Abstract: The present invention relates to novel Pcr family genes that confer tolerance to heavy metals to plants and microorganisms. More particularly, the present invention relates to novel Pcr family genes that confer tolerance to cadmium. The invention also relates to plant and microorganisms transformed with any of the Pcr genes thereby having improved resistance to and increased level of toxic materials, and methods of removing heavy metals from contaminated soil and water contaminated by growing the Pcr-transformed plants on the contaminated soils and water.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) device is disclosed, in which a hole or groove is formed at the same direction as the axis of polarization of first and second polarizers for improving the luminance, and an electric field inducing window or a dielectric protrusion is formed corresponding to the center of the hole or groove to stabilize the texture of liquid crystal layer.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a thin film material for encapsulation of organic or polymeric light-emitting electric device having light-emitting layer between cathode and anode, for elongation of lifetime of said device and for providing said device with flexibility, more specifically, to a thin film material for encapsulation of organic or polymeric light-emitting electric device comprising polymer having, as repeating unit of backbone, homo-, 2-component co-, ter-, or tetra-polymer of one to four pentaerythritol acrylate monomer, or physically mixed polymer blend of said polymer and polymers other than poly(pentaerythrithol acrylate). Moreover, the present invention is directed to a method for encapsulation of organic or polymeric light-emitting device using said thin film material consisting of wet and dry process. The light-emitting device encapsulated according to the present invention can be bended and can be used in the manufacturing of large surface area display.

Abstract: A driving apparatus of a multi-function machine includes a scanner unit scanning data recorded on a sheet of document and a document transport part to transport the sheet of document. A printer unit prints data on a sheet of paper for an output and includes a carrier including a print head with an ink jet nozzle mounted thereon to carry out the printing operation by moving the print head. The driving apparatus includes a driving motor, a scanner driving part driving the scanner unit, a printer driving part driving the printer unit, and a power switching part disposed with the driving motor, the scanner driving part, and the printer driving part. The power switching part selectively transmits a power of the driving motor to at least one of the scanner driving part and the printer driving part.

Abstract: Provided is an electron beam lens for a micro-column electron beam apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same. A photosensitive glass substrate is used as a base isolation substrate and a thin metal film is grown by a plating method. Holes through which electron beam passes are formed by a lift off method after forming a resist pattern shaped as a hole on a seed metal layer and plating the thin metal film.

Abstract: A network device is provided which includes a device input, at least one port, a frequency doubler, a data I/O device, and a programmable delay locked loop. The frequency doubler is coupled to the input and configured to receive an input signal and output an output signal having double the frequency of the input signal. The data I/O device is configured to output data based upon a reference clock signal. The programmable delay locked loop is coupled to the device input and configured to receive an input signal and to automatically output an output signal being a predetermined amount out of phase from the input signal. An external clock signal received at the device input is input to the frequency doubler. The output of the frequency doubler is input to the data I/O device as a reference clock. Data (e.g., from internal device logic) is output from the data I/O device to the at least one port.

Abstract: An etching end point of a plasma etch is determined by defining an etch-stop condition. A layer formed on a substrate is etched using a plasma. A luminous intensity of the plasma is measured to determine a first luminous intensity. The luminous intensity is measured again after a predetermined time to determine a second luminous intensity. A determination is made whether a disturbance occurs. Compensation is applied to the measured luminous intensity if the disturbance occurs. A determination is made whether the measured luminous intensity or the compensated luminous intensity satisfies the etch stop condition.

Abstract: A system is provided for reflow soldering a part that includes: replacing air around an unsoldered part with a first inert gas; removing the first inert gas to form a vacuum around the unsoldered part; vacuum reflow soldering the unsoldered part to form a reflow-soldered part; providing a second inert gas to fill the vacuum around the reflow-soldered part; and replacing the second inert gas with air around the reflow-soldered part.

Abstract: Method for controlling an air purifier by using biorhythm including a first step of calculating total number of days (Delta_Time) a person in a room has lived by using the present year/month/date provided thereto or known through an inner counter, and birth year/month/date of the person in the room provided thereto, a second step of representing a physical rhythm state P_state, an esthetic state E_state, and an intellectual state I_state of the person in the room with the Delta_Time, numerically, a third step of setting a physical weight P-weight, an esthetic weight E, and an intellectual weight in correspondence to the P_state, E_state, and I_state, and a fourth step of controlling operation of the air purifier taking at least one of the P_weight, E_weight, and I_weight into account, whereby operating the purifier according to the biorhythm of the person in the room.

Abstract: An apparatus for converting voice packets transmitted/received through a network includes a first transcoder for performing at least one of bit-unpacking and unquantization on an encoded packet at a first encoder, namely transmitting party, to obtain an LSP (Line Spectrum Pair) parameter of the first encoder, and converting and unquantizing the LSP parameter to an LSP parameter of a second encoder, namely receiving party, to do bit-packing. A second transcoder performs at least one of bit-unpacking and unquantization on an encoded packet at the second encoder, namely transmitting party, to obtain an LSP parameter of the second encoder, and converts and unquantizes the LSP parameter to an LSP parameter of the first encoder, namely receiving party, to do bit-packing.

Abstract: A system and method for cleaning a substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer, utilizes a rotatable wafer supporting assembly with a cylindrical body to provide stability for the substrate being cleaned, even at high rotational speeds. The rotatable wafer supporting assembly may include wafer holding mechanisms with pivotable confining members that are configured to hold the substrate using centrifugal force when the wafer supporting assembly is rotated. In an embodiment, the cleaning system may include a positioning system operatively connected to an acoustic transducer to provide meaningful control of the acoustic energy applied to a surface of the substrate by selectively changing the distance between the acoustic transducer and the substrate surface so that the substrate can be cleaned more effectively.

Abstract: An illuminator includes a concave mirror to reflect incident light in a predetermined direction, an inner reflective mirror provided on an optical axis of the concave mirror and having a reflective surface at least one surface thereof, a light source installed on at least one surface of the inner reflective mirror to generate and illuminate light, and a retro-reflective mirror provided at a focal point of the light reflected from the concave mirror, or in a vicinity of the focal point, and having an aperture through which some of the light illuminated from the light source and reflected by the concave mirror passes and a retro-reflective surface to reflect remaining light not passing through the aperture back toward the concave mirror.

Abstract: Methods of forming a cell pad contact hole on an integrated circuit include forming adjacent gates on an integrated circuit substrate having a source/drain region extending between the gates. Gate spacers are formed on facing sidewalls of the adjacent gates. A cell pad contact hole is formed aligned to the gates and gate spacers that exposes the source/drain region in the integrated circuit substrate. A first poly film is formed in the cell pad contact hole. An ion region is formed in the source/drain region by ion-implanting through the first poly film and a second poly film is formed on the first poly film that substantially fills the cell pad contact hole.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an organic electroluminescent display device includes preparing an auxiliary substrate, which has a flat side; forming a first protective layer on the auxiliary substrate; forming an organic electroluminescent unit on the first protective layer; bonding a flexible main substrate onto the organic electroluminescent unit; and etching the auxiliary substrate to remove the same.

Abstract: Provided is a phase-change RAM containing a substrate, a lower electrode, a phase-change material, an upper electrode and a thermal dissipation layer, wherein the thermal dissipation layer contains an aluminum-nitride thermal dissipation layer having a high heat conductivity, and the lower electrode contains a titanium-nitride electrode which generates a great amount of heat generated using a small amount of current and has a low heat conductivity, whereby heat generated between the phase-change material and the electrode is not transferred to the interior of a device but fast dissipated to the exterior thereof, so as to enable a high speed operation using low current and improve reliability of the device.

Abstract: A driving circuit capable of decreasing an error of a gray level voltage without affecting a voltage drop when a gray level signal of a D/A converter is generated in an analog switch, and an organic electroluminescence display using the same. The driving circuit includes first and second switch units to select respective first and second reference voltages to correspond to a data signal; a resistor including a plurality of resistor arrays to receive and distribute the first and second reference voltages by utilization of at least two resistances to generate a gray level voltage; a third switch unit to select one resistor array out of the plurality of arrays to correspond to the data signal and to transmit the first and second reference voltages to the selected resistor array; and a fourth switch unit to output the gray level voltage, generated by the resistor array, to correspond to the data signal.

Abstract: A method of fabricating AlGaN/GaN enhancement-mode heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFET) using fluorine-based plasma immersion or ion implantation. The method includes: 1) generating gate patterns; 2) exposing the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure in the gate region to fluorine-based plasma treatment with photoresist as the treatment mask in a self-aligned manner; 3) depositing the gate metal to the plasma treated AlGaN/GaN heterostructure surface; 4) lifting off the metal except the gate electrode; and 5) high temperature post-gate annealing of the sample. This method can be used to shift the threshold voltage of a HFET toward a more positive value, and ultimately convert a depletion-mode HFET to an enhancement-mode HFET (E-HFET).

Abstract: Disclosed is a system and method for performing soft handover in a broadband wireless access communication system. An anchor base station transmits first information including channel assignment information of an active non-anchor base station when it is determined that a mobile station is to perform the soft handover, and when there are signals to be transmitted to the mobile station from the non-anchor base station, the non-anchor base station transmits second information including channel assignment information of the anchor base station when it is determined that the mobile station is to perform the soft handover, and when there are signals to be transmitted to the mobile station from the anchor base station, and the mobile station receives signals from the anchor base station and the non-anchor base station corresponding to the first information and the second information when it is determined that the mobile station is to perform the soft handover.

Abstract: A semiconductor flash memory device. The flash memory device includes a floating gate electrode disposed in a recess having slanted sides in a semiconductor substrate. A gate insulation film is interposed between the floating gate electrode and the semiconductor substrate. A control gate electrode is disposed over the floating gate electrode. The floating gate electrode includes projections adjacent to the slanted sides of the recess.