Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for removing material from a microfeature workpiece are disclosed. In one embodiment, the microfeature workpiece is contacted with a polishing surface of a polishing medium, and is placed in electrical communication with first and second electrodes, at least one of which is spaced apart from the workpiece. A polishing liquid is disposed between the polishing surface and the workpiece and at least one of the workpiece and the polishing surface is moved relative to the other. Material is removed from the microfeature workpiece and at least a portion of the polishing liquid is passed through at least one recess in the polishing surface so that a gap in the polishing liquid is located between the microfeature workpiece and the surface of the recess facing toward the microfeature workpiece.

Abstract: A single crystal silicon etching method includes providing a single crystal silicon substrate having at least one trench therein. The single crystal silicon substrate is exposed to an anisotropic etchant that undercuts the single crystal silicon. By controlling the length of the etch, single crystal silicon islands or smooth vertical walls in the single crystal silicon may be created.

Abstract: A method of selectively depositing metal features on a conductive surface of a substrate. An electrode assembly that includes a plurality of electrodes connected in series so as to be oppositely polarized when a voltage is applied thereacross is positioned over the conductive surface of the substrate. The plurality of electrodes is in close proximity to, but does not contact, the conductive surface of the substrate. Positively charged portions and negatively charged portions of the conductive surface of the substrate are created and metal ions are deposited on the negatively charged portions.

Abstract: A single crystal silicon etching method includes providing a single crystal silicon substrate having at least one trench therein. The single crystal silicon substrate is exposed to an anisotropic etchant that undercuts the single crystal silicon. By controlling the length of the etch, single crystal silicon islands or smooth vertical walls in the single crystal silicon may be created.

Abstract: A microelectronic substrate and method for removing adjacent conductive and nonconductive materials from a microelectronic substrate. In one embodiment, the microelectronic substrate includes a substrate material (such as borophosphosilicate glass) having an aperture with a conductive material (such as platinum) disposed in the aperture and a fill material (such as phosphosilicate glass) in the aperture adjacent to the conductive material. The fill material can have a hardness of about 0.04 GPa or higher, and a microelectronics structure, such as an electrode, can be disposed in the aperture, for example, after removing the fill material from the aperture. Portions of the conductive and fill material external to the aperture can be removed by chemically-mechanically polishing the fill material, recessing the fill material inwardly from the conductive material, and electrochemically-mechanically polishing the conductive material.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for removing material from a microfeature workpiece are disclosed. In one embodiment, the microfeature workpiece is contacted with a polishing surface of a polishing medium, and is placed in electrical communication with first and second electrodes, at least one of which is spaced apart from the workpiece. A polishing liquid is disposed between the polishing surface and the workpiece and at least one of the workpiece and the polishing surface is moved relative to the other. Material is removed from the microfeature workpiece and at least a portion of the polishing liquid is passed through at least one recess in the polishing surface so that a gap in the polishing liquid is located between the microfeature workpiece and the surface of the recess facing toward the microfeature workpiece.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for selectively removing conductive materials from a microelectronic substrate. A method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention includes positioning the microelectronic substrate proximate to and spaced apart from an electrode pair that includes a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode. An electrolytic liquid can be directed through a first flow passage to an interface region between the microelectronic substrate and the electrode pair. A varying electrical signal can be passed through the electrode pair and the electrolytic liquid to remove conductive material from the microelectronic substrate. The electrolytic liquid can be removed through a second flow passage proximate to the first flow passage and the electrode pair.

Abstract: A single crystal silicon etching method includes providing a single crystal silicon substrate having at least one trench therein. The substrate is exposed to a buffered fluoride etch solution which undercuts the silicon to provide lateral shelves when patterned in the <100> direction. The resulting structure includes an undercut feature when patterned in the <100> direction.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for electromechanically and/or electrochemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate. An apparatus in accordance with one embodiment includes a support member configured to releasably carry a microelectronic substrate and first and second electrodes spaced apart from each other and from the microelectronic substrate. A polishing medium is positioned between the electrodes and the support member and has a polishing surface positioned to contact the microelectronic substrate. At least a portion of the first and second electrodes can be recessed from the polishing surface. A liquid, such as an electrolytic liquid, can be provided in the recess, for example, through flow passages in the electrodes and/or the polishing medium. A variable electrical signal is passed from at least one of the electrodes, through the electrolyte and to the microelectronic substrate to remove material from the substrate.

Abstract: A single crystal silicon etching method includes providing a single crystal silicon substrate having at least one trench therein. The substrate is exposed to a buffered fluoride etch solution which undercuts the silicon to provide lateral shelves when patterned in the <100> direction. The resulting structure includes an undercut feature when patterned in the <100> direction.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for electromechanically and/or electrochemically-mechanically removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate. An apparatus in accordance with one embodiment includes a support member configured to releasably carry a microelectronic substrate and first and second electrodes spaced apart from each other and from the microelectronic substrate. A polishing medium is positioned between the electrodes and the support member and has a polishing surface positioned to contact the microelectronic substrate. At least a portion of the first and second electrodes can be recessed from the polishing surface. A liquid, such as an electrolytic liquid, can be provided in the recess, for example, through flow passages in the electrodes and/or the polishing medium. A variable electrical signal is passed from at least one of the electrodes, through the electrolyte and to the microelectronic substrate to remove material from the substrate.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for selectively removing conductive materials from a microelectronic substrate. A method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention includes positioning the microelectronic substrate proximate to and spaced apart from an electrode pair that includes a first electrode and a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode. An electrolytic liquid can be directed through a first flow passage to an interface region between the microelectronic substrate and the electrode pair. A varying electrical signal can be passed through the electrode pair and the electrolytic liquid to remove conductive material from the microelectronic substrate. The electrolytic liquid can be removed through a second flow passage proximate to the first flow passage and the electrode pair.

Abstract: Methods and systems for removing materials from microfeature workpieces are disclosed. A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes providing a microfeature workpiece having a substrate material and a conductive material that includes a refractory metal (e.g., tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, and/or titanium nitride). First and second electrodes are positioned in electrical communication with the conductive material via a generally organic and/or non-aqueous electrolytic medium. At least one of the electrodes is spaced apart from the workpiece. At least a portion of the conductive material is removed by passing an electrical current along an electrical path that includes the first electrode, the electrolytic medium, and the second electrode. Electrolytically removing the conductive material can reduce the downforce applied to the workpiece.

Abstract: A method of removing a material from a surface includes providing a substrate comprising a material having a surface, contacting the surface with a polishing medium, applying a voltage to the substrate to remove material from the surface, and changing the voltage during the removing material from the surface. An electrochemical mechanical polishing method includes providing a substrate having a surface, applying a platen to the surface, applying a first voltage to the substrate, rotating the platen and surface relative to each other at a first rotational speed, increasing to a second voltage, and decreasing to a second rotational speed.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate. In one embodiment, the method can include engaging a microelectronic substrate with a polishing surface of a polishing pad, electrically coupling a conductive material of the microelectronic substrate to a source of electrical potential, and oxidizing at least a portion of the conductive material by passing an electrical current through the conductive material from the source of electrical potential. For example, the method can include positioning first and second electrodes apart from a face surface of the microelectronic substrate and disposing an electrolytic fluid between the face surface and the electrodes with the electrodes in fluid communication with the electrolytic fluid. The method can further include removing the portion of conductive material from the microelectronic substrate by moving at least one of the microelectronic and the polishing pad relative to the other.

Abstract: Methods and systems for removing materials from microfeature workpieces are disclosed. A method in accordance with one embodiment of the invention includes providing a microfeature workpiece having a substrate material and a conductive material that includes a refractory metal (e.g., tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, and/or titanium nitride). First and second electrodes are positioned in electrical communication with the conductive material via a generally organic and/or non-aqueous electrolytic medium. At least one of the electrodes is spaced apart from the workpiece. At least a portion of the conductive material is removed by passing an electrical current along an electrical path that includes the first electrode, the electrolytic medium, and the second electrode. Electrolytically removing the conductive material can reduce the downforce applied to the workpiece.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for detecting characteristics of a microelectronic substrate. A method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention includes positioning the microelectronic substrate proximate to and spaced apart from the first and second spaced apart electrodes, contacting the microelectronic substrate with a polishing surface of a polishing medium, removing conductive material from the microelectronic substrate by moving the substrate and/or the electrodes relative to each other while passing a variable electrical signal through the electrodes and the substrate, and detecting a change in the variable electrical signal or a supplemental electrical signal passing through the microelectronic substrate. The rate at which material is removed from the microelectronic substrate can be changed based at least in part on the change in the electrical signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing conductive material from a microelectronic substrate is disclosed. One method includes disposing an electrolytic liquid between a conductive material of a substrate and at least one electrode, with the electrolytic liquid having about 80% water or less. The substrate can be contacted with a polishing pad material, and the conductive material can be electrically coupled to a source of varying electrical signals via the electrolytic liquid and the electrode. The method can further include applying a varying electrical signal to the conductive material, moving at least one of the polishing pad material and the substrate relative to the other, and removing at least a portion of the conductive material while the electrolytic liquid is adjacent to the conductive material. By limiting/controlling the amount of water in the electrolytic liquid, an embodiment of the method can remove the conductive material with a reduced downforce.

Abstract: Electroplating systems that include a plurality of electrodes, a power supply operably coupled to the plurality of electrodes, a platen for bearing a substrate on which metal features are to be formed, and an electrode support are disclosed. The electrode support may be configured for suspending the electrode assembly over an upper surface of the substrate disposed on the platen in spaced relation to and in alignment with the substrate or for supporting the electrode assembly in a stationary position over the substrate when the voltage is applied across the plurality of electrodes. The electrodes may be adjacent, mutually spaced and electrically isolated and connected in series so as to be oppositely polarized when the voltage is applied thereacross or may be connected so as to have alternating polarities when the voltage is applied thereacross.

Abstract: A method of selectively electroplating metal features on a semiconductor substrate having a conductive surface. An electrode assembly that includes a plurality of adjacent, mutually spaced and electrically isolated electrodes connected in series so as to be oppositely polarized when a voltage is applied thereacross is positioned over the substrate and an electrolyte solution is applied to the conductive surface. The electrode assembly and the conductive surface may be positioned in close proximity to, but without contacting, one another. A voltage is applied to the electrode assembly, which causes a metal film to selectively form on portions of the conductive surface that are positioned beneath an electrode exhibiting a positive polarity and, thus, negatively charged. Portions of the conductive surface positioned beneath electrodes exhibiting a negative polarity remain unplated.