; and generates a prediction image for the first image block using the second motion vector. When the partition encoding mode is selected, the circuitry: determines a plurality of partitions in a second image block; obtains a third motion vector for each partition; and generates a prediction image for the second image block using the third motion vector, without deriving a fourth motion vector from the third motion vector using motion search.

Abstract: A decoder includes memory and a processor coupled to the memory and configured to: generate a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component; clip the first coefficient value such that the clipped first coefficient value is within a first range from ?27 to 27?1; generate a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component; clip the second coefficient value such that the clipped second coefficient value is within a second range different from the first range; generate a third coefficient value by adding the clipped first coefficient value to the clipped second coefficient value; and generate a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value.