Abstract: An example system includes a flexible substrate configured to be mounted to a skin surface. The system includes a sensor probe that has a first end attached to the flexible substrate and a second end configured to extend beneath the skin surface to contact interstitial fluid. A sensor is configured to measure a physiological property and is disposed at the second end of the sensor probe. A transmitter is attached to the flexible substrate and is configured to provide information related to sensor measurements to a controller. The controller is configured to a drug delivery rate based on the information.

Abstract: Molded electronic structures configured for use in body-mountable devices and methods for embedding molded electronic structures in a body-mountable device are described. An example method may include molding an electronic structure to have first curvature corresponding to a first radius of curvature. The electronic structure may include an antenna, a sensor, and an electronic device. The example method may also include adhering the molded electronic structure to a first polymer layer. The example method may additionally include forming a second polymer layer over the molded electronic structure adhered to the first polymer layer.

Abstract: Generally, embodiments of the invention relate to self-powered analyte determining devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that include a working electrode, a counter electrode, and an optional resistance value, where the working electrode includes analyte sensing components and the self-powered analyte determining device spontaneously passes a current directly proportional to analyte concentration in the absence of an external power source. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: A body-mountable urea sensing device includes an electrochemical sensor embedded in a polymeric material configured for mounting to a surface of an eye. The electrochemical sensor includes a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a reagent localized near the working electrode that selectively reacts with urea. A potentiometric voltage between the working electrode and the reference electrode is related to a concentration of urea in a fluid to which the electrochemical sensor is exposed; the voltage is measured by the body-mountable device and wirelessly communicated.

Abstract: Silver/Silver Chloride (Ag/AgCl) based reference electrodes, their use, and manufacture, having extended lifetimes that are suitable for use in long term amperometric sensors. Electrochemical sensors, including implantable biosensors such as glucose sensors, equipped with the reference electrodes described herein demonstrate considerable stability and extended lifetime in a variety of conditions.

Abstract: Provided are sensors for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample fluid. In certain embodiments, the sensors include conductive particles and exhibit improved uniformity of distribution of one or more sensing chemistry components, increased effective working electrode surface area, and/or reduced entry of interfering components into a sample chamber of the sensor. Methods of using and manufacturing the sensors are also provided.

Abstract: A method may involve forming a first electrode on a structure, where the first electrode defines an anode of a battery, and where the battery is configured to provide electrical power to a circuit located on the structure. The method may further involve forming a second electrode on the structure, where the second electrode defines a cathode of the battery, and where the second electrode is configured to reduce oxygen. And the method may involve embedding the structure in a polymer.

Abstract: An analyte sensor system including a substrate, a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the substrate, a second electrode disposed on a second surface of the substrate, a third electrode provided in electrical contact with at least one of the first or second electrodes, where at least a portion of the first electrode and the second electrode are subcutaneously positioned in a patient, and where the third electrode is substantially entirely positioned external to the patient, and corresponding methods are provided.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include analyte-responsive compositions and electrochemical analyte sensors having a sensing layer that includes an analyte-responsive enzyme and a cationic polymer. Also provided are systems and methods of making the sensors and using the electrochemical analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method including forming a polymer layer defining a side of an eye-mountable device. The method may also include providing an adhesive in a ring-shaped pattern on a ring-shaped substrate or on the first polymer layer. The method may also include providing the ring-shaped substrate on the first polymer layer in a predetermined rotational orientation. The method may also include applying a force to one or more of the ring-shaped substrate and the polymer layer to adhere the first polymer layer to the ring-shaped substrate. The method may also include curing the ring-shaped substrate and the first polymer layer.

Abstract: The present application provides Ag/AgCl based reference electrodes having an extended lifetime that are suitable for use in long term amperometric sensors. Electrochemical sensors equipped with reference electrodes described herein demonstrate considerable stability and extended lifetime in a variety of conditions.

Abstract: An eye-mountable device includes a lens enclosure, an anterior conductive electrode, a posterior conductive electrode, and an accommodation actuator element. The lens enclosure includes an anterior layer and a posterior layer. The anterior conductive electrode is disposed within the lens enclosure and across a center region of the lens enclosure. The posterior conductive electrode is disposed within the lens enclosure and across the center region. The accommodation actuator element is disposed within the lens enclosure between the anterior and posterior conductive electrodes in the center region. The anterior and posterior conductive electrodes are transparent and electrically manipulate the accommodation actuator element.

Abstract: Example biosensor devices having wake-up batteries and associated methods are disclosed. One example device includes a biosensor that has a first electrode for insertion into a subcutaneous layer beneath a patient's skin, and a second electrode coupled to the first electrode for insertion into the subcutaneous layer, and a first battery to apply a voltage across the first and second electrodes, the first battery at least partially electrically decoupled from the electrodes. The device also includes a second battery having an anode material coupled to the first electrode for insertion into the subcutaneous layer, and a portion of the second electrode. The second battery is activatable upon immersion in an electrolytic fluid. The device also includes a wake-up circuit to receive a signal from the second battery and, in response, to electrically couple the first battery to the first and second electrodes to activate the biosensor.

Abstract: Embodiments of the invention include analyte-responsive compositions and electrochemical analyte sensors having a sensing layer that includes an analyte-responsive enzyme and a cationic polymer. Also provided are systems and methods of making the sensors and using the electrochemical analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to analyte determining methods and devices (e.g., electrochemical analyte monitoring systems) that have a membrane with low temperature sensitivity. The sensing layer is disposed on a working electrode of in vivo and/or in vitro analyte sensors, e.g., continuous and/or automatic in vivo monitoring using analyte sensors and/or test strips. Also provided are systems and methods of using the, for example electrochemical, analyte sensors in analyte monitoring.

Abstract: Analyte sensors capable of undergoing sterilization with ethylene oxide are provided. The analyte sensors can include one or more polymer membranes having a nucleophilic group.

Abstract: An analyte sensor system including a substrate, a first electrode disposed on a first surface of the substrate, a second electrode disposed on a second surface of the substrate, a third electrode provided in electrical contact with at least one of the first or second electrodes, where at least a portion of the first electrode and the second electrode are subcutaneously positioned in a patient, and where the third electrode is substantially entirely positioned external to the patient, and corresponding methods are provided.

Abstract: An eye-mountable device includes a flexible lens enclosure, anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes, and an accommodation actuator element. The flexible lens enclosure includes anterior and posterior layers that are sealed together. The anterior flexible conductive electrode is disposed within the flexible enclosure and across a center region of the flexible lens enclosure on a concave side of the anterior layer. The posterior flexible conductive electrode is disposed within the flexible enclosure and across the center region on a convex side of the posterior layer. The accommodation actuator element is disposed between the first and second flexible conductive electrodes. The anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes are transparent and electrically manipulate the accommodation actuator element.

Abstract: An analyte sensor and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a sensing membrane having a crosslinked network with an embedded analyte sensing component. In another aspect, the analyte sensor includes a protective membrane adjacent to the surface of the sensing membrane. The protective membrane can be a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer having methacrylate-derived backbone chains of first methacrylate-derived units, second methacrylate-derived units and third methacrylate-derived units. The first and second methacrylate-derived units have hydrophilic side chains, and the third methacrylate-derived units in different backbone chains are connected by hydrophilic crosslinks. A method for making the analyte sensor is also disclosed.

Abstract: An analyte sensor for the continuous or semi-continuous monitoring of physiological parameters and a method for making the analyte sensor are disclosed. In one aspect, the analyte sensor includes a crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer in contact with a surface of an electrode, and an analyte sensing component embedded within the crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer. The crosslinked, hydrophilic copolymer has methacrylate-derived backbone chains of first methacrylate-derived units, second methacrylate-derived units and third methacrylate-derived units. The first and second methacrylate-derived units have side chains that can be the same or different, and the third methacrylate-derived units in different backbone chains are connected by hydrophilic crosslinks.