Solar Cell
The invention provides a method for increasing the usable surface area of a semiconductor wafer having a substantially planar surface and a thickness dimension at right angles to said substantially planar surface, the method including the steps of selecting a strip thickness for division of the wafer into a plurality of strips, selecting a technique for cutting the wafer into the strips at an angle to the substantially planar surface, in which the combined strip thickness and width of wafer removed by the cutting is less than the thickness of the wafer, cutting the wafer into strips using the selected technique and separating the strips from each other.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/193,183, filed Jul. 29, 2005 which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/432,936, filed Dec. 22, 2003, which is a 371 U.S. National Phase application claiming priority to PCT/AU01/01546, filed Nov. 29, 2001, which is based on Australian provisional application PRI748, filed Nov. 29, 2000, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELDThe present invention relates to semiconductor processing, and in particular to methods for processing a semiconductor wafer to increase the useable planar surface area, to a method for fabricating solar cells and to a process for decreasing the reflectivity of a semiconductor surface.
BACKGROUNDIn most areas of semiconductor processing, the cost of the starting substrate wafer is small compared to the value of the final, processed wafer. However, this is not always the case. For example, the photovoltaic solar cell industry is extremely cost sensitive, and the cost of a starting silicon wafer is typically nearly half of the processed wafer value. Thus, in this industry it is extremely important that the silicon substrates are used as efficiently as possible. These substrates are produced by sawing thin slices from a cylindrical boule of crystalline silicon, typically 6 inches (about 15 cm) in diameter. The thinnest slice that can be cut is determined by the mechanical properties of the silicon, and is typically 300-400 μm for the current generation of 6 inch wafers, but is projected to be 200 μm for the next wafer generation. However, the kerf loss for sawing through a 6 inch wafer is approximately 250 μm, meaning that much of the boule ends up as powder. There is a need, therefore, for a method which increases the useful surface area of semiconductor for a given unit volume of the semiconductor, or at least for a useful alternative to current methods of semiconductor processing.
SUMMARYIn accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for increasing the usable surface area of a semiconductor wafer having a substantially planar surface and a thickness dimension at right angles to said substantially planar surface, said method including the steps of selecting a strip thickness for division of the wafer into a plurality of strips, selecting a technique for cutting the wafer into said strips at an angle to said substantially planar surface, in which the combined strip thickness and width of wafer removed by the cutting is less than the thickness of the wafer, cutting the wafer into strips using the selected technique and separating the strips from each other.
In a second embodiment, the present invention provides a method for processing a semiconductor wafer having a substantially planar surface to increase the useable planar surface area of said wafer, including the steps of:
creating a plurality of parallel elongated slots at least partly through said wafer, such that the combined width of said slots and width between said slots is less than the thickness of said wafer, to create a series of semiconductor strips;
separating said strips from each other; and orienting said strips so that their faces which were previously at an angle to said substantially planar surface are exposed to form new planar surfaces.
It will be understood that the faces of the strips which were previously at an angle to the surface of the wafer are the faces of the strips exposed as a result of cutting the wafer and separating the strips from each other.
The semiconductor wafer is typically single crystal silicon or multicrystalline silicon. However, the semiconductor wafer may be a wafer of other semiconductor material capable of being fabricated into a thin, substantially flat wafer.
In a third embodiment, the present invention provides a method for producing silicon solar cells, said method comprising the steps of:
forming a plurality of parallel slots into a silicon substrate, said slots extending at least partly through said substrate to create a series of silicon strips;
separating said strips from each other; and
fabricating solar cells from said strips.
Solar cells can be formed before or after the separation of the strips or as part of the separation process.
In the methods of the first to third embodiments of the invention the strips may be at any angle to the surface of the semiconductor wafer or substrate, such as at an angle of from 5° to 90° to the surface of the wafer or substrate. Typically the strips are at an angle of at least 30° , more typically at least 45° , still more typically at least 60° and even more typically about 90° (that is, substantially perpendicular) to the surface of the wafer or substrate.
Thus, in a preferred form of the method of the first embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for processing a semiconductor wafer to increase the useable planar surface area, including the steps of selecting a strip thickness for division of the wafer into a series of thin strips generally perpendicular to the wafer surface, selecting a technique for cutting the wafer into said thin strips in which the combined strip thickness and width of wafer removed by the cutting is less than the thickness of the wafer, and dividing the wafer into said thin strips.
In a preferred form of the method of the second embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for processing a semiconductor wafer to increase the useable planar surface area, including the steps of:
creating a series of parallel elongated slots through or nearly through said wafer, such that the combined width of said slots and width between said slots is less than the depth of said slots, to create a series of semiconductor strips;
separating said strips from each other; and
orienting said strips so that their faces which were previously perpendicular to the original wafer surface are exposed to form new planar surfaces.
In one form of the methods of the first to third embodiments of the invention, a laser is used to form the slots in the wafer. An area around the periphery of the wafer may be left uncut, forming a frame, so that all the resulting strips are held within the frame. This allows handling of the wafer following formation of the slots, while the strips undergo further processing. The strips may be separated from the frame at any convenient stage of the further processing.
In another form of the methods of the first to third embodiments of the invention, a dicing saw is used to form the slots in the wafer. An area around the periphery of the wafer may be left uncut, forming a frame, so that all the resulting strips are held within the frame. This allows handling of the wafer following formation of the slots, while the strips undergo further processing. The strips may be separated from the frame at any convenient stage of the further processing.
In yet another form of the methods of the first to third embodiments of the invention, wet anisotropic etching of (110) oriented wafers is used to form the slots. An area around the periphery of the wafer may be left unetched, forming a frame, so that all the resulting strips are held within the frame. This allows handling of the wafer following formation of the slots, while the strips undergo further processing. The strips may be separated from the frame at any convenient stage of the further processing.
In still another form of the methods of the first to third embodiments of the invention, photo-electrochemical etching may be used to create an aligned series of perforations through a semiconductor wafer, and chemical etching may then be used to etch through the semiconductor remaining between the perforations and along the lines defined by the perforations, to form a narrow slot through the wafer.
In a further form of the methods of the first to third embodiments of the invention, at least one interconnecting portion is formed in or on the wafer, which connects adjoining strips to each other to maintain a relatively constant gap between the strips. Usually, in this form of the methods of the invention, there are a plurality of interconnecting strips. Conveniently, the interconnecting strips are spaced apart at regular intervals along the length of the strips. The inclusion of such interconnecting portions allows processing steps such as diffusions and oxidations to be carried out in a reliable and repeatable manner, resulting in predictable diffusion profiles and oxide thicknesses down the sides of the slots. The interconnecting portions suitably take the form of one or more strips of the semiconductor material formed at least partly across one or both main surfaces thereof, perpendicular or oblique to, and usually substantially perpendicular to, the strips which are defined by the plurality of slots.
The methods described herein are equally applicable to entire semiconductor wafers and to pieces of wafers. Consequently, the word wafer used in this specification is to be taken to refer to entire wafers or portions thereof
In the methods of the second and third embodiments of the invention the slots are typically created through the complete thickness of the wafer, though not necessarily. Where the slots are created through the thickness of the wafer, they may be created in one step or more than one step. For example, the plurality of slots may be created partly through the wafer, optionally further processing may be carried out, such as doping of the surfaces of the strips so created, and then the plurality of slots may be completed by cutting or etching through the remainder of the thickness of the wafer. Thus, the step of separating the strips from each other will typically occur when the creation of the slots is completed through the entire thickness of the wafer. Alternatively, if a frame is left uncut around the periphery of the wafer as described above, the step of separating the strips from each other will occur when the strips are cut from the frame. As a further possibility, when interconnecting portions are employed to connect adjoining strips, as described above, the step of separating the strips from each other occurs when the interconnecting portions are removed or broken. As a still further possibility (though less preferred) the strips may be separated from each other by breaking them apart if the slots between the strips are formed only partway though the wafer but the remaining part of the wafer at the bottom of the slots is very thin.
Preferably, most of the processing of the strips into solar cells is carried out while the strips are supported within a frame formed from an uncut area around the periphery of the wafer. Following processing, the strips are cut out of the frame and laid flat side by side. Preferably, separation of the strips from the frame is carried out using a laser or dicing saw.
Advantageously, solar cells made by a process which includes a method in accordance with the present invention may be arranged with gaps between adjacent cells and used with an optical concentrator to increase the effective solar cell area.
Advantageously, said solar cells may be used with optical reflectors in order to utilise the cells fabricated by illumination on both sides of each solar cell strip.
In some forms of the methods of the invention, such as when chemical etching is used to form the slots that separate the strips, the newly-exposed surface of the semiconductor material is a polished surface. Such a surface is typically a reflective surface, and it will be appreciated that a reflective surface is undesirable for a solar cell. Although some techniques exist for texturing a polished semiconductor surface, they are not well adapted to be used in conjunction with the methods of the first to third embodiments of the present invention. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved process for reducing the reflectivity of a semiconductor surface.
The present invention, in another aspect, provides such a process.
Thus, in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for decreasing the reflectivity of a surface of a semiconductor material, the process comprising:
applying a layer of a protective substance on said surface, said layer having a plurality of apertures therethrough;
contacting said layer and said semiconductor material with an etchant capable of etching said semiconductor material faster than said protective substance, said etchant making contact with said semiconductor material at least through said apertures, for a time and under conditions in which said semiconductor material is etched by said etchant in the vicinity of said apertures, but said protective substance is substantially unetched.
In the process of this embodiment, by “substantially unetched” is meant that the etching is carried out under conditions in which the semiconductor material is etched in the vicinity of the apertures in the protective substance, but sufficient of the protective substance remains on the surface of the semiconductor material at the end of the etching to prevent the semiconductor material from being etched in regions other than in the vicinity of the apertures.
In the process of the fourth embodiment, the semiconductor material is typically silicon and the protective substance is silicon nitride and the etchant is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, such as a 1:50 by volume mixture of 49% by weight aqueous HF and 70% by weight aqueous nitric acid. When the semiconductor material is silicon, it may be single crystal silicon, microcrystalline silicon, multicrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
The process of the fourth embodiment typically includes the further step of removing the protective substance from the surface after the etching step has proceeded sufficiently to produce a plurality of etch pits on the surface. The protective substance may be removed by applying an etchant that etches the protective substance much more rapidly than the semiconductor material. For example, when the semiconductor material is silicon and the protective substance is silicon nitride, the protective substance may be removed by reactive ion etching or by contact with phosphoric acid at elevated temperature, typically about 180□C.
The layer of protective substance is typically only a few atomic layers thick and may be formed by known techniques such as chemical vapour deposition or low pressure chemical vapour deposition. Other possible techniques for applying the protective substance include spray pyrolysis, evaporation and sputtering. Thus, the layer of protective substance is typically about 2 nm thick, and when formed by low pressure chemical vapour deposition in this thickness is an incomplete layer in that it contains numerous holes though which the semiconductor material beneath the protective layer can be etched. When the semiconductor material is silicon and the layer of protective substance is a layer of silicon nitride about 2 nm thick, the step of etching the semiconductor is achieved by contacting with a 1:50 (v/v) HF/nitric acid mixture as described above for a time of a few minutes, typically 2-3 minutes, at ordinary room temperatures.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention are hereinafter described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are briefly described as follows.
In the description of the drawings which follows, like items are referred to by reference to like numerals. It will be appreciated that the drawings are not to scale and are diagrammatic only. For example, for greater clarity, the drawings do not necessarily depict all of the slots, strips, interconnecting portions and the like formed in a semiconductor material by the methods described.
Referring to
Slots 2 can be formed by cutting the wafer with a dicing saw having a narrow blade. Alternatively, slots 2 can be formed by laser ablation. For example, a Resonetics Nd:YLF Q-switched laser operating at the fundamental wavelength of 1046 nm or frequency doubled (523 nm) can be used to cut wafer 3. Other systems can also be used, such as a water-jet guided laser cutting system as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,791. As a further possibility, slots 2 can be formed by using a wet anisotropic etchant, such as potassium hydroxide solution (KOH), as is well known in the art. In this case, it is necessary to use a single-crystal silicon wafer of (110) orientation. First, a suitable etch mask such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride is deposited or grown on both sides of wafer 3. Photolithography is used to open narrow stripes in the etch mask on one surface of wafer 3, the stripes being typically 0.005 mm wide, at a 0.1 mm pitch and oriented along the [1-1-2] direction. Wafer 3 is now immersed in the etching solution. One suitable solution is an aqueous solution of 44% w/v KOH, with etching done at or above room temperature.
Any of the methods described above can be carried out either from one side of wafer 3 only, or from both sides of wafer 3, allowing thicker wafers to be used. For example, when using a laser capable of ablating 0.5 mm of silicon, a first set of slots is made from the front side of a 1 mm thick wafer. The wafer is then turned around, and a second set of slots, aligned to the first, is made. Alternatively, both sets of slots may be formed simultaneously by having aligned laser beams above and below the sample.
If either a dicing saw or a laser is used to form the slots, it is desirable to have multiple blades or multiple beams cutting slots into the substrate simultaneously in order to speed up the process. For example, if slots are to be formed over a 10×10 cm2 wafer of silicon with a pitch of 0.1 mm, one thousand cuts are required. If twenty laser beams are arranged to hit the sample surface at a pitch of 5 mm, each beam is required to make only fifty cuts.
In
Silicon wafer 3, provided with an array of macropores 27, is then immersed in a silicon etchant such as a potassium hydroxide solution. This results in an enlargement of macropores 27. As shown in
In yet a further form of the methods of the first to third embodiments, slots through the wafer extend all the way through the wafer over most of their length but at regular intervals along the slots they are less deep so that some substrate remains at the bottom of the groove, forming a series of connecting strips. This is shown in
In a still further form of the methods of the first to third embodiments, shown in
Slots 2 are then formed in wafer 3 from the face opposite to the face of wafer 3 in which trenches 7 are formed, using either a dicing saw or KOH etching, as shown in
A still further form of a method in accordance with the present invention is illustrated in
Yet a further form of the methods of the first to third embodiments of the present invention is illustrated in
Having formed structures as described above, the entire wafer may be processed to form solar cells, as described below. Following processing of the wafer and prior to separation of the silicon strips from the supporting frame, the connecting strips, if present, are removed if required. This can be done, for example, by laser ablation. Removal of the connecting strips may not be required if they are so thin that they will break when the silicon strips are separated from the supporting frame. The silicon strips are then separated from the supporting frame and laid flat by means of an arrangement such as that shown in
Solar cells can be fabricated on the silicon strips 1 by the following process, which is described with reference to
The starting wafer is p-type with a resistivity of around 1 ohm-cm. A heavy phosphorus diffusion 9 (typically 10 ohms per square) is made on one side of the wafer, followed by a heavy boron diffusion 10 (typically 20 ohms per square) into the opposite side. A thin oxide (around 50 nm) is grown on both sides of the wafer, followed by deposition of a thin layer (around 50 nm) of LPCVD silicon nitride resulting in a layer on each side of the wafer. Slots are subsequently formed in the wafer, as described above. If a dicing saw or laser is used, the slots are etched in a suitable solution such as 20% KOH at room temperature, in order to clean the sidewalls of the strips and remove any residual damage. The sidewalls can be textured using a suitable texturing technique. A light phosphorus diffusion 11 of around 200 ohm per square is made with both sides of the wafer exposed to the dopant, so that the sidewalls are entirely n-doped. This is followed by the growth of an oxide 12 of around 200 nm thickness on the exposed sidewalls. Next, the nitride layer is stripped off the front and rear of the wafer using either reactive ion etching or other suitable nitride etch such as hot phosphoric acid at about 180° C. The thin oxide underneath the nitride is then removed in hydrofluoric acid solution. Since oxide 12 covering the light phosphorus diffusion is much thicker than the oxide under the nitride, it is not removed by this etch. Metal 13 is now deposited on both sides of the wafer in such a way as to minimise deposition of the metal down the sidewalls. This can be done, for example, by line of sight vacuum evaporation.
In another process for fabricating solar cells, described with reference to
This cell structure can be realised using just one photolithographic step, as follows. Following deposition of oxide and nitride on the front and rear surfaces, both surfaces are coated with photoresist and aligned stripe patterns are photolithographically defined in both resist layers. This may be achieved in a single exposure step by arranging for simultaneous exposure of two aligned masks, one above the wafer, and the other below the wafer. After developing the photoresist, the wafer is immersed in buffered HF solution, which etches silicon nitride as well as silicon dioxide, albeit more slowly. The wafer is removed from the etching solution when about half the thickness of the nitride layers has been etched, as shown in the schematic illustration of the oxide layers 12A and 12B, and nitride layers 29A and 29B, on front surface 40 and rear surface 50 respectively, in
Once the wafer has been processed and the strips have been separated from each other, the strips are laid flat on a suitable substrate. The cells can be connected in series or in parallel, either with a gap between cells in the case where static concentration of light is used, or without a gap between cells.
The arrangements of
After the individual cells have been fabricated and mounted according to any of the embodiments described above, the cells must be packaged into a suitable form for use.
Because each of the strips is an individual cell, this can be exploited to increase the effective area of each cell by using a light concentrator. In order to increase the amount of light absorbed by each cell, the cells are not placed next to each other but spaced apart by a certain distance. The spacing is between 0 and 3 times the width of each cell. Advantage can also be taken of the fact that the cells are bifacial: that is, they respond equally well to sunlight impinging on either surface.
In order to maximise the efficiency of silicon solar cells, it is important to maximise the amount of light with a wavelength less than 1100 nm absorbed in the silicon. There are two mechanisms which can reduce the amount of light absorbed. Light may be reflected off the silicon surface, or it may enter the silicon and exit the silicon again some time later without having been absorbed. Both these loss mechanisms can be reduced by roughening, or texturing, the silicon surface. This reduces reflection losses by increasing the probability that a light ray will strike the silicon surface multiple times, and it reduces absorption losses by confining the light within the silicon.
A texturing technique which can be used for single crystal silicon of (100) orientation is to etch the silicon in a solution of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). This results in a surface covered in square base pyramids. However, this approach cannot be used for the case where the silicon strips are created by KOH etching, as in this case the surfaces of the strips have a (111) crystallographic orientation. Several other texturing techniques are currently under development which do not rely on a particular crystallographic orientation, such as the use of reactive ion etching (RIE). However, these techniques may prove to be expensive or to lead to other disadvantages, such as increased carrier recombination at the silicon surface. Further, these techniques are only suitable for the texturing of flat wafers and cannot be applied to the texturing of silicon strips which are held in a wafer frame, such as strips produced as part of a process of the present invention.
The above texturing technique is particularly advantageous for thin film silicon cells since it only consumes a small amount of silicon in the texturing process (approximately 2-3 microns on each textured surface). The texturing technique can be applied to silicon wafers or films of arbitrary grain size.
The etching of deep grooves with vertical sidewalls into (110) silicon wafers has been reported extensively in the literature. For narrow grooves of several hundred microns depth, it is often found difficult to maintain a uniform groove depth and a reasonable etch rate. Two possible reasons for this are the formation of hydrogen bubbles which adhere to the sidewalls of the grooves and prevent etching in the regions around the bubbles, and the lack of supply of fresh etchant to the bottom of the grooves. Several methods have been discussed in the literature which may improve the etch rate and uniformity of deep grooves, such as the use of ultrasonic agitation and stirring. However, stirring of the solution does not result in a substantial improvement in the etch behaviour of deep grooves, while ultrasonic agitation often leads to the destruction of fine features.
We now describe another technique for the etching of deep narrow grooves. This technique consists of periodically removing the wafer from the solution and then reinserting it. In a typical treatment, etching is done with a 44 wt % solution of KOH at 85° C. for 5 hours. The wafers are placed in an assembly which holds them in place, typically at an angle of about 45° to the horizontal. The assembly lowers the wafer into the solution and leaves it immersed for 5 minutes. Then, the wafers are raised above the solution and left in this position for 5 minutes. Now the cycle is repeated by again lowering the wafers into the solution.
The technique described above was applied to a silicon wafer having grooves whose initial width was 10 microns. A 5 hour etch resulted in approximately 10 microns lateral etching so that the final groove width was 20 microns. Depth variation was found to be less than 40 microns at the end of the 5 hrs etching. The minimum and maximum groove depth was at 340 and 380 pm respectively. An experimental evaluation showed that 60% of grooves etched to a depth range of 350-360 microns, 15% etched to a depth of 340 and the remaining 25% etched to a depth range of 370-380 microns. A 0.5 mm thick piece of silicon was entirely etched through in a time of 6 hours and 30 minutes.
EXAMPLES Example 1—Fabrication of Solar CellSolar cells have been fabricated as follows. 0.5 Ohm-cm, boron doped float-zoned wafers, 100 mm in diameter and 0.8 mm thick, were used as the starting material. The wafers were etched to remove any surface damage. A phosphorus diffusion was made into one side of the wafer (the top side) to a sheet resistance of approximately 50 ohm/square, followed by a boron diffusion into the rear side to about 50 ohm/square. A 100 nm thick oxide was grown on both surfaces, followed by deposition of 50 nm of silicon nitride. Cuts were made into the wafers from the top side using a dicing saw, with the cuts extending to within approximately 50 microns of the rear surface, to create silicon strips. The wafers were then given an etch in potassium hydroxide solution to remove any damage resulting from the cutting process. A phosphorus diffusion was then made into the grooves to about 100 ohm/square. An oxide was grown on the sidewalls of the strips to a thickness of 200 nm. A second set of cuts was then made on a dicing saw into the rear of the wafer, aligned to the first set of cuts and of sufficient depth to create cuts extending all the way through the wafer. The wafers were again immersed in a potassium hydroxide solution to remove any damage from the cuts. An oxide of 275 nm thickness was then grown on the freshly exposed silicon surfaces, increasing the thickness of the sidewall oxide to 300 nm. The silicon nitride layers on the front and rear of the wafer were now removed using phosphoric acid at 165° C. The wafers were then immersed in a solution of 10% hydrofluoric acid in water until the oxide had been removed from the top and rear surfaces of the wafer. At this stage, an oxide of approximately 180 nm thickness was still present on the sidewalls of the silicon strips. The wafers were now metallised. Silver was then electroplated onto the contacts to a thickness of approximately 4 microns. Finally, the silicon strips were cut out using a dicing saw. Silicon strips having thicknesses ranging from less than 100 microns to 250 microns have been made in this way.
One hundred and fifty silicon strips were connected together in series as follows. The strips were butted against each other and placed into a suitable plating jig. They were shorted together by applying silver paint along one edge of the assembly of strips. The cells were then silver plated. This resulted in a silver deposit creating an electrical and physical connection between adjoining strips. Following plating, the edges of the resulting cell to which silver paint had been applied were cut off with a dicing saw. The resulting cell was mounted on glass using heat activated adhesive. A 53 cm2 cell was manufactured in this way. The cell had an efficiency of 13.4% with an open circuit voltage of 92V, a current of 10.3 mA and a fill factor of 73%.
Example 2—Texturing polished silicon surface to decrease reflectivityA silicon nitride layer approximately 2 nm thick was deposited at 750° C. on a polished silicon wafer of (111) orientation, using low pressure chemical vapour deposition. A sample was cut out of the wafer and etched in a solution of 1:50 hydrofluoric acid:nitric acid for 150 seconds at 0° C. The sample was encapsulated behind 1 mm thick low iron glass using silicone and its reflectance was measured using a spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. The sample had a reflectivity of 11% at 900 nm, while a polished encapsulated silicon reference wafer had a reflectivity of 24% and a sample of (100) oriented silicon textured with inverted pyramids had a reflectivity of 8% at the same wavelength. These results indicate that the texturing process is very effective at reducing reflection from the silicon surface. The results also indicate that the texture is likely to be very effective at confining light within the silicon.
Advantages of the Processes of the Present Invention Over Prior Art Industrial Silicon Solar Processing Techniques
The processes of the present invention provide a greater surface area of solar cell per unit length of ingot material, compared to prior art methods. For example, next generation crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells will be around 0.2 mm thick. Kerf losses are around 0.25 mm, resulting in a total thickness of about 0.45 mm of ingot consumed per wafer. In accordance with the present invention, if strips are cut at a pitch of 0.1 mm from a 1 mm thick wafer, then this provides an effective surface area which is ten times the area of the original wafer, for a consumption of 1.25 mm of ingot. So the amount of ingot consumed per equivalent wafer area would be 0.125 mm and the gain would be a factor of 3.6 (that is, 0.45/0.125). The inclusion of a silicon frame around the periphery of the wafer would reduce this gain slightly. This area gain can be extended further by concentrating the sunlight directed onto solar cells made from the strips.
In the methods of the present invention, a solar cell fabrication process can be carried out while the strips remain attached to the wafer. For each wafer processed, and using the above example, effectively ten times the area of the wafer is being processed, reducing processing costs. In general, the thickness of the wafer should be greater than the sum of the width of each strip and the width of silicon removed in order to achieve a net gain in planar surface area.
Monolithic interconnection results naturally from the processes of the present invention. This is desirable as it lends itself more easily to automated production than the conventional cell interconnection process. Cells can also be connected in series, giving a high voltage, small current device which is also desirable.
The invention also allows very simple, yet highly effective static concentrator designs to be implemented, which allow concentration of sunlight by a factor of two or more. This means that only about one half or less of the surface of a module must be covered in solar cells. There are two basic reasons why solar cells produced by the processes of the present invention are better suited to static concentrator designs than solar cells of the prior art.
The first reason is that cells produced by the processes of the present invention are bifacial—that is, they respond equally well to sunlight impinging on either surface. Standard solar cells of the prior art are not bifacial and only respond to sunlight impinging on one surface. The most effective static concentrator designs require bifacial cells.
The second reason is that cells produced by the processes of the present invention can be very narrow—of the order of 1 mm is typical. The height of static concentrators is directly proportional to the width of the cell. Standard solar cells of the prior art, made from wafers, are typically 10×10 cm2 or larger, and therefore static concentrator systems made with such cells are large and bulky.
Many modifications of the processes described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A bifacial solar cell comprising:
- a individual semiconductor strip, of the order of 1 mm wide, comprising a semiconductor material of a first conductivity type, either p-type or n-type, the semiconductor strip having opposing front and rear faces and opposing first and second sides, wherein the front and rear faces are wider than the thickness of the strip, wherein the strip comprises a first doped layer of a second conductivity type in or on at least a portion of the front face and at least a portion of the first side;
- a first metal contact in electrical contact with the first doped layer of the first side; and
- a second metal contact in electrical contact with the second side.
2. A bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor strip is p-type, and the first doped layer is n-type.
3. A bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second metal contact is electrically isolated from the first doped layer.
4. A bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 2, wherein the individual semiconductor strip is of p-type, wherein the first doped layer is of heavily doped n-type, at least a portion of the second side having a second doped layer, and wherein the second electrical contact is in electrical contact with the second doped layer.
5. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the semiconductor strip is n-type, and the first doped layer is p-type.
6. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 5, wherein the individual semiconductor strip is of lightly doped n-type semiconductor material, wherein the first doped layer is of heavily doped p-type, at least a portion of the second side having a second doped layer of heavily doped n-type, and wherein the second electrical contact is in electrical contact with the second doped layer.
7. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first doped layer is also in or on at least a portion of the rear face of the semiconductor strip.
8. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solar cell is textured.
9. A bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 8 wherein the solar cell is textured on the front and rear surfaces.
10. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 8 wherein the front and rear faces have a plurality of etch pits.
11. A bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 10 wherein the plurality of etch pits are each rounded in cross section.
12. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 10, wherein the semiconductor is silicon, and wherein the silicon strip has been subjected to a texturing process comprising the steps of:
- depositing a thin layer of silicon nitride onto the sidewalls of the silicon strip by low pressure chemical vapour deposition, said layer being sufficiently thin that it contains some holes through which the silicon is exposed;
- etching the silicon strip in a suitable etchant to form etch pits up to several microns in size.
13. An individual bifacial solar cell according to claim 10, wherein each etch pit is rounded in cross-section.
14. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the individual semiconductor strip has a thickness of 50 to 250 micrometers.
15. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1, wherein the individual semiconductor strip has a thickness of about 50 micrometers.
16. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the width of the face of the very narrow cell is at least 500 micrometers.
17. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the width of the face of the very narrow cell is between 500 and 1000 micrometers.
18. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the width of the face of the cell is of the order or 1 millimeter.
19. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the semiconductor strips are formed from single crystal silicon.
20. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the semiconductor strips are formed from multi-crystalline silicon.
21. An individual bifacial solar cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the semiconductor strips are bendable.
22. A method of manufacturing a plurality of solar cells, comprising the steps of:
- (a) forming a plurality of slots in a semiconductor wafer of a semiconductor material of a first conductivity type, either n-type or p-type, the slots extending at least partly through the wafer to create a plurality of semiconductor strips of the order of 1 mm wide, the semiconductor strips each having opposing front and rear faces and opposing first and second sides, wherein the front and rear faces are wider than the thickness of the strips;
- b) fabricating a plurality of solar cells from said semiconductor strips; and
- c) separating the semiconductor strips from the wafer to provide a plurality of individual bifacial solar cells.
23. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the surfaces exposed by forming the plurality of slots in the wafer form the front and rear surfaces of the strips.
24. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the solar cells are each bifacial solar cells.
25. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein the slots are formed in the wafer such that the thickness of the wafer is greater than the sum of the strip thickness and the slot width.
26. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein step (b) comprises:
- (b1) introducing a first doped layer of a second conductivity type, either p-type or n-type, into or on at least a portion of the front face and at least a portion of the first side of the semiconductor strip;
- (b2) depositing a first metal contact to the first doped layer of the first side so as to be in electrical contact therewith; and
- (b3) depositing a second metal contact to the second side so as to be in electrical contact with the second side but not with the first doped layer.
27. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein, prior to step (a) the method comprises the step of introducing in or on one side of the wafer a doped layer of the first conductivity type.
28. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein, prior to step (a) the method comprises the step of introducing in or on a first side of the wafer a doped layer of the first conductivity type, being n-type or p-type, and introducing in or on a second side of the wafer a doped layer of the second conductivity type, being p-type or n-type respectively.
29. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein, prior to step (a) the method comprises introducing in or on one side of the wafer a doped layer having the second type.
30. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein, prior to step (a) the method comprises introducing an etch mask on one or both sides of the wafer.
31. A method as claimed in claim 30 wherein the etch mask is patterned.
32. A method as claimed in claim 30 wherein the etch mask comprises a stack formed of silicon dioxide and silicon nitride.
33. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the semiconductor wafer comprises a plurality of differently doped regions, wherein a first doped region of a first conductivity type, either n-type or p-type, has been introduced into or on one side of the wafer and a second doped region of a second conductivity type, either p-type or n-type respectively, has been introduced into or on the opposite side of the wafer, the second type being different from the first type.
34. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the slots are between 10 and 50 micrometers wide.
35. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the slots are less than 10 micrometers wide.
36. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein narrow slots less than 10 micrometers wide are formed by photoelectrochemical etching.
37. A method as claimed in claim 26, wherein in step (b1), the first doped layer is introduced by diffusion of a suitable dopant.
38. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the semiconductor strips are of n-type conductivity, and the first doped layer is of p-type conductivity.
39. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein the semiconductor strips are of p-type conductivity and the first doped layer is of n-type conductivity.
40. A method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the semiconductor strips are of lightly doped p-type conductivity, wherein, in step (b1) sufficient dopant is diffused into the first doped layer to yield a heavily doped n-type dopant region, the method comprising a further step (b1)(i) wherein a second doped layer of heavily doped p-type dopant region is provided by diffusion, using a p-type dopant, into at least a portion of the second side, and forming the second metal contact such that it is in electrical contact with the second doped layer.
41. A method as claimed in claim 39, wherein the first doped layer is, in addition to the front face and the first side, also formed on at least a portion of the rear face of each of the strips.
42. A method as claimed in claim 22, wherein
- step a) comprises forming a plurality of parallel slots in the wafer to provide a plurality of semiconductor strips, each strip of the order of 1 mm wide formed from either a p-type or n-type semiconductor material and having opposing front and rear faces and opposing first and second sides, wherein the front and rear faces are wider than the thickness of the strip;
- step b) comprises fabricating a bifacial solar cell from each of said plurality of strips; and
- step c) comprises separating each of said plurality of strips from the wafer to provide a plurality of individual bifacial solar cells.
43. A method according to claim 41, wherein step (a) further comprises forming at least one interconnecting portion on or in said silicon wafer, said interconnecting portion connecting adjoining ones of said plurality of strips to maintain a substantially constant gap between said strips wherein said interconnecting portion is optionally one or more strips of said silicon wafer formed at least partly across one or both main surfaces thereof, said interconnecting portions being connected to each of said plurality of strips which are defined by said plurality of slots.
44. A method as claimed in claim 22 wherein, in step (a), the plurality of slots are formed from both sides of the wafer.
Type: Application
Filed: Jun 23, 2010
Publication Date: Oct 28, 2010
Applicant: TRANSFORM SOLAR PTY LTD. (Sydney)
Inventors: Klaus Johannes Weber (Aranda), Andrew William Blakers (Aranda)
Application Number: 12/822,069
International Classification: H01L 31/0288 (20060101); H01L 21/78 (20060101);