Abstract: A bulk-acoustic wave filter device includes: a lower electrode layer disposed on the substrate; a bonding part disposed on the lower electrode layer, at an edge of the substrate; a ground part spaced apart from the bonding part; and a flow suppressing part disposed between the bonding part and the ground part, and offset with respect to the bonding part and the ground part.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic resonator includes: a substrate including an upper surface on which a substrate protection layer is disposed; and a membrane layer forming a cavity together with the substrate, wherein a thickness deviation of either one or both of the substrate protection layer and the membrane layer is 170 ? or less.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes: a support part disposed on a substrate; a layer disposed on the support part, wherein an air cavity is formed between the support part, the substrate and the layer; and a frame extending along the layer, within the air cavity, and spaced apart from the support part.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic resonator may include a substrate; a resonating portion including a first electrode layer, a piezoelectric layer, and a second electrode layer which are sequentially stacked on the substrate, and partitioned into an active region and a non-active region; and a frame electrode layer including frame electrodes disposed within the active region to be spaced apart from each other along an outer circumference portion of the active region.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic filter device includes: a substrate; a cavity forming layer disposed on the substrate so as to form a cavity; a lower electrode disposed on the cavity; a piezoelectric layer disposed on the lower electrode; an upper electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer; and a temperature compensation layer disposed below the lower electrode and in the cavity portion.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic resonator includes a substrate, a first electrode disposed above the substrate, a piezoelectric body disposed on the first electrode and including a plurality of piezoelectric layers each including aluminum nitride with a doping material, and a second electrode disposed on the piezoelectric body, where at least one of the piezoelectric layers is a compressive piezoelectric layer formed under compressive stress.

Abstract: A lens driving device includes a fixed member, a movable member configured to move with respect to the fixed member, a lens disposed in or on the moveable member, a connection member connecting the fixed member to the movable member, and a protective member disposed on a connection portion. The connection portion is between the fixed member and the connection member or between the movable member and the connection member.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator device includes: a substrate; a lower electrode disposed on the substrate; a piezoelectric layer disposed over a portion of the lower electrode; an upper electrode disposed on the piezoelectric layer; and a shape control layer covering an edge of a cavity disposed between the substrate and the lower electrode, wherein tensile stress is applied to the shape control layer during formation of the shape control layer.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave filter device and method thereof includes a first layer forming an air gap together with a substrate, a lower electrode disposed over the first layer, a piezoelectric layer disposed to cover a portion of the lower electrode, an upper electrode disposed over the piezoelectric layer, a frame layer disposed below the upper electrode, and a lower electrode reinforcing layer disposed on the lower electrode, other than portions in which the piezoelectric layer is disposed. The lower electrode reinforcing layer is formed by separating the lower electrode reinforcing layer from the upper electrode or the frame layer upon one of the upper electrode and the frame layer being formed.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave filter device includes a resonating part, an electrode connecting part, a first layer, and a second layer. The resonating part is disposed on a substrate, and the electrode connecting part connects electrodes of the resonating part. The first layer is disposed on the substrate, and the second layer is disposed on regions of the first layer, other than a lower portion of the electrode connecting part.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave filter device includes a substrate, a lower electrode on the substrate, a piezoelectric layer covering at least a portion of the lower electrode, and an upper electrode covering at least a portion of the piezoelectric layer. The upper electrode has a density reduction layer disposed on at least a portion thereof, except a central portion of a resonance region of the bulk acoustic wave filter device that deforms and vibrates with the piezoelectric layer during activation of the piezoelectric layer. The density reduction layer has a density lower than a density of other portions of the upper electrode.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator includes a substrate, a first electrode and a second electrode formed on the substrate, and a piezoelectric layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode. Either one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode include a molybdenum-tungsten alloy having a weight ratio of molybdenum to tungsten in a range of 3:1 to 1:3.

Abstract: A vehicle may include a battery having positive and negative electrodes. The vehicle may also include a controller programmed to charge and discharge the battery according to a state of charge that is based on an effective surface lithium-ion concentration of one of the electrodes, and an effective surface lithium-ion concentration of the other of the electrodes derived from a center-to-surface lithium-ion concentration profile of the one of the electrodes. The effective surface lithium-ion concentration of the other of the electrodes may be derived via a relationship mapping the center-to-surface lithium-ion concentration profile of the one of the electrodes to the effective surface lithium-ion concentration of the other of the electrodes.

Abstract: A membrane process unit (MPU) is configured to receive a feed stream, subject the feed stream to membrane purification to generate a product stream and a concentrate stream, and subject the concentrate stream to energy recovery to provide at least a portion of energy for membrane purification. A concentrate recycle unit (CRU) is configured to receive the concentrate stream from the MPU, subject the concentrate stream to flow regulation to generate a waste stream and a recycled concentrate stream, and combine the recycled concentrate stream with a raw feed stream to generate the feed stream which is supplied to the MPU. At least one of a flow rate of the raw feed stream, a flow rate of the waste stream, or a flow rate of the recycled concentrate stream is varied, while each of a flow rate of the feed stream, a flow rate of the product stream, and a flow rate of the concentrate stream is maintained substantially fixed.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave resonator may include: an air cavity; an etching stop layer and an etching stop part, which define a lower boundary surface and a side boundary surface of the air cavity; and a resonating part formed on an approximately planar surface, which is formed by a upper boundary surface of the air cavity and a top surface of the etching stop part. A width of a top surface of the etching stop part may be greater than a width of a bottom surface of the etching stop part. A side surface of the etching stop part connecting the top surface of the etching stop part to the bottom surface of the etching stop part may be inclined.

Abstract: A vehicle may include a controller programmed to discharge and charge a battery according to battery terminal voltage values predicted for future time instants traversed by a leading edge of a temporal sliding window having a selectable period based on resistance and capacitance parameters representing the battery and a duration of the selectable period. The battery terminal voltage values may be further predicted based on a state of charge of the battery. The resistance parameters may include internal resistance. Some of the resistance and capacitance parameters may define an RC circuit. The battery terminal voltage values may be further predicted based on a voltage drop across the RC circuit.

Abstract: A vehicle power system may include a controller programmed to output an electric only range indicator based on a change in capacity of a traction battery derived from open-loop and closed-loop estimates of change in state of charge of the traction battery. The change in capacity may be proportional to a ratio of the open-loop estimate to the closed-loop estimate. The closed-loop estimate may contain information indicative of the change in capacity. The open-loop estimate may contain information indicative of an initial capacity of the traction battery.

Abstract: A vehicle may include a battery having positive and negative electrodes. The vehicle may also include a controller programmed to charge and discharge the battery according to a state of charge that is based on an effective surface lithium-ion concentration of one of the electrodes, and an effective surface lithium-ion concentration of the other of the electrodes derived from a center-to-surface lithium-ion concentration profile of the one of the electrodes. The effective surface lithium-ion concentration of the other of the electrodes may be derived via a relationship mapping the center-to-surface lithium-ion concentration profile of the one of the electrodes to the effective surface lithium-ion concentration of the other of the electrodes.

Abstract: A controller of a vehicle may be programmed to charge and discharge a battery according to a state of charge derived from model parameters defining one of a series of RC circuits that characterize frequency response of the battery to input current and that each has a time constant proportional to another of the time constants, and a proportionality parameter indicative of proportional relationship between the time constants. The proportionality parameter may be such that a ratio of the resistances of the RC circuits is equal to a ratio of the capacitances of the RC circuits.

Abstract: A vehicle may include a controller programmed to charge and discharge a battery according to an upper power limit that is based on estimates of ion-concentration profiles in the battery. The controller may be programmed such that for a given state of charge and temperature of the battery, the upper power limit increases as the profiles flatten. The upper power limit may be further based on a difference between a predefined expected power capability limit at the given state of charge and a power capability limit estimated from a voltage output and current input associated with the given state of charge.