Abstract: [Object] To provide a device substrate and a production method therefor, which device substrate has a film having a reflection function and can be formed by a production process that does not require a vacuum process inviting increased production cost.

Abstract: To provide a material arranging method, a film-forming apparatus, an electro-optical device and a manufacturing method thereof, an electronic device, and an electronic apparatus, capable of rapidly detecting a ejection failure of a nozzle, accomplishing reduction of defectives, and always stabilizing a state in which material is ejected. A film-forming apparatus according to the present invention comprises a pressure control system 12 for controlling the pressure in a vacuum chamber (processing chamber) 11 to a low pressure, at least one nozzle 15 for arranging material on a base (member) 14, a base stage 13 for holding the base 14, a driving system (moving means) 17 for relatively moving a position of the nozzle 15 or the base stage 13, and a detecting system (inspecting means) 19 for inspecting the material arranged on the base 14.

Abstract: To provide an electronic device which can reduce loads of circuits for supplying data to data lines. Pixel circuits 20 are disposed corresponding to intersections of scanning lines Yn and each of data lines Xm, and each of the corresponding scanning lines is selected to apply data signals or reset control signals through corresponding data lines. A scanning line driving circuit 13 outputs scan signals for selecting the scanning lines other than the scanning lines adjacent to the scanning line selected before at least one line based on address signals ADn when the scanning lines are selected in order to apply the data signals or the reset control signals through the data lines.

Abstract: To provide an electronic circuit, a driving method for an electronic circuit, an electro-optical device, a driving method for an electro-optical device, and an electronic appratus which can reduce the dispersion of the threshold voltages of transistors. A driving transistor Trd, first and second switching transistors Tr1 and Tr2, an adjustment transistor Trc, a coupling capacitor C1, and a holding capacitor C2 form a pixel circuit 20.

Abstract: The invention stably operates active elements, such as transistors, and enables the display device to have a wide screen and to be stably operated for a long period of time. The electro-optical device includes an electro-optical element interposed between a cathode and an anode and disposed on the substrate, active elements addressing the electro-optical device, and insulating layers including an insulating material interposed between at least one of the cathode and anode and substrate and having a dielectric constant smaller than a prescribed value.

Abstract: An optical recording medium comprising a substrate and a recording layer on which recording and readout of information can be carried out by laser, formed on the substrate, wherein the recording layer contains a compound of the following formula [I]: 1

Abstract: A new method for patterning in which a degree of flexibility in selection of materials is increased is provided and, in addition, a method for forming a film, a patterning apparatus, a film formation apparatus, an electro-optic apparatus and method for manufacturing the same, electronic equipment, and an electronic apparatus and method for manufacturing the same are provided.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electro-optic device capable of achieving an increased light emission efficiency and an enhanced visibility. An organic electroluminescents (EL) display device has a plurality of material layers including a luminescent layer. In a plurality of material layers layered in the direction of light emission from the luminescent layer, first and second insulating interlayers are disposed between a substrate, which is positioned at the outermost surface, and the luminescent layer. The first and second insulating interlayers have a refractive index lower than that of the substrate. Accordingly, by forming predetermined materials having a low refractive index, the resulting low refractive index layers have a low dielectric constant, and consequently, the capacity between wires can be reduced.

Abstract: The invention provides a method for manufacturing an electro-optical device that is able to maintain the chemical and physical properties of the material layer in desired conditions. The organic electroluminescence display includes a plurality of layers including a low refractivity layer, a seal layer, a positive electrode, a luminous layer, a positive hole transfer layer and a negative electrode laminated on a substrate. The wet gel is dried by the supercritical drying method after being applied on the substrate in forming the low refractivity layer of the laminated layers.

Abstract: Pixel circuit 210 includes a current programming circuit 240 and voltage programming transistors 251 and 252. In order to set the tone of the light emission from the organic EL element 220, the first and second voltage programming transistors 251 and 252 are set to the OFF and ON state, respectively, and voltage programming is carried out using a voltage signal Vout. Next, the states of the first and second voltage programming transistors 251 and 252 are switched, and current programming is carried out using a current signal Iout.

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device capable of improving a high light projection efficiency to the outside while maintaining sealing ability for providing high recognition of vision. An organic electroluminescence display can include a light permeable substrate, and an organic electroluminescence element having a luminous layer and positive hole transfer layer interposed between a pair of electrodes. Additionally, a low refractivity film having a lower refractivity than the substrate, and a seal layer for blocking the air from invading from the substrate side to the organic electroluminescence element are laminated between the substrate and electrode of the organic electroluminescence element.

Abstract: [Object] To provide a new method for patterning in which a degree of flexibility in selection of materials is increased and, in addition, to provide a method for manufacturing a film, a method for manufacturing an organic electroluminescent element and a method for manufacturing a color filter using the aforementioned method for patterning, and furthermore, an electro-optic apparatus and a method for manufacturing the same, and electronic equipment.

Abstract: The invention compensates for variations of a driving transistor Tr1. The invention provides a pixel circuit including a current-type driven element L, a driving transistor Tr1 to control the amount of electrical current to be supplied to the driven element, a capacitor element C connected to the gate of the driving transistor, a switching transistor Tr3 connected to the gate of the driving transistor, a switching transistor Tr1, a scanning line S connected to the gate of the switching transistor Tr3, a data line D connected to the source or the drain of the switching transistor Tr3, and a power-supply line V connected to a signal line via the switching transistor Tr3. A diode-connected compensating transistor Tr4 is disposed between the power-supply line V and the switching transistor Tr3.

Abstract: [object] A molecular film having various functional groups, which is formed on a substrate, can be easily patterned by ultraviolet light; however, patterning which can be performed in a more shorter time has been desired.

Abstract: An EL element and a laser luminescent element capable of emitting ultraviolet ray with high wave length purity. The ultraviolet electroluminescent element characterized in that: a thin film made from one of polymer and oligomer in which elements selected from Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb are directly bonded; the elements are selected from those that are the same with each other and those that are different from each other; the film is disposed between two electrodes; and at least one of the electrodes is transparent. The laser luminescent element characterized in that: a thin film made from one of polymer and oligomer in which elements selected from Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb are directly bonded is disposed between two electrodes; and the elements are selected from those that are the same with each other and those that are different from each other.

Abstract: A black recording having high solubility, being stable even after being stored for long, and capable of forming a printed image with a high optical density and excellent water and light resistances. The recording fluid contains a trisazo compound of general formula (1): wherein D is an 8-hydroxy-1-naphtyl group substituted with one or two sulfo groups; A is a 1,4-phenylene group or 1,4-naphtylene group which may be substituted with amino, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, acylamino or ureido; and B is a phenyl group which may be substituted with hydroxy, amino or sulfo, or a salt thereof and is used for the recording.

Abstract: An EL element and a laser luminescent element are capable of emitting ultraviolet rays with high wavelength purity. The ultraviolet electroluminescent element includes a thin film made from one of a polymer and an oligomer in which the elements, selected from Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb, and directly bonded. The elements selected may be the same as or different from each other. The film is disposed between two electrodes. At least one of the electrodes is transparent. The laser luminescent element includes a thin film made from one of a polymer and an oligomer in which the elements selected from Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb, are directly bonded, and is disposed between two electrodes. The elements may be the same as or different from each other.

Abstract: Are disclosed disazo compounds represented by the general formula (1): ##STR1## wherein A represents a phenylene or naphthylene group which may be optionally substituted; each of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 represent independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or a phenyl group which may be optionally substituted; and m is 1 or 2. The compounds are highly water-soluble and are stable to long term storage. Ink compositions comprising the compounds of the invention can produce a printed image with full depth of shade and are excellent in resistance to water.

Abstract: A target is irradiated with a laser beam having an energy of h.nu./n, where n is an integer, instead of the photon energy h.nu. required for a reaction to proceed using a conventional single-photon excitation method. A desired reaction is selectively induced by the absorption of multiple photons instead of single photons. It is thus possible to induce a photoreaction in which an absorption is carried out in accordance with a selection theory different from that of single-photon absorption, and which is quite different from a photoreaction induced by a single-photon excitation. Namely, a target or reactant is irradiated with a photon energy h.nu..sub.2 having a wavelength integral times longer than that of the photon energy h.nu..sub.1 necessary for a photoreaction to proceed. Photon energy h.nu..sub.2 is either used in place of the photon energy h.nu..sub.1 necessary for a photoreaction, or together with the photon energy h.nu..sub.

Abstract: In detection of a defect in a part of an object having a surface which is substantially a surface of revolution, the surface of the inspected part is illuminated by light rays which are emitted through an annular portion coaxially disposed with the surface of the inspected part, and light rays reflected at the surface of the inspected part are received to form an image of the inspected part. The image is constituted of pixels corresponding to the respective portions of the surface of the inspected part. Signals having a value indicative of the brightness of the pixels are stored in relation to the respective positions of the pixels in the image. The stored signals are referred repeatedly to provide, as a set of signals, a predetermined number of the signals of the pixels positioned along an imaginary line extending radially through a central point in the image corresponding to the axis of the surface of the inspected part and positioned and distributed within a radial range extending along the imaginary line.