Activation of peptide prodrugs by hK2
The invention provides novel peptide prodrugs that contain cleavage sites specifically cleaved by human kallikrein 2 (hK2). These prodrugs are useful for substantially inhibiting the non-specific toxicity of a variety of therapeutic drugs. Upon cleavage of the prodrug by hK2, the therapeutic drugs are activated and exert their toxicity. Methods for treating cell proliferative disorders are also featured in the invention.
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This invention relates generally to the targeted activation of biologically active materials to cells that produce human glandular kallikrein (hK2) and more specifically to hK2-specific peptides substrates that can act as drug carriers. In addition it relates to prodrugs consisting of a peptide covalently coupled to a cytotoxic drug such that the peptide-drug bond can be hydrolyzed by hK-2. The coupling of the peptide to the cytotoxic drug creates an inactive prodrug that can only become activated at sites where enzymatically active hK-2 is being produced.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONThere is currently no effective therapy for men with metastatic prostate cancer who relapse after androgen ablation, even though numerous agents have been tested over the past thirty years. Prolonged administration of effective concentrations of standard chemotherapeutic agents is usually not possible because of dose-limiting systemic toxicities.
Human Glandular Kallikrein 2 (hK2) is the protein product of the human kallikrein gene hKLK2, one of three related kallikrein genes that also include hKLK1 and hKLK3. These three genes are clustered on chromosome 19q13.2-q13.4. The protein product of hKLK3 is prostate-specific antigen (PSA). While PSA is the predominant tissue kallikrein in the prostate, hK2 is also found almost exclusively in the prostate. hK2 is a glycoprotein containing 237 amino acids and a mass of 28.5 kDa. hK2 and PSA share some properties such as high amino acid sequence identity, prostate localization, androgen regulation and gene expression, but are quite distinct form one another biochemically.
hK2 and PSA differ most markedly in their enzyme properties. Unlike PSA, a chymotrypsin-like protease, hK2 displays the trypsin-like specificity common to most members of the kallikrein family of proteases. hK2 can cleave semenogelin proteins, with an activity that is comparable to PSA. The level of hK2 in the seminal fluid is only 1% of the level of PSA. hK2 has trypsin-like activity, similar to hK1, although it does not appear to function as a classic kininogenase.
In the normal prostate, the levels of expressed hK2 protein are lower than those of PSA. However, hK2 is more highly expressed by prostate cancer cells than by normal prostate epithelium. Comparison of immunohistochemical staining patterns demonstrated incrementally increased staining in poorly differentiated prostate cancers. The intensity of staining has been found to increase with increasing Gleason score, in contrast to PSA, which tends to show decreased staining with increasing Gleason grade, suggesting that hK2 might potentially be a better tumor marker for prostate cancer than PSA.
Recently, three independent groups reported that recombinant hK2 could convert inactive pro-PSA in to the mature PSA protease by release of the propeptide in vitro, thus establishing a possible physiologic connection between hK2 and PSA. hK2 is also secreted in an inactive precursor form. Pro-hK2 may have autocatalytic activity, but the mechanism of activation in vivo is unknown and may involve several additional enzymes. hK2 has also been shown to activate single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator, scuPA, to the active two-chain form, uPA, which is highly correlated with prostate cancer metastasis. More recently, hK2 has been shown to inactivate the major tissue inhibitor of uPA, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Thus hK2 may influence the progression of prostate cancer by the activation of uPA and by the inactivation of PAI-1.
Enzymatically active hK2 has also been shown to form covalent complexes in vitro with plasma protease inhibitors such as α1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), α2-antiplasmin, antithrombin III, protein C inhibitor (PCI), and α2-macroglobulin (AMG). hK2 has been identified in prostate cancer serum in a complex with ACT.
Thapsigargin (TG) is a sesquiterpene-γ-lactone available by extraction from the seeds and roots of the umbelliferous plant Thapsia garganica L. Thapsigargin selectively inhibits the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pump, found in skeletal, cardiac, muscle and brain microsomes. The apparent dissociation constant for TG from the SERCA pump is 2.2 pM or less.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONThe present invention provides a novel class of oligopeptides that include amino acid sequences containing cleavage sites for human glandular kallikrein (HK2),
The invention also provides a method for treating cell proliferative disorders, including those which involve the production of hK2, in subjects having or at risk of having such disorders. The method involves administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of the invention.
The invention also provides a method of producing the prodrug composition of the invention. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of detecting hK2 activity in tissue. In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a method of selecting appropriate prodrugs for use in treating cell proliferative disorders involving hK2-production.
The invention also provides a method for detecting a cell proliferative disorder associated with hK2 production in a tissue of a subject, comprising contacting a target cellular component suspected of having a hK2 associated disorder, with a reagent which detects enzymatically active hK2.
The invention also provides a method of determining hK2 activity in a hK2-containing sample, comprising contacting the sample with a detectably labeled peptide which is specifically cleaved by hK2 for a period of time sufficient to allow hK2 to cleave the peptide, detecting the detectable label to yield a detection level, which is then compared to the detection level obtained by contacting the same detectably labeled peptide with a standard hK2 sample of known activity.
The invention also provides a method of imaging soft tissue and/or bone metastases which produce hK2, comprising administering a lipophilic-imaging label linked to a peptide which is specifically cleaved by hK2 to a patient suspected of having a hK2-associated cell proliferative disorder, allowing hK2 to cleave the peptide, allowing the lipophilic imaging label to accumulate in the tissue and/or bone, allowing the subject to clear the uncleaved peptide, and imaging the subject for diagnostic purposes.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the ordinary meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other reference materials mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
The invention provides a novel class of peptides that contain a cleavage site specific for human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2). These peptides are efficiently and specifically cleaved by hK2. These peptides are useful for substantially inhibiting the non-specific toxicity of the therapeutic agents prior to the agents contracting a tissue containing hK2. Thus, the invention includes prodrugs which include peptides linked to therapeutic agents. The prodrugs of the invention comprise peptide sequences containing a cleavage site specific for hK2 and therapeutic drugs. The compositions do not show significant non-specific toxicity, but in environments where hK2 is found, the composition becomes activated when peptide is cleaved, releasing the therapeutic drug, which regains its non-specific toxicity.
hK2 Specific PeptideAs used herein the term “human glandular kallikrein 2” (hK2) means human glandular kallikrein 2, as well as other proteases that have the same or substantially the same proteolytic cleavage specificity as hK2. As used herein, the term “naturally occurring amino acid side chain” refers to the side chains of amino acids known in the art as occurring in proteins, including those produced by post translational modifications of amino acid side chains. The term “contacting” refers to exposing tissue to the peptides, therapeutic drugs or prodrugs of the invention so that they can effectively inhibit cellular processes, or kill cells. Contacting may be in vitro, for example by adding the peptide, drug or prodrug to a tissue culture to test for susceptibility of the tissue to the peptide, drug or prodrug. Contacting may be in vivo, for example administering the peptide, drug, or prodrug to a subject with a cell proliferative disorder, such as prostate or breast cancer. By “polypeptide” is meant any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation or phosphorylation). As written herein, amino acid sequences are presented according to the standard convention, namely that the amino-terminus of the peptide is on the left, and the carboxy terminus on the right. In one aspect the invention features a peptide containing an amino acid sequence that includes a cleavage site specific for hk2 or an enzyme having a proteolytic activity of hK2. The peptides of the invention are preferably not more than 20 amino acids in length, more preferably to more than ten amino acids in length. The preferred amino acid sequences of the invention are linear. In an embodiment of the invention the amino acid sequence may be cyclical such that the cyclical form of the sequence is an inactive drug that can become an activated drug upon cleavage by hK2 and linearization.
The cleavage site recognized by hK2 is flanked by at least an amino acid sequence, X4X3X2X1. This oligopeptide contains the amino acid arginine, histidine or lysine at position X1. X2 can be arginine, phenylalanine, lysine, or histidine. X3 can be lysine, serine, alanine, histidine or glutamine. X4 can be from 0 to 20 further amino acids, preferably at least two further amino acids. Some preferred embodiments include a sequence for X4 that is substantially identical to the 20 amino acids in the wild type semenogelin I or semenogelin II sequence that are the from fourth to twenty fourth amino acids to the N-terminal side of recognized semenogelin cleavage sites. The amino acid sequence can further comprise X−1, which is linked to the carboxy terminus of X1 to create the amino acid sequence X4X3X2X1X−1. X−1 is up to a further 10 amino acids, and can include any amino acids. Preferably X−1 has leucine, alanine or serine linked to the carboxy terminus of X1. X−1 can include L- or D-amino acids. The hK2 cleavage site is located at the carboxy terminal side of X1.
In some preferred peptides, both X1 and X2 are arginine.
Some examples of preferred peptides include (Note that the symbol][denotes an hK2 cleavage site):
Additional preferred peptides of longer sequence length include:
Additional preferred peptides that include an X-1 amino acid are:
Preferred peptides of still longer sequence length having X−1 include:
Other embodiments of peptide sequences which are useful for cleavage by hK2 and proteases with the hydrolytic activity of hK2 are disclosed in the Examples section. Further examples of the peptides of the invention are constructed as analogs of, derivatives of and conservative variations on the amino acids sequences disclosed herein. Thus, the broader group of peptides having hydrophilic and hydrophobic substitutions, and conservative variations are encompassed by the invention. Those of skill in the art can make similar substitutions to achieve peptides with greater activity and or specificity toward hK2. For example, the invention includes peptide sequences described above, as well as analogs or derivatives thereof, as long as the bioactivity of the peptide remains. Minor modifications of the primary amino acid sequence of the peptides of the invention may result in peptides that have substantially equivalent activity as compared to the specific peptides described herein. Such modifications may be deliberate, as by site directed mutagenesis or chemical synthesis, or may be spontaneous. All of the peptides produced by these modifications are included herein, as long as the biological activity of the original peptide remains, i.e. susceptibility to cleavage by hK2.
Further, deletion of one or more amino acids can also result in a modification of the structure of the resultant molecule without significantly altering its biological activity. This can lead to the development of a smaller active molecule without significantly altering its biological activity. This can lead to the development of a smaller active molecule which would also have utility. For example, amino or carboxy-terminal amino acids which may not be required for biological activity of the particular peptide can be removed. Peptides of the invention include any analog, homolog, mutant or isomer or derivative of the peptides disclosed in the present invention, as long as bioactivity described herein remains. All peptides described have sequences comprised of L-amino acids; however, D-forms of the amino acids can be synthetically produced and used in the peptides described herein.
The peptides of the invention include peptides which are conservative variations of those peptides specifically exemplified herein. The term “conservative variation” as used herein denotes the replacement of an amino acid residue by another, biologically similar residue. Examples of conserved variations include the substitution of one hydrophobic residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine, alanine, cysteine, glycine, phenylalanine, proline, tryptophan, tyrosine, norleucine or methionine for another or the substitution of one polar residue for another such as the substitution of arginine for lysine or histidine, glutamic for aspartic acids or glutamine for asparagine, and the like. Neutral hydrophilic amino acids that can be substituted for one another include asparagine, glutamine, serine, and threonine. Such conservative substitutions are within the definitions of the classes of peptides of the invention with respect to X positions which may be any number of amino acids. The peptides that are produced by such conservative variation can be screened for suitability of use in the prodrugs of the invention according to the methods for selecting prodrugs provided herein.
A wide variety of groups can be linked to the carboxy terminus of X1 or X−1. Notably, therapeutic drugs can be linked to this position. In this way advantage is taken of the hK2 specificity of the cleavage site, as well as other functional characteristics of the peptides of the invention. Preferably, the therapeutic drugs are linked to the carboxy terminus of X1 either directly or through a linker group. The direct linkage is preferably through an amide bond, in order to utilize the proteolytic activity and specificity of hK2. If the connection between the therapeutic drug and the amino acid sequence is made through a linker, this connection is also preferably made through an amide bond, for the same reason. This linker may be connected to the therapeutic drug through any of the bond types and chemical groups known to those skilled in the art. The linker may consist of the amino acid (s) comprising X−1. The linker may remain on the therapeutic drug, or may be removed soon thereafter, either by further reactions or in a self-cleaving step. Self-cleaving linkers are those linkers which can intramolecularly cyclize and release the drug or undergo spontaneous SN1 solvolysis and release the drug upon peptide cleavage.
Other materials such as detectable labels or imaging compounds can be linked to the peptide. Groups can be linked to the amino terminus of X7, including such moieties as antibodies, and peptide toxins, including the 26 amino acid toxin, melittin and the 35 amino acid toxin cecropin B for example. Both of these peptide toxins have shown toxicity against cancer cell lines. The N-terminal amino acid of the peptide may also be attached to the C-terminal amino acid either via an amide bond formed by the N-terminal amine and the C-terminal carboxyl, or via coupling of side chains on the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids or via disulfide bond formed when the N-terminal and C-terminal amino acids both consist of the amino acid cysteine. Further, it is envisioned that the peptides described herein can be coupled, via the carboxy terminus of X1 or X−1, to a variety of peptide toxins (for example, melittin and cecropin are examples of insect toxins), so that cleavage by hK2 liberates an active toxin. Additionally, the peptide could be coupled to a protein such that the protein is connected at the X1 or X−1 amino acid of the peptide. This coupling can be used to create an inactive proenzyme so that cleavage by a tissue-specific protease (such as hK2 or PSA) would cause a conformational change in the protein to activate it. For example, Pseudomonas toxin has a leader peptide sequence which must be cleaved to activate the protein. Additionally, the peptide sequence could be used to couple a drug to an antibody. The antibody could be coupled to the N-terminus of the peptide sequence (that is, X4 or higher X amino acids), and the drug coupled to the carboxy terminus (that is X1 or X−1). The antibody would bind to a cell surface protein and tissue-specific protease present in the extracellular fluid could cleave the drug from the peptide linker.
The preferred amino acid sequence can be constructed to be highly specific for cleavage by hK2. In addition the peptide sequence can be constructed to be highly selective towards cleavage by hK2 as compared to purified extracellular and intracellular proteases. Highly-specific hK2 sequences can also be constructed that are also stable toward cleavage in human sera.
The peptides of the invention can be synthesized according to any of the recognized procedures in the art, including such commonly used methods as t-boc or fmoc protection of alpha-amino groups. Both methods involve stepwise syntheses whereby a single amino acid is added at each step starting from the C-terminus of the peptide. Peptides of the invention can also be synthesized by well-known solid phase peptide synthesis methods. Peptides can be characterized using standard techniques such as amino acid analysis, thin layer chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography, for example.
The invention encompasses isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding the hK2-specific peptides of the invention, vectors containing these nucleic acid molecules, cells harboring recombinant DNA encoding the hK2-specific peptides of the invention, and fusion proteins that include the hK2 specific peptides of the invention. Especially preferred are nucleic acid molecules encoding the polypeptides described herein.
Prodrug CompositionsThe invention also features prodrug compositions that consist of a therapeutic drug linked to a peptide containing a cleavage site that is specific for hK2 or any enzyme that has the enzymatic activity of hK2. As noted above, the peptides of the invention can be used to target therapeutic drugs for activation within hK2 producing tissue. The peptides that are useful in the prodrugs of the invention are those described above.
The therapeutic drugs that may be used in the prodrugs of the invention include any drug which can be directly or indirectly linked to the hK2-specifically cleavable peptides of the invention. Preferred drugs are those containing a primary amine. The presence of the primary amine allows for formation of an amide bond between the drug and the peptide and this bond serves as the cleavage site for hK2. The primary amines may be found in the drugs as commonly provided, or they may be added to the drugs by chemical synthesis.
Certain therapeutic drugs contain primary amines and are among the preferred agents. These include the anthracycline family of drugs, the vinca drugs, the mitomycins, the bleomycins, the cytotoxic nucleosides, the pteridine family of drugs, diynenes, the podophyllotoxins, and the taxanes. Particularly useful members of these classes include, for example, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, caminomycin, idarubicin, epirubicin, aminopterin, methotrexate, methopterin, mitomycin C porfiromycin, 5-fluorouracil, cytosine arabinoside, etoposide, melphalan, vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, 6-mercaptopurine, and the like.
Other therapeutic drugs are required to have primary amines introduced by chemical or biochemical synthesis, for example sesquiterpene-lactones such as thapsigargin, and thapsigargicin and many others know to those skilled in the art. The thapsigargins are a group of natural products isolated from species of the umbelliferous genus Thapsia. The term thapsigargins has been defined by Christensen, et al., Prog. Chem. Nat. Prod., 71 (1997) 130-165. These derivatives contain a means of linking the therapeutic drug to carrier moieties, including peptides and antibodies. The peptides and antibodies can include those which specifically interact with antigens including hK2. The interactions can involve cleavage of the peptide to release the therapeutic analogs of sesquiterpene-γ-lactones. Particular therapeutic analogs of sesquiterpene-γ-lactones, such as thapsigargins, are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/588,822, filed Jun. 7, 2000, entitled “Tissue Specific Prodrug,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed on even date herewith, entitled “Tissue Specific Prodrug,” both of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.
For example, thapsigargins with alkanoyl, alkenoyl, and arenoyl groups at carbon 8 or carbon 2, can be employed in the practice of the invention disclosed herein. Groups such as CO—(CH═CH)n1—(CH2)n2—Ar—NH2, CO—(CH2)n2—(CH═CH)n1—Ar—NH2, CO—(CH2)n2—(CH═CH)n1—CO—NH—Ar—NH2 and CO—(CH═CH)n1—(CH2)n2—CO—NH—Ar—NH2 and substituted variations thereof can be used as carbon 8 substituents, where n1 and n2 are from 0 to 5, and Ar is any substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. Substituents which may be present on Ar include short and medium chain alkyl, alkanoxy, aryl, aryloxy, and alkenoxy groups, nitro, halo, and primary secondary or tertiary amino groups, as well as such groups connected to Ar by ester or amide linkages. In other embodiments of thapsigargin analogs, these substituent groups are represented by unsubstituted, or alkyl-, aryl-, halo-, alkoxy-, alkenyl-, amido-, or amino-substituted CO—(CH2)n3—NH2, where n3 is from 0 to 15, preferably 3-15, and also preferably 6-12. Particularly preferred substituent groups within this class are 6-aminohexanoyl, 7-aminoheptanoyl, 8-aminooctanoyl, 9-aminononanoyl, 10-aminodecanoyl, 11-aminoundecanoyl, and 12-aminododecanoyl. These substituents are generally synthesized from the corresponding amino acids, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and so forth. The amino acids are N-terminal protected by standard methods, for example Boc protection. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCI)-promoted coupling of the N-terminal protected substituent to thapsigargin, followed by standard deprotection reactions produces primary amine-containing thapsigargin analogs.
The substituents can also carry primary amines in the form of an amino amide group attached to the alkanoyl-, alkenoyl-, or arenoyl substituents. For example, C-terminal protection of a first amino acid such as 6-aminohexanoic acid and the like, by standard C-terminal protection techniques such as methyl ester formation by treatment with methanol and thionyl chloride, can be followed by coupling the N-terminal of the first amino acid with an N-protected second amino acid of any type.
The peptide and therapeutic drug are linked directly or indirectly (by a linker) through the carboxy terminus of the amino acid at X1 or X−1. The site of attachment on the therapeutic drug must be such that, when coupled to the peptide, the non-specific toxicity of the drug is substantially inhibited. Thus the prodrugs should not be significantly toxic.
The prodrugs of the invention may also comprise groups which provide solubility to the prodrug as a whole in the solvent in which the prodrug is to be used. Most often the solvent is water. This feature of the invention is important in the event that neither the peptide nor the therapeutic drug is soluble enough to provide overall solubility to the prodrug. These groups include polysaccharides or other polyhydroxylated moieties. For example, dextran, cyclodextrin, starch and derivatives of such groups may be included in the prodrug of the invention.
Thapsigargin AnalogsThe invention also features derivatized thapsigargin analogs with the derivatization including providing the molecule with a residue substituted with a primary amine. The primary amine can be used to link the derivatized thapsigargin analog with various other moieties. Among these are peptides which link to the analog to give prodrugs without significant non-specific toxicity, but enzymatic reaction with hK2 affords the toxic drug. These enzymatic reactions can liberate the non-specific toxic thapsigargin derivative, for example by cleavage through proteolysis or hydrolysis, various reactions of the side chains of the eptide, or other reactions which restore the non-specific toxicity of the thapsigargin analog. These reactions can serve to activate the derivatized thapsigargin analog locally at hK2 producing tissue, and with relative exclusivity to regions in which these enzymatic reactions take place. The primary amine containing thapsigargin analog can also be linked to an antibody, oligonucleotide, or polypeptide which binds to an epitope or receptor in the target tissue.
Thapsigargin is a sesquiterpene-γ-lactone having the following structure. Primary amines can be placed in substituent groups pendant from either C-2 or C-8 carbon. Preferred primary amine containing thapsigargin analogs that can be coupled to the peptides described above include those described previously by the inventors (“Tissue Specific Prodrug” International Patent Application PCT/US98/10285 corresponding to U.S. Ser. Nos. 60/047,070 and 60/080,046, filed May 19, 1997 and Mar. 30, 1998). These primary amine-containing analogs have non-specific toxicity toward cells. This toxicity is measured as the toxicity needed to kill 50% of clonogenic cells (LC50). The LC50 of the analogs of this invention is desirably at most 10 μM, preferably at most 2 μM and more preferably at most 200 nM of analog.
Methods of Treatment Using ProdrugsThe invention also provides methods of treatment of treating hK2-producing cell proliferative disorders of the invention with the prodrugs of the invention. The prodrugs of the invention and/or analogs or derivatives thereof can be administered to any host, including a human or non-human animal, in an amount effective to treat a disorder.
The prodrugs of the invention can be administered parenterally by injection or by gradual infusion over time. The prodrugs can be administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intracavity, or transdermally. Preferred methods for delivery of the prodrug include intravenous or subcutaneous administration. Other methods of administration will be known to those skilled in the art.
Method of Producing ProdrugsThe invention provides a method of producing the prodrugs of the invention. This method involves linking a therapeutically active drug to a peptide of the invention described above. In certain embodiments the peptide is linked directly to the drug; in other embodiments the peptide is indirectly linked to the drug via a linker. In each case the carboxy terminus of the peptide is used for linking. That is, in an amino acid sequence X5X4X3X2X1, the link is established through X1. If X−1 is linked to the carboxy terminus of X1, the carboxy terminus of X−1 is used for linking. The therapeutic drug contains a primary amine to facilitate the formation of an amide bond with the peptide. Many acceptable methods for coupling carboxyl and amino groups to form amide bonds are know to those skilled in the art.
The peptide may be coupled to the therapeutic drug via a linker. Suitable linkers include any chemical group which contains a primary amine and include amino acids, primary amine-containing alkyl, alkenyl or arenyl groups. The connection between the linker and the therapeutic drug may be of any type know in the art, preferably covalent bonding.
In certain embodiments, the linker comprises an amino acid or amino acid sequence. The sequence may be of any length, but is preferably between 1 and 10 amino acids, most preferably between 1 and 5 amino acids. Preferred amino acids are leucine or an amino acid sequence containing this amino acid, especially at their amino termini.
Method of Screening Tissue and Determining hK2 ActivityIn another aspect the invention provides a method of detecting hK2-producing tissue using peptides of the invention, as described above. The method is carried out by contacting a detectably labeled peptide of the invention with target tissue for a period of time sufficient to allow hK2 to cleave the peptide and release the detectable label. The detectable label is then detected. The level of detection is compared to that of a control sample not contacted with the target tissue. Many varieties of detectable labels are available, including optically based labels such as chromophoric, chemiluminescent, fluorescent or phosphorescent labels and radioactive labels, such as alpha, beta, or gamma emitting labels. In addition a peptide label consisting of an amino acid sequence comprising X−1 can be utilized for detection such that release of the X−1 label by hK2 proteolysis can be detected by high pressure liquid chromatography. The peptide sequences of the invention can also be incorporated into the protein sequence of a fluorescent protein such that cleavage of the incorporated hK2 specific sequence by hK2 results in either an increased or decreased fluorescent signal that can be measured using the appropriate fluorometric measuring instrument.
The invention provides a method for detecting a cell proliferative disorder that comprises contacting an hK2-specific peptide with a cell suspected of producing hK2. The hK2 reactive peptide is labeled by a compound so that cleavage by hK2 can be detected. For purposes of the invention, a peptide specific for hK2 may be used to detect the level of enzymatically active hK2 in biological tissues such as saliva, blood, urine, and tissue culture media. In an embodiment of the method a specific hK2 inhibitor is used to confirm that the activity being measured is solely due to peptide cleavage by hK2 and not secondary to non-specific cleavage by other proteases present in the biological tissue being assayed. Examples of hK2 inhibitors that can be employed in the method include the addition of zinc ions, or the addition of hK2 specific antibodies that bind to the catalytic site of hK2 thereby inhibiting enzymatic activity of hK2.
Method of Screening ProdrugsThe invention also provides a method of selecting potential prodrugs for use in the invention. The method generally consists of contacting prodrugs of the invention with hK2-producing tissue and non-hK2 producing tissue in a parallel experiment. The prodrugs which exert toxic effects in the presence of hK2-producing tissue, but not in the presence of non-hK2 producing tissue are suitable for the uses of the invention.
The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Production of Recombinant hK2Recombinant hK2 was produced and purified as described in Lövgren et al., Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co., 238, 549-555 (1997). Semenogelin I and II were isolated from human semen as described previously in Malm et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 238, 48-53 (1996). The tripeptide aminomethylcoumarin (AMC) substrates Bos-Phe-Ser-Arg-AMC, Boc-Gln-Gly-Arg-AMC, H-Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC, boc-Val-Pro-Arg-AMC, H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-AMC, Tos-Gly-Pro-Arg-AMC-Tos-Gly-Pro-Lys-AMC, Z-Leu-Leu-Arg-AMC, Z-Val-Val-Arg-AMC, Z-Ala-Arg-Arg-AMC, and H-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-AMC were from Bachem (Bubendorf, Switzerland). The heptapeptide substrates Mu-Ala-Pro-Val-Leu-Ile-Leu-Ser-Arg-AMC and Mu-Val-Pro-Leu-Ile-Gln-Ser-Arg-AMC corresponding to the pro peptides of PSA hK2 were from Enzyme Systems Product (Livermore, Calif., USA). ACT was purified from human blood plasma as described in Christenssson et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 194, 755-63 (1990). PCI was provided by Prof. Johan Stenflo (Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden), and SLPI, and PSTI by Prof. Kjell Ohlsson (Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden). Benzamidine hydrochloride was from Amresco® (Solon, Ohio, USA), leupeptin and antipain were from ICN Biomedicals (Costa Mesa, Calif., USA), Aprotinin was from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo., USA), and PPACK from Calbiochem (La Jolla, Calif., USA).
Example 2 Determination of hK2 Cleavage Sites in Semenogelin I and IIPurified semenogelin I and II (40 μg), was incubated with hK2 (8 μg) in 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.15 M urea at 37° C. for 4 hours. The fragments generated were purified by reverse phase HPLC using a C-8 column. Elution was achieved with a 0-30% (0.25%/min.) linear acetonitrile gradient and fractions corresponding to individual peaks were collected. The amino terminal sequences of the individual peaks were determined by automated amino terminal sequencing with an Applied Biosystems 470 A gas-phase sequencer. Cleavage of either Sg I or Sg II with hK2 results in generation of a multitude of peptides. After partial separation of the peptides by reversed phase HPLC on a C-8 column we obtained sequences of four cleavage sites in Sg I and seven cleavage sites in Sg II. The semenogelins contain three types of internal repeats, as described in Lilja et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264, 1894-2000 (1989) and Lilja et al., PNAS USA, 89, 4559-63 (1992). Most of the identified hK2 cleavage sites were located in different positions in these repeats. The position and sequence of the cleavage sites in Sg I and Sg II are shown in
The pH dependence of hK2 was determined using a universal buffer composed of 29 mM citric acid, 29 mM citric acid, 29 mM KH2PO4, 29 mM boric acid 0.1 M NaCl and 0.2% BSA. The buffering range is Ph 2.4-11.8. The rate of the cleavage of the substrate I-1295 (100 μM) by 1.6 pmol hK2 was followed for 20 minutes at pH 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, and 10.
All experiments were done close to physiological pH, at pH 7.5, which is very close to the pH optimum of hK2.
Example 4 Determination of Kinetic ConstantsThe measurements were done with Fluoroscan II (Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland) using a 355 nm excitation filter and a 460 nm emission filter. The fluorescence of 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo., USA) was determined to be 700 FIU/nmol and this value was used in the calculations of the rate of product formation. Unless otherwise indicated all final analyses were performed in 200 μl of the buffer 50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 0.1 M NaCl, and 0.2% BSA at 37° C. using 1.6 pmol hK2. BSA was added to the reaction mixture in order to minimize adsorption of the enzyme to the walls of the microtiter wells. The amount of hK2 was quantified by a commercial PSA immunoassay (Prostatus, Wallac, Turku, Finland) with the Mabs H1 17 and H50 which recognize PSA and hK2 equally well (Lövgren et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Co., 213, 888-895 (1995)). Under the conditions described, 1.6 pmol of the hK2 preparation cleaved 50 pmol/min of the 100 μM substrate Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC. During the 20 minute measurement time the consumption of the substrates is <7% of their total amount and was not considered to affect the reaction rate. Initial analyses of the substrates were performed with 3.2 pmol hK2 at a substrate concentration of 250 μM. The Km value for the substrates cleaved by hK2 at these conditions were determined using at least four substrate concentrations ranging from 0.2×Km to 5×Km. The Km and kcat values were calculated from Lineweaver-Burk plots.
Substrates ending in either arginine or lysine were tested. The kinetic constants for hydrolysis of the substrates by hK2 are shown in Table 1. The best substrate was the kallikrein substrate Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC having the highest kcat and kcat/Km values. The cathepsin B substrate Ala-Arg-Arg-AMC was also cleaved quite effectively having a relatively high kcat value and a low Km resulting in a four times lower kcat/Km value than that obtained for the kallidrein substrate Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC. However, no hydrolysis of Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-AMC was detected. HK2 cleaved additionally Val-Pro-Arg-AMC, and Leu-Leu-Arg-AMC, but with lower efficiency. As with the semenogelins hK2 also here cleaves substrates with Arg at position P1 and preferentially a large residue or another Arg at position P2. None of the substrates with lysine in the C-terminal position were cleaved.
The activity listed in Table 1 is the hydrolytic activity of hK2 with 100 μM substrate in relation to the hydrolytic activity of hK2 with 100 μM of the tissue kallikrein substrate H-Pro-Phe-arg-AMC. The entry “N.R.” means that no reaction was detected.
Example 5 Inhibition of hK2Activity of hK2 (1.6 pmol) was monitored using the substrate H-Pro-Lphe-arg-AMC (90 μM). Inhibitors, at commonly used concentrations, and hK2 (8.3 nM) were mixed and proteolysis of 90 μM H-Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC was followed up to 20 minutes, starting directly or 10 minutes after mixing the enzyme with various inhibitors. Inhibition was evaluated by comparison with enzyme-free controls.
The effects of several protease inhibitors on the hydrolytic activity of hK2 are shown in Table 2. The proteolytic activity is expressed in percentage of inhibitor-free control after 10 minutes of incubation.
None of the reversible protease inhibitors fully inhibited 8 nM hK2 when 90 μM substrate was used. HK2 was only weakly inhibited by the reversible peptide inhibitors leupeptin and antipain. The highest recommended working concentration (100 μM) of the respective inhibitor was found to give approximately 60% and 90% inhibition of hK2 activity against the 90 μM peptide substrate. Aprotinin proved not to be good hK2 inhibitor and benzamidine is required at concentrations above 20 mM for efficient inhibition. The irreversible thrombin inhibitor PPACK inhibited hK2 rapidly when used at a 5 μM concentration. Therefore, PPACK can be used to obtain fast irreversible inhibition of hK2. ZnCl2 effectively inhibits hK2 but when used at high concentrations, easily causes precipitation of proteins. Of the protease inhibitors present in the prostate, PSTI and SLPI inhibited hK2 weakly and this inhibition is probably not physiologically significant. This reaction is however slow and no inhibition of the hK2 activity by a 100-fold molar excess of ACT was detected during the 20 minute measurement time.
Example 6 Kinetic Analysis of hK2 Inhibition by ZincThe inhibition of hK2 by Zn2+ was studied using the substrates Pro-Phe-arg-AMC and Ala-Arg-Arg-AMC at concentrations varying from 9 to 180 μM and ZcCl2 concentrations ranging from 0.5 μM to 1 mM. Since BSA contains several binding sites for Zn2+ it could not be used in the kinetics buffer during the zinc inhibition experiments. The binding of hK2 to the microtiter well walls caused a constant decrease in the reaction rate, which was however similar to all zinc concentrations. The velocities were calculated from a five-minute measurement time after mixing of the enzyme with the buffer containing substrate and zinc.
The enzymatic activity of hK2 was inhibited by zinc ions at micromolar concentrations, and the inhibition was totally reversed by addition of EDTA. The inhibition of hK2 by zinc was first tested against competitive, uncompetitive, mixed, non-competitive, and partial non-competitive inhibitor models using commonly used formulas described for the respective inhibition models. Zn2+ both increased the Km and decreased the Vmax. The Dixon plots 1/v versus [Zn2+] for the inhibition were not linear. However, at low zinc ion concentrations the inhibition pattern looked competitive. The inhibition mechanism is clearly more complex than the ones described by the formulas used. Further analysis of the inhibition mechanism was done by deriving the rate equations for various more complex mechanisms and analyzing the data by least-squares best-fit systems. The possible mechanism required two bound zinc ions, and is presented by Scheme 1. In the best mechanism, the first bound zinc ion does not cause inhibition (k=k′, or k′ was even slightly higher than k).
For this mechanism, the rate of product formation (v) will be given by the following equation:
where the concentration of free enzyme e is the total enzyme concentration divided by the sum of a) {(the zinc concentration divided by Ki1) times (the zinc concentration divided by Ki2)} and b) {(the zinc concentration divided by Ki1) plus 1} times {(the substrate concentration divided by Ks) plus 1}.
The equation fitted the experimental data quite satisfactorily. The constant values were Ki1=4.6±3.9 μM, Ki2=3.2±0.7 μM, and k=k′. Best fit analyses were accomplished also for mechanisms involving inactivating dimerizations of the hK2 molecules as zinc ions have been shown to inhibit the mouse gamma-NGF and to be critical in the association of the mouse 7S NGF complex (Pattison et al., Biochemisty, 14, 2733-39 (1975)). These mechanisms did not result in a more optimal fit than those in Scheme 2.
Example 7 Kinetic Analysis of hK2 Inhibition by PCIThe progress of the reaction of hK2 (8 nM final concentration) with the substrate Pro-Phe-Arg-AMC was monitored at two different substrate concentrations without or with different concentrations of PCI (80, 40 or 16 nM final concentration). The fluorescence measurements were started directly after mixing the enzyme with the inhibitor. The inhibitor of hK2 by PCI could be described by the slow-binding inhibition mechanism presented in Scheme 2, which has been used in analyzing the interaction of PCI with various serine proteases (Hermans et al., Biochem. J., 295, 239-245 (1993), and Hermans et al., Biochemistry, 33, 5440-44 (1994)). This mechanism assumes that a reversible complex is formed between the proteinase and serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin). The issues justifying the use of the slow binding inhibition mechanism despite the commonly held view that the seprin-proteinase complex is irreversible has been discussed in more detail by Hermans et al. (1993).
where E, S, P, and I represent the enzyme, substrate (peptidyl AMC), product (AMC), product (AMC) and inhibitor (PCI) respectively; Km and kcat are Michaelis and catalytic constants for the enzyme substrate interaction, and Ki is the inhibition constant which is equal to kdiss/Kass. Kass and Kdiss are the association and dissociation rate constants for the enzyme inhibitor complex. For this mechanism, the progress curve of product formation is given by:
where P is the amount of product at time t, k′ is an apparent first order rate constant, and vo and vs are the initial and steady-state velocities respectively. For the mechanism shown in Scheme 2, vo will be independent of the inhibitor concentration, and vs and k′ will vary with the inhibitor concentration according to the following equations:
where K′i and k′ass are apparent constants that are related to the true constants by the expressions:
Ki=K′i/(1+S/Km)
kass=k′ass(1+S/Km)
The effect of heparin of the association rate of hK2 and PCI was studied using 40 nM PCI, 8 nM hK2, and heparin concentrations ranging from 10−4 to 10−7 M. The effect of the heparin on hK2 activity was analysed by determining Km and kcat for the substrate at different heparin concentrations. Heparin slightly increased the Km of the substrate (data not shown). The increase had no significant effect on the calculation of the constants.
Example 8 Hydrolysis of hK2 SubstratesHydrolyses of particular hK2 substrates were carried out at a hK2 concentrations of 1 μg/ml in 50 mM Tris buffer, with 0.1 M NaCl, at pH 7.8. Serum hydrolysis measurements were carried out in 50% fresh human serum in 50 mM Tris buffer, with 0.1 M NaCl, at pH 7.8. The single letter amino acid code was used to designate the peptide sequences used for Table 4. The units FU are arbitrary fluorescence units. The entries “U.D.” were for measurements of less than 0.01 FU/hour.
It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the forgoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a cleavage site specific for an enzyme having a proteolytic activity of human kallikrein 2 (hK2), wherein the peptide is 20 or fewer amino acids in length.
2. The peptide of claim 1, wherein the sequence comprises: the amino acids wherein X4 is from 0 to 20 amino acids; X3 is lysine, serine, alanine, histadine or glutamine; X2 is arginine, phenylalanine, lysine or histidine; and X1 is arginine, histidine or lysine.
- X4X3X2X1,
3. The peptide of claim 2, further comprising X−1 linked to X1, wherein X−1 is from 1 to 10 amino acids.
4. The peptide of claim 2, wherein X−1 is leucine, alanine or serine.
5. The peptide of claim 2, further comprising amino acid X5 linked to the amino terminus of X4, wherein X5 is from 0 to 15 amino acids and wherein X4 is glutamine, alanine, histidine or lysine.
6. The peptide of claim 5, further comprising amino acid X6 linked to the amino terminus of X5, wherein X6 is from 0 to 14 amino acids and wherein X5 is glycine, glutamic acid, or alanine.
7. The peptide of claim 3, wherein X−1 comprises leucine.
8. The peptide of claim 6, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the group consisting of Ala-Gln-Lys-Arg-Arg, Gly-Lys-Ser-Arg-Arg, Glu-Gln-Lys-Arg-Arg, Glu-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg, Gly-Gln-Lys-Arg-Arg, Gly-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg, Gly-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg, Gly-His-Lys-Arg-Arg, Gly-Lys-Ala-Phe-Arg, Glu-Lys-Ala-Gln-Arg, and Glu-Lys-Ala-Arg-Arg.
9. The peptide of claim 1, further comprising a capping group attached to the N-terminus of the peptide, the group inhibiting endopeptidase activity on the peptide.
10. The peptide of claim 9, wherein the capping group is selected from the group consisting of acetyl, morpholinocarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, glutaryl and succinyl substituents.
11. A peptide of claim 1, further comprising an added substituent which renders the peptide water-soluble.
12. A peptide of claim 11, wherein the added substituent is a polysaccharide.
13. A peptide of claim 12, wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of modified or unmodified dextran, cyclodextrin, and starch.
14. A peptide of claim 2, further comprising an antibody attached to the amino terminus of X5, or X4 when X5 is 0.
15. A peptide composition comprising a plurality of peptides, each peptide comprising an amino acid sequence having a cleavage site specific for an enzyme having a proteolytic activity of human kallikrein 2 (hK2), wherein each peptide has 20 or fewer amino acids.
16. A polynucleotide encoding the peptide of claim 1.
17. A composition comprising a prodrug, the prodrug comprising
- a therapeutically active drug; and
- a peptide of claim 1,
- wherein the peptide is linked to the therapeutically active drug to inhibit the therapeutic activity of the drug, and wherein the therapeutically active drug is cleaved from the peptide upon proteolysis by an enzyme having a proteolytic activity of human kallikrein 2 (hK2).
18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the peptide is linked directly to the therapeutic drug.
19. The composition of claim 18, wherein the peptide is linked directly to a primary amine group on the drug.
20. The composition of claim 17, wherein the peptide is linked to the therapeutic drug via a linker.
21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the linker is an amino acid sequence.
22. The composition of claim 21, wherein the linker comprises a leucine residue.
23. The composition of claim 17, wherein the therapeutically active drug inhibits a SERCA pump.
24. The composition of claim 23, wherein the therapeutically active drug is selected from the group of primary amine containing thapsigargins or thapsigargin derivatives.
25. The composition of claim 17, wherein the therapeutically active drug intercalates into a polynucleotide.
26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the therapeutically active drug is an anthracycline antibiotic.
27. The composition of claim 26, wherein the therapeutically active drug is selected from the group consisting of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin and idarubicin.
28. The composition of claim 17, wherein the peptide is Gly-Gly-Lys-Ala-Arg-Arg-Leu.
29. The composition of claim 17, wherein the therapeutic drug is a compound belonging to the group of thapsigargins which have been derivatized with a moiety containing a primary amine group, the peptide is Gly-Gly-Lys-Ala-Arg-Arg-Leu, and the linker is selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or alkyl-, aryl-, halo-, alkoxy-, alkenyl-, amido- or amino-substituted CO—(CH═CH)n1—(CH2)n2—Ar—NH2, CO—(CH2)n2—(CH═CH)n1—Ar—NH2, CO—(CH2)n2—(CH═CH)n1—CO—NH—Ar—NH2, CO—(CH═CH)n1—(CH2)n2—CO—NH—Ar—NH2, CO—(CH2)n3—NH2, and CO—(CH2)n3—NH—CO—CH(R4)—NH2, wherein n1 and n2 are from 0 to 5, n3 is from 0 to 15, Ar is any substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, attachment of NH2 to Ar is in a ortho, meta or para position with respect to the remainder of the linker, and R4 is any naturally occurring amino acid side chain.
30. The composition of claim 17, wherein the therapeutically active drug has an IC50 toward ER Ca2+-ATPase of at most 500 nM.
31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the therapeutically active drug has an IC50 toward ER Ca2+-ATPase of at most 50 nM.
32. The composition of claim 17, wherein the therapeutically active drug has an LC50 toward hK2-producing tissue of at most 20:M.
33. The composition of claim 32, wherein the therapeutically active drug has an LC50 toward hK2-producing tissue of less than or equal to 2.0:M.
34. The composition of claim 17, further comprising an added substituent which renders the composition water soluble.
35. The composition of claim 34, wherein the added substituent is a polysaccharide.
36. The composition of claim 35, wherein the polysaccharide is selected from the group consisting of modified or unmodified dextran, cyclodextrin and starch.
37. A method of producing a prodrug, the method comprising the step of linking
- a therapeutically active drug and
- a peptide of claim 1,
- wherein the linking of the peptide to the drug inhibits the therapeutic activity of the drug.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the therapeutically active drug has a primary amine.
39. The method of claim 37, wherein the prodrug contains a linker between the peptide and the drug.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the linker comprises Leu.
41. The method of claim 37, wherein the peptide further comprises a capping group attached to the N-terminus of the peptide, the group inhibiting endopeptidase activity on the peptide.
42. The method of claim 41, wherein the capping group is selected from the group consisting of acetyl, morpholinocarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, glutaryl, and succinyl substituents.
43. A method of treating a hK2-producing cell proliferative disorder, the method comprising administering the composition of claim 17 in a therapeutically effective amount to a subject having the cell proliferative disorder.
44. The method of claim 43, wherein the disorder is benign.
45. The method of claim 43, wherein the disorder is malignant.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein the malignant disorder is prostate cancer.
47. The method of claim 45, wherein the malignant disorder is breast cancer.
48. A method of detecting human kallikrein 2-producing tissue, the method comprising:
- contacting the tissue with a composition comprising a detectably labeled peptide of claim 1 for a period of time sufficient to allow cleavage of the peptide; and
- detecting the detectable label.
49. The method of claim 48, wherein the peptide further comprises a capping group attached to the N-terminus of the peptide, the group inhibiting endopeptidase activity.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein the capping group is selected from the group consisting of acetyl, morpholinocarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, glutaryl, and succinyl substituents.
51. The method of claim 48, wherein the detectable label is a fluorescent label.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the fluorescent label is selected from the group consisting of 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin, 7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin, rhodamine 110, and 6-aminoquinoline.
53. The method of claim 48, wherein the detectable label is a radioactive label.
54. The method of claim 53, wherein the radioactive label is selected from the group consisting of tritium, carbon-14, and iodine-125.
55. The method of claim 48, wherein the detectable label is a chromophoric label.
56. The method of claim 48, wherein the detectable label is a chemiluminescent label.
57. A method of selecting a human kallikrein 2 activatable prodrug wherein the prodrug is substantially specific for target tissue comprising hK2-producing cells, the method comprising:
- a) linking a peptide of claim 1 to a therapeutic drug to produce a peptide-drug composition;
- b) contacting the composition with cells of the target tissue;
- c) contacting the composition with cells of a non-target tissue; and
- selecting complexes that are substantially toxic towards target tissue cells, but which are not substantially toxic towards non-target tissue cells.
58. A method of determining the activity of hK2 in a sample containing hK2, the method comprising:
- a) contacting the sample with a composition comprising a detectably labeled peptide of claim 1 for a period of time sufficient to allow cleavage of the peptide;
- b) detecting the detectable label to yield a detection level;
- c) comparing the detection level with a detection level obtained from contacting the detectably labeled peptide with a standard hK2 sample.
59. A method of imaging hK2-producing tissue, the method comprising:
- a) administering a peptide linked to a lipophilic imaging label to a subject having or suspected of having a hK2 producing associated cell-proliferative disorder;
- b) allowing a sufficient period of time to pass to allow cleavage of the peptide by hK2 and to allow clearance of uncleaved peptide from the subject to provide a reliable imaging of the imaging label; and
- c) imaging the subject.
60. The peptide of claim 1, wherein X1 and X2 are arginine.
61. The peptide of claim 60, wherein X3 is lysine.
62. The peptide of claim 60, wherein X3 is serine.
Type: Application
Filed: Mar 15, 2007
Publication Date: Oct 9, 2008
Applicant: Genspera, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA)
Inventors: Samuel R. Denmeade (Ellicot City, MD), John T. Isaacs (Pheonix, MD), Hans Lilja (Skanor)
Application Number: 11/725,135
International Classification: A61K 49/00 (20060101); C07K 7/06 (20060101); C07K 7/08 (20060101); C07K 5/00 (20060101); C07K 9/00 (20060101); C07K 16/00 (20060101); C07H 21/00 (20060101); A61P 35/00 (20060101); A61K 47/42 (20060101); A61K 31/343 (20060101); A61K 31/7052 (20060101); A61K 31/704 (20060101); C12Q 1/02 (20060101);
