The invention relates to heat transfer compositions, and in particular to heat transfer compositions which may be suitable as replacements for existing refrigerants such as R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf, R-22, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507 and R-404a.
The listing or discussion of a prior-published document or any background in the specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that a document or background is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge.
Mechanical refrigeration systems and related heat transfer devices such as heat pumps and air-conditioning systems are well known. In such systems, a refrigerant liquid evaporates at low pressure taking heat from the surrounding zone. The resulting vapour is then compressed and passed to a condenser where it condenses and gives off heat to a second zone, the condensate being returned through an expansion valve to the evaporator, so completing the cycle. Mechanical energy required for compressing the vapour and pumping the liquid is provided by, for example, an electric motor or an internal combustion engine.
In addition to having a suitable boiling point and a high latent heat of vaporisation, the properties preferred in a refrigerant include low toxicity, non-flammability, non-corrosivity, high stability and freedom from objectionable odour. Other desirable properties are ready compressibility at pressures below 25 bars, low discharge temperature on compression, high refrigeration capacity, high efficiency (high coefficient of performance) and an evaporator pressure in excess of 1 bar at the desired evaporation temperature.
Dichlorodifluoromethane (refrigerant R-12) possesses a suitable combination of properties and was for many years the most widely used refrigerant. Due to international concern that fully and partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbons were damaging the earth's protective ozone layer, there was general agreement that their manufacture and use should be severely restricted and eventually phased out completely. The use of dichlorodifluoromethane was phased out in the 1990's.
Chlorodifluoromethane (R-22) was introduced as a replacement for R-12 because of its lower ozone depletion potential. Following concerns that R-22 is a potent greenhouse gas, its use is also being phased out.
Whilst heat transfer devices of the type to which the present invention relates are essentially closed systems, loss of refrigerant to the atmosphere can occur due to leakage during operation of the equipment or during maintenance procedures. It is important, therefore, to replace fully and partially halogenated chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants by materials having zero ozone depletion potentials.
In addition to the possibility of ozone depletion, it has been suggested that significant concentrations of halocarbon refrigerants in the atmosphere might contribute to global warming (the so-called greenhouse effect). It is desirable, therefore, to use refrigerants which have relatively short atmospheric lifetimes as a result of their ability to react with other atmospheric constituents such as hydroxyl radicals, or as a result of ready degradation through photolytic processes.
R-410A and R-407 refrigerants (including R-407A, R-407B and R-407C) have been introduced as a replacement refrigerant for R-22. However, R-22, R-410A and the R-407 refrigerants all have a high global warming potential (GWP, also known as greenhouse warming potential).
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (refrigerant R-134a) was introduced as a replacement refrigerant for R-12. R-134a is an energy efficient refrigerant, used currently for automotive air conditioning. However it is a greenhouse gas with a GWP of 1430 relative to CO2 (GWP of CO2 is 1 by definition). The proportion of the overall environmental impact of automotive air conditioning systems using this gas, which may be attributed to the direct emission of the refrigerant, is typically in the range 10-20%. Legislation has now been passed in the European Union to rule out use of refrigerants having GWP of greater than 150 for new models of car from 2011. The car industry operates global technology platforms, and in any event emission of greenhouse gas has global impact, thus there is a need to find fluids having reduced environmental impact (e.g. reduced GWP) compared to HFC-134a.
R-152a (1,1-difluoroethane) has been identified as an alternative to R-134a. It is somewhat more efficient than R-134a and has a greenhouse warming potential of 120. However the flammability of R-152a is judged too high, for example to permit its safe use in mobile air conditioning systems. In particular it is believed that its lower flammable limit in air is too low, its flame speeds are too high, and its ignition energy is too low.
Thus there is a need to provide alternative refrigerants having improved properties such as low flammability. Fluorocarbon combustion chemistry is complex and unpredictable. It is not always the case that mixing a non-flammable fluorocarbon with a flammable fluorocarbon reduces the flammability of the fluid or reduces the range of flammable compositions in air. For example, the inventors have found that if non-flammable R-134a is mixed with flammable R-152a, the lower flammable limit of the mixture alters in a manner which is not predictable. The situation is rendered even more complex and less predictable if ternary or quaternary compositions are considered.
There is also a need to provide alternative refrigerants that may be used in existing devices such as refrigeration devices with little or no modification.
R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) has been identified as a candidate alternative refrigerant to replace R-134a in certain applications, notably the mobile air conditioning or heat pumping applications. Its GWP is about 4. R-1234yf is flammable but its flammability characteristics are generally regarded as acceptable for some applications including mobile air conditioning or heat pumping. In particular, when compared with R-152a, its lower flammable limit is higher, its minimum ignition energy is higher and the flame speed in air is significantly lower than that of R-152a.
The environmental impact of operating an air conditioning or refrigeration system, in terms of the emissions of greenhouse gases, should be considered with reference not only to the so-called “direct” GWP of the refrigerant, but also with reference to the so-called “indirect” emissions, meaning those emissions of carbon dioxide resulting from consumption of electricity or fuel to operate the system. Several metrics of this total GWP impact have been developed, including those known as Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI) analysis, or Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP) analysis. Both of these measures include estimation of the effect of refrigerant GWP and energy efficiency on overall warming impact. Emissions of carbon dioxide associated with manufacture of the refrigerant and system equipment should also be considered.
The energy efficiency and refrigeration capacity of R-1234yf have been found to be significantly lower than those of R-134a and in addition the fluid has been found to exhibit increased pressure drop in system pipework and heat exchangers. A consequence of this is that to use R-1234yf and achieve energy efficiency and cooling performance equivalent to R-134a, increased complexity of equipment and increased size of pipework is required, leading to an increase in indirect emissions associated with equipment. Furthermore, the production of R-1234yf is thought to be more complex and less efficient in its use of raw materials (fluorinated and chlorinated) than R-134a. Current projections of long term pricing for R-1234yf is in the range 10-20 times greater than R-134a. This price differential and the need for extra expenditure on hardware will limit the rate at which refrigerants are changed and hence limit the rate at which the overall environmental impact of refrigeration or air conditioning may be reduced. In summary, the adoption of R-1234yf to replace R-134a will consume more raw materials and result in more indirect emissions of greenhouse gases than does R-134a.
Some existing technologies designed for R-134a may not be able to accept even the reduced flammability of some heat transfer compositions (any composition having a GWP of less than 150 is believed to be flammable to some extent).
A principal object of the present invention is therefore to provide a heat transfer composition which is usable in its own right or suitable as a replacement for existing refrigeration usages which should have a reduced GWP, yet have a capacity and energy efficiency (which may be conveniently expressed as the “Coefficient of Performance”) ideally within 10% of the values, for example of those attained using existing refrigerants (e.g. R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf, R-22, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507 and R-404a), and preferably within less than 10% (e.g. about 5%) of these values. It is known in the art that differences of this order between fluids are usually resolvable by redesign of equipment and system operational features. The composition should also ideally have reduced toxicity and acceptable flammability.
The subject invention addresses the above deficiencies by the provision of a heat transfer composition comprising (i) a first component selected from trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)), cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)) and mixtures thereof; (ii) carbon dioxide (CO2 or R-744); and (iii) a third component selected from difluoromethane (R-32), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a), and mixtures thereof.
All of the chemicals herein described are commercially available. For example, the fluorochemicals may be obtained from Apollo Scientific (UK).
Typically, the compositions of the invention contain trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(E)). The majority of the specific compositions described herein contain R-1234ze(E). It is to be understood, of course, that some or all of the R-1234ze(E) in such compositions can be replaced by R-1234ze(Z). The trans isomer is currently preferred, however.
Typically, the composition of the invention contain at least about 5% by weight R-1234ze(E), preferably at least about 15% by weight. In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention contain at least about 45% by weight R-1234ze(E), for example from about 50 to about 98% by weight.
The preferred amounts and choice of components for the invention are determined by a combination of properties:
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- (a) Flammability: non-flammable or weakly flammable compositions are preferred.
- (b) Effective operating temperature of the refrigerant in an air conditioning system evaporator.
- (c) Temperature “glide” of the mixture and its effect on heat exchanger performance.
- (d) Critical temperature of the composition. This should be higher than the maximum expected condenser temperature.
The effective operating temperature in an air conditioning cycle, especially automotive air conditioning, is limited by the need to avoid ice formation on the air-side surface of the refrigerant evaporator. Typically air conditioning systems must cool and dehumidify humid air; so liquid water will be formed on the air-side surface. Most evaporators (without exception for the automotive application) have finned surfaces with narrow fin spacing. If the evaporator is too cold then ice can be formed between the fins, restricting the flow of air over the surface and reducing overall performance by reducing the working area of the heat exchanger.
It is known for automotive air-conditioning applications (Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by A D Althouse et al, 1988 edition, Chapter 27, which is incorporated herein by reference) that refrigerant evaporation temperatures of −2° C. or higher are preferred to ensure that the problem of ice formation is thereby avoided.
It is also known that non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures exhibit temperature “glide” in evaporation or condensation. In other words, as the refrigerant is progressively vaporised or condensed at constant pressure, the temperature rises (in evaporation) or drops (in condensation), with the total temperature difference (inlet to outlet) being referred to as the temperature glide. The effect of glide on evaporation and condensation temperature must also be considered.
The critical temperature of a heat transfer composition should be higher than the maximum expected condenser temperature. This is because the cycle efficiency drops as critical temperature is approached. As this happens, the latent heat of the refrigerant is reduced and so more of the heat rejection in the condenser takes place by cooling gaseous refrigerant; this requires more area per unit heat transferred.
R-410A is commonly used in building and domestic heat pump systems and by way of illustration its critical temperature of about 71° C. is higher than the highest normal condensing temperature required to deliver useful warm air at about 50° C. The automotive duty requires air at about 50° C. so the critical temperature of the fluids of the invention should be higher than this if a conventional vapour compression cycle is to be utilised. Critical temperature is preferably at least 15K higher than the maximum air temperature.
In one aspect, the compositions of the invention have a critical temperature of greater than about 65° C., preferably greater than about 70° C.
The carbon dioxide content of the compositions of the invention is limited primarily by considerations (b) and/or (c) and/or (d) above. Conveniently, the compositions of the invention typically contain up to about 35% by weight R-744, preferably up to about 30% by weight.
In a preferred aspect, the compositions of the invention contain from about 4 to about 30% R-744 by weight, preferably from about 4 to about 28% by weight, or from about 8 to about 30% by weight, or from about 10 to about 30% by weight.
The content of the third component, which may include flammable refrigerants such as R-32, is selected so that even in the absence of the carbon dioxide element of the composition, the residual fluorocarbon mixture has a lower flammable limit in air at ambient temperature (e.g. 23° C.) (as determined in the ASHRAE-34 12 litre flask test apparatus) which is greater than 5% v/v, preferably greater than 6% v/v, most preferably such that the mixture is non-flammable. The issue of flammability is discussed further later in this specification.
Typically, the compositions of the invention contain up to about 60% by weight of the third component. Preferably, the compositions of the invention contain up to about 50% by weight of the third component. Conveniently, the compositions of the invention contain up to about 45% by weight of the third component. In one aspect, the compositions of the invention contain from about 1 to about 40% by weight of the third component.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention comprise from about 10 to about 95% R-1234ze(E) by weight, from about 2 to about 30% by weight R-744, and from about 3 to about 60% by weight of the third component.
As used herein, all % amounts mentioned in compositions herein, including in the claims, are by weight based on the total weight of the compositions, unless otherwise stated.
For the avoidance of doubt, it is to be understood that the stated upper and lower values for ranges of amounts of components in the compositions of the invention described herein may be interchanged in any way, provided that the resulting ranges fall within the broadest scope of the invention.
In one embodiment, the compositions of the invention consist essentially of (or consist of) the first component (e.g. R-1234ze(E)), R-744 and the third component.
By the term “consist essentially of”, we mean that the compositions of the invention contain substantially no other components, particularly no further (hydro)(fluoro)compounds (e.g. (hydro)(fluoro)alkanes or (hydro)(fluoro)alkenes) known to be used in heat transfer compositions. We include the term “consist of” within the meaning of “consist essentially of”.
For the avoidance of doubt, any of the compositions of the invention described herein, including those with specifically defined compounds and amounts of compounds or components, may consist essentially of (or consist of) the compounds or components defined in those compositions.
The third component is selected from R-32, R-134a and mixtures thereof.
In one aspect, the third component contains only one of the listed components. For example, the third component may contain only one of difluoromethane (R-32) or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) Thus, the compositions of the invention may be ternary blends of R-1234ze(E), R-744 and one of the listed third components (e.g. R-32 or R-134a).
However, mixtures of R-32 and R-134a can be used as the third component. R-134a typically is included to reduce the flammability of the equivalent composition that does not contain R-134a.
The invention contemplates compositions in which additional compounds are included in the third component. Examples of such compounds include 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R1243zf), 1,1-difluoroethane (R-152a), fluoroethane (R-161), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (R-263fb), 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane (R-245eb), propylene (R-1270), propane (R-290), n-butane (R-600), isobutane (R-600a), ammonia (R-717) and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the compositions of the invention which contain R-134a are non-flammable at a test temperature of 60° C. using the ASHRAE-34 methodology. Advantageously, the mixtures of vapour that exist in equilibrium with the compositions of the invention at any temperature between about −20° C. and 60° C. are also non-flammable.
In one preferred embodiment, the third component comprises R-134a. The third component may consist essentially of (or consist of) R-134a.
Compositions of the invention which contain R-134a typically contain it in an amount of from about 2 to about 50% by weight, for example from about 5 to about 40% by weight.
Typical compositions of the invention containing R-134a comprise from about 20 to about 93% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 2 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 5 to about 50% by weight R-134a.
A relatively low GWP composition containing R-134a comprises from about 60 to about 92% R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 4 to about 10% by weight R-134a. A preferred such composition comprises from about 62 to about 86% R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744 and from about 4 to about 10% by weight R-134a.
A higher GWP composition containing R-134a comprises from about 20 to about 86% R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 10 to about 50% by weight R-134a. A preferred such composition comprises from about 22 to about 80% R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744 and from about 10 to about 50% by weight R-134a.
In one embodiment, the third component comprises R-32. The third component may consist essentially of (or consist of) R-32.
Compositions of the invention which contain R-32 typically contain it in an amount of from about 2 to about 30% by weight, conveniently in an amount of from about 2 to about 25% by weight, for example from about 5 to about 20% by weight.
Typical compositions of the invention containing R-32 comprise from about 60 to about 91% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32.
A preferred composition comprises from about 58 to about 85% R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744 and from about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32.
Further advantageous compositions of the invention containing R-32 comprise from about 50 to about 88% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744 and from about 2 to about 20% by weight R-32.
In one embodiment, the third component comprises R-32 and R-134a. The third component may consist essentially of (or consist of) R-32 and R-134a.
Compositions of the invention containing R-32 and R-134a typically contain from about 5 to about 95% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744, from about 2 to about 30% by weight R-32 and from about 2 to about 50 by weight R-134a.
Preferred compositions comprise from about 5 to about 92% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 4 to about 30% by weight R-744, from about 2 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 2 to about 40% by weight R-134a.
Advantageous compositions which have a relatively low GWP comprise from about 30 to about 81% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 30% by weight R-744, from about 5 to about 30% by weight R-32 and from about 4 to about 10 by weight R-134a. Preferably such compositions contain from about 37 to about 81% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744, from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 4 to about 10 by weight R-134a.
Yet further compositions of the invention containing R-32 and R-134a, and having a higher GWP, comprise from about 5 to about 75% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 30% by weight R-744, from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 10 to about 50 by weight R-134a. Preferred such compositions comprise from about 7 to about 75% by weight R-1234ze(E), from about 10 to about 28% by weight R-744, from about 5 to about 25% by weight R-32 and from about 10 to about 40 by weight R-134a.
Compositions according to the invention conveniently comprise substantially no R-1225 (pentafluoropropene), conveniently substantially no R-1225ye (1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene) or R-1225zc (1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene), which compounds may have associated toxicity issues.
By “substantially no”, we include the meaning that the compositions of the invention contain 0.5% by weight or less of the stated component, preferably 0.1% or less, based on the total weight of the composition.
Certain compositions of the invention may contain substantially no:
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- (i) 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234yf),
- (ii) cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R-1234ze(Z)), and/or
- (iii) 3,3,3-trifluoropropene (R-1243zf).
The compositions of the invention have zero ozone depletion potential.
Typically, the compositions of the invention have a GWP that is less than 1300, preferably less than 1000, more preferably less than 800, 500, 400, 300 or 200, especially less than 150 or 100, even less than 50 in some cases. Unless otherwise stated, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) TAR (Third Assessment Report) values of GWP have been used herein.
Advantageously, the compositions are of reduced flammability hazard when compared to the third component(s) alone, e.g. R-32. Preferably, the compositions are of reduced flammability hazard when compared to R-1234yf.
In one aspect, the compositions have one or more of (a) a higher lower flammable limit; (b) a higher ignition energy; or (c) a lower flame velocity compared to the third component(s), such as R-32, or compared to R-1234yf. In a preferred embodiment, the compositions of the invention are non-flammable. Advantageously, the mixtures of vapour that exist in equilibrium with the compositions of the invention at any temperature between about −20° C. and 60° C. are also non-flammable.
Flammability may be determined in accordance with ASHRAE Standard 34 incorporating the ASTM Standard E-681 with test methodology as per Addendum 34p dated 2004, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In some applications it may not be necessary for the formulation to be classed as non-flammable by the ASHRAE-34 methodology; it is possible to develop fluids whose flammability limits will be sufficiently reduced in air to render them safe for use in the application, for example if it is physically not possible to make a flammable mixture by leaking the refrigeration equipment charge into the surrounds.
R-1234ze(E) is non-flammable in air at 23° C., although it exhibits flammability at higher temperatures in humid air. We have determined by experimentation that mixtures of R-1234ze(E) with flammable fluorocarbons such as R-32, R-152a or R-161 will remain non-flammable in air at 23° C. if the “fluorine ratio” Rf of the mixture is greater than about 0.57, where Rf is defined per gram-mole of the overall refrigerant mixture as:
Rf=(gram-moles of fluorine)/(gram-moles fluorine+gram-moles hydrogen)
Thus for R-161, Rf=1/(1+5)=⅙ (0.167) and it is flammable, in contrast R-1234ze(E) has Rf= 4/6 (0.667) and it is non-flammable. We found by experiment that a 20% v/v mixture of R-161 in R-1234ze(E) was similarly non-flammable. The fluorine ratio of this non-flammable mixture is 0.2*(⅙)+0.8*( 4/6)=0.567.
The validity of this relationship between flammability and fluorine ratio of 0.57 or higher has thusfar been experimentally proven for HFC-32, HFC-152a and mixtures of HFC-32 with HFC-152a.
Takizawa et al, Reaction Stoichiometry for Combustion of Fluoroethane Blends, ASHRAE Transactions 112(2) 2006 (which is incorporated herein by reference), shows that there exists a near-linear relationship between this ratio and the flame speed of mixtures comprising R-152a, with increasing fluorine ratio resulting in lower flame speeds. The data in this reference teach that the fluorine ratio needs to be greater than about 0.65 for the flame speed to drop to zero, in other words, for the mixture to be non-flammable.
Similarly, Minor et al (Du Pont Patent Application WO2007/053697) provide teaching on the flammability of many hydrofluoroolefins, showing that such compounds could be expected to be non-flammable if the fluorine ratio is greater than about 0.7.
In view of this prior art teaching, it is unexpected that that mixtures of R-1234ze(E) with flammable fluorocarbons such as R-32 will remain non-flammable in air at 23° C. if the fluorine ratio Rf of the mixture is greater than about 0.57.
Furthermore, we identified that if the fluorine ratio is greater than about 0.46 then the composition can be expected to have a lower flammable limit in air of greater than 6% v/v at room temperature.
By producing low- or non-flammable R-744/third component/R-1234ze(E) blends containing unexpectedly low amounts of R-1234ze(E), the amounts of the third component, in particular, in such compositions are increased. This is believed to result in heat transfer compositions exhibiting increased cooling capacity and/or decreased pressure drop, compared to equivalent compositions containing higher amounts of (e.g. almost 100%) R-1234ze(E).
Thus, the compositions of the invention exhibit a completely unexpected combination of low-/non-flammability, low GWP and improved refrigeration performance properties. Some of these refrigeration performance properties are explained in more detail below.
Temperature glide, which can be thought of as the difference between bubble point and dew point temperatures of a zeotropic (non-azeotropic) mixture at constant pressure, is a characteristic of a refrigerant; if it is desired to replace a fluid with a mixture then it is often preferable to have similar or reduced glide in the alternative fluid. In an embodiment, the compositions of the invention are zeotropic.
Advantageously, the volumetric refrigeration capacity of the compositions of the invention is at least 85% of the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably at least 90% or even at least 95%.
The compositions of the invention typically have a volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 90% of that of R-1234yf. Preferably, the compositions of the invention have a volumetric refrigeration capacity that is at least 95% of that of R-1234yf, for example from about 95% to about 120% of that of R-1234yf.
In one embodiment, the cycle efficiency (Coefficient of Performance, COP) of the compositions of the invention is within about 5% or even better than the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing
Conveniently, the compressor discharge temperature of the compositions of the invention is within about 15K of the existing refrigerant fluid it is replacing, preferably about 10K or even about 5K.
The compositions of the invention preferably have energy efficiency at least 95% (preferably at least 98%) of R-134a under equivalent conditions, while having reduced or equivalent pressure drop characteristics and cooling capacity at 95% or higher of R-134a values. Advantageously the compositions have higher energy efficiency and lower pressure drop characteristics than R-134a under equivalent conditions. The compositions also advantageously have better energy efficiency and pressure drop characteristics than R-1234yf alone.
The heat transfer compositions of the invention are suitable for use in existing designs of equipment, and are compatible with all classes of lubricant currently used with established HFC refrigerants. They may be optionally stabilized or compatibilized with mineral oils by the use of appropriate additives.
Preferably, when used in heat transfer equipment, the composition of the invention is combined with a lubricant.
Conveniently, the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, silicone oil, polyalkyl benzenes (PABs), polyol esters (POEs), polyalkylene glycols (PAGs), polyalkylene glycol esters (PAG esters), polyvinyl ethers (PVEs), poly (alpha-olefins) and combinations thereof.
Advantageously, the lubricant further comprises a stabiliser.
Preferably, the stabiliser is selected from the group consisting of diene-based compounds, phosphates, phenol compounds and epoxides, and mixtures thereof.
Conveniently, the composition of the invention may be combined with a flame retardant.
Advantageously, the flame retardant is selected from the group consisting of tri-(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate, (chloropropyl)phosphate, tri-(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate, tri-(1,3-dichloropropyl)-phosphate, diammonium phosphate, various halogenated aromatic compounds, antimony oxide, aluminium trihydrate, polyvinyl chloride, a fluorinated iodocarbon, a fluorinated bromocarbon, trifluoro iodomethane, perfluoroalkyl amines, bromo-fluoroalkyl amines and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the heat transfer composition is a refrigerant composition.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a heat transfer device comprising a composition of the invention.
Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device.
Conveniently, the heat transfer device is selected from the group consisting of automotive air conditioning systems, residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems, residential refrigerator systems, residential freezer systems, commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer systems, chiller air conditioning systems, chiller refrigeration systems, and commercial or residential heat pump systems. Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device or an air-conditioning system.
The compositions of the invention are particularly suitable for use in mobile air-conditioning applications, such as automotive air-conditioning systems (e.g. heat pump cycle for automotive air-conditioning).
Advantageously, the heat transfer device contains a centrifugal-type compressor.
The invention also provides the use of a composition of the invention in a heat transfer device as herein described.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a blowing agent comprising a composition of the invention.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a foamable composition comprising one or more components capable of forming foam and a composition of the invention.
Preferably, the one or more components capable of forming foam are selected from polyurethanes, thermoplastic polymers and resins, such as polystyrene, and epoxy resins.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a foam obtainable from the foamable composition of the invention.
Preferably the foam comprises a composition of the invention.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a sprayable composition comprising a material to be sprayed and a propellant comprising a composition of the invention.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for cooling an article which comprises condensing a composition of the invention and thereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of the article to be cooled.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for heating an article which comprises condensing a composition of the invention in the vicinity of the article to be heated and thereafter evaporating said composition.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a substance from biomass comprising contacting the biomass with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the substance from the solvent.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of cleaning an article comprising contacting the article with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a material from an aqueous solution comprising contacting the aqueous solution with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the material from the solvent.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for extracting a material from a particulate solid matrix comprising contacting the particulate solid matrix with a solvent comprising a composition of the invention, and separating the material from the solvent.
According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a mechanical power generation device containing a composition of the invention.
Preferably, the mechanical power generation device is adapted to use a Rankine Cycle or modification thereof to generate work from heat.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of retrofitting a heat transfer device comprising the step of removing an existing heat transfer fluid, and introducing a composition of the invention. Preferably, the heat transfer device is a refrigeration device or (a static) air conditioning system. Advantageously, the method further comprises the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas (e.g. carbon dioxide) emission credit.
In accordance with the retrofitting method described above, an existing heat transfer fluid can be fully removed from the heat transfer device before introducing a composition of the invention. An existing heat transfer fluid can also be partially removed from a heat transfer device, followed by introducing a composition of the invention.
In another embodiment wherein the existing heat transfer fluid is R-134a, and the composition of the invention contains R134a, R-1234ze(E), R-744, the third component and any R-125 present (and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabiliser or an additional flame retardant), R-1234ze(E) and R-744, etc, can be added to the R-134a in the heat transfer device, thereby forming the compositions of the invention, and the heat transfer device of the invention, in situ. Some of the existing R-134a may be removed from the heat transfer device prior to adding the R-1234ze(E), R-744, etc, to facilitate providing the components of the compositions of the invention in the desired proportions.
Thus, the invention provides a method for preparing a composition and/or heat transfer device of the invention comprising introducing R-1234ze(E), R-744, the third component, any R-125 desired, and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabiliser or an additional flame retardant, into a heat transfer device containing an existing heat transfer fluid which is R-134a. Optionally, at least some of the R-134a is removed from the heat transfer device before introducing the R-1234ze(E), R-744, etc.
Of course, the compositions of the invention may also be prepared simply by mixing the R-1234ze(E), R-744, the third component, any R-125 desired (and optional components such as a lubricant, a stabiliser or an additional flame retardant) in the desired proportions. The compositions can then be added to a heat transfer device (or used in any other way as defined herein) that does not contain R-134a or any other existing heat transfer fluid, such as a device from which R-134a or any other existing heat transfer fluid have been removed.
In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for reducing the environmental impact arising from operation of a product comprising an existing compound or composition, the method comprising replacing at least partially the existing compound or composition with a composition of the invention. Preferably, this method comprises the step of obtaining an allocation of greenhouse gas emission credit.
By environmental impact we include the generation and emission of greenhouse warming gases through operation of the product.
As mentioned above, this environmental impact can be considered as including not only those emissions of compounds or compositions having a significant environmental impact from leakage or other losses, but also including the emission of carbon dioxide arising from the energy consumed by the device over its working life. Such environmental impact may be quantified by the measure known as Total Equivalent Warming Impact (TEWI). This measure has been used in quantification of the environmental impact of certain stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, including for example supermarket refrigeration systems (see, for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_equivalent_warming_impact).
The environmental impact may further be considered as including the emissions of greenhouse gases arising from the synthesis and manufacture of the compounds or compositions. In this case the manufacturing emissions are added to the energy consumption and direct loss effects to yield the measure known as Life-Cycle Carbon Production (LCCP, see for example http://www.sae.org/events/aars/presentations/2007papasavva.pdf). The use of LCCP is common in assessing environmental impact of automotive air conditioning systems.
Emission credit(s) are awarded for reducing pollutant emissions that contribute to global warming and may, for example, be banked, traded or sold. They are conventionally expressed in the equivalent amount of carbon dioxide. Thus if the emission of 1 kg of R-134a is avoided then an emission credit of 1×1300=1300 kg CO2 equivalent may be awarded.
In another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a method for generating greenhouse gas emission credit(s) comprising (i) replacing an existing compound or composition with a composition of the invention, wherein the composition of the invention has a lower GWP than the existing compound or composition; and (ii) obtaining greenhouse gas emission credit for said replacing step.
In a preferred embodiment, the use of the composition of the invention results in the equipment having a lower Total Equivalent Warming Impact, and/or a lower Life-Cycle Carbon Production than that which would be attained by use of the existing compound or composition.
These methods may be carried out on any suitable product, for example in the fields of air-conditioning, refrigeration (e.g. low and medium temperature refrigeration), heat transfer, blowing agents, aerosols or sprayable propellants, gaseous dielectrics, cryosurgery, veterinary procedures, dental procedures, fire extinguishing, flame suppression, solvents (e.g. carriers for flavorings and fragrances), cleaners, air horns, pellet guns, topical anesthetics, and expansion applications. Preferably, the field is air-conditioning or refrigeration.
Examples of suitable products include heat transfer devices, blowing agents, foamable compositions, sprayable compositions, solvents and mechanical power generation devices. In a preferred embodiment, the product is a heat transfer device, such as a refrigeration device or an air-conditioning unit.
The existing compound or composition has an environmental impact as measured by GWP and/or TEWI and/or LCCP that is higher than the composition of the invention which replaces it. The existing compound or composition may comprise a fluorocarbon compound, such as a perfluoro-, hydrofluoro-, chlorofluoro- or hydrochlorofluoro-carbon compound or it may comprise a fluorinated olefin
Preferably, the existing compound or composition is a heat transfer compound or composition such as a refrigerant. Examples of refrigerants that may be replaced include R-134a, R-152a, R-1234yf, R-410A, R-407A, R-407B, R-407C, R507, R-22 and R-404A. The compositions of the invention are particularly suited as replacements for R-134a, R-152a or R-1234yf, especially R-134a or R-1234yf.
Any amount of the existing compound or composition may be replaced so as to reduce the environmental impact. This may depend on the environmental impact of the existing compound or composition being replaced and the environmental impact of the replacement composition of the invention. Preferably, the existing compound or composition in the product is fully replaced by the composition of the invention.
The invention is illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES Flammability The flammability of certain compositions of the invention in air at atmospheric pressure and controlled humidity was studied in a flame tube test as follows.
The test vessel was an upright glass cylinder having a diameter of 2 inches. The ignition electrodes were placed 60 mm above the bottom of the cylinder. The cylinder was fitted with a pressure-release opening. The apparatus was shielded to restrict any explosion damage. A standing induction spark of 0.5 second duration was used as the ignition source.
The test was performed at 23 or 35° C. (see below). A known concentration of fuel in air was introduced into the glass cylinder. A spark was passed through the mixture and it was observed whether or not a flame detached itself from the ignition source and propagated independently. The gas concentration was increased in steps of 1% vol. until ignition occurred (if at all). The results are shown below (all compositions are v/v basis unless otherwise stated).
Temperature
Fuel (° C.) Humidity Resultsb
R134a/R1234ze(E) 10/90 23 50% RH/23° C. Non
flammable
CO2/R134a/R1234ze 23 50% RH/23° C. Non
10/10/80a flammable
R134a/R1234yf 10/90 35 50% RH/23° C. LFL 6%
UFL 11%
R134a/R1234ze(E) 10/90 35 50% RH/23° C. LFL 8%
UFL 12%
CO2/R134a/R1234ze 35 50% RH/23° C. LFL 10%
10/10/80a UFL 11%c
aThis corresponds to about 4% CO2, 10% R-134a and 86% R-1234ze(E) by weight.
bLFL = lower flammable limit and UFL = upper flammable limit
cIncomplete propagation
The ternary composition 4% CO2, 10% R-134a and 86% R-1234ze(E) by weight was shown to be non-flammable at 23° C. At 35° C., it was significantly less flammable than corresponding R134a/R1234yf and R134a/R1234ze(E) mixtures.
Modelled Performance Data Generation of Accurate Physical Property Model The physical properties of R-1234yf and R-1234ze(E) required to model refrigeration cycle performance, namely critical point, vapour pressure, liquid and vapour enthalpy, liquid and vapour density and heat capacities of vapour and liquid were accurately determined by experimental methods over the pressure range 0-200 bar and temperature range −40 to 200° C., and the resulting data used to generate Helmholtz free energy equation of state models of the Span-Wagner type for the fluid in the NIST REFPROP Version 8.0 software, which is more fully described in the user guide www.nist.gov/srd/PDFfiles/REFPROP8.PDF, and is incorporated herein by reference. The variation of ideal gas enthalpy of both fluids with temperature was estimated using molecular modelling software Hyperchem v7.5 (which is incorporated herein by reference) and the resulting ideal gas enthalpy function was used in the regression of the equation of state for these fluids. The predictions of this model for R1234yf and R1234ze(E) were compared to the predictions yielded by use of the standard files for R1234yf and R1234ze(E) included in REFPROP Version 9.0 (incorporated herein by reference). It was found that close agreement was obtained for each fluid's properties.
The vapour liquid equilibrium behaviour of R-1234ze(E) was studied in a series of binary pairs with carbon dioxide, R-32, R-125, R-134a, R-152a, R-161, propane and propylene over the temperature range −40 to +60° C., which encompasses the practical operating range of most refrigeration and air conditioning systems. The composition was varied over the full compositional space for each binary in the experimental programme, Mixture parameters for each binary pair were regressed to the experimentally obtained data and the parameters were also incorporated into the REFPROP software model. The academic literature was next searched for data on the vapour liquid equilibrium behaviour of carbon dioxide with the hydrofluorocarbons R-32, R-125, R-152a, R-161 and R-152a. The VLE data obtained from sources referenced in the article Applications of the simple multi-fluid model to correlations of the vapour-liquid equilibrium of refrigerant mixtures containing carbon dioxide, by R. Akasaka, Journal of Thermal Science and Technology, 159-168, 4, 1, 2009 (which is incorporated herein by reference) were then used to generate mixing parameters for the relevant binary mixtures and these were then also incorporated into the REFPROP model. The standard REFPROP mixing parameters for carbon dioxide with propane and propylene were also incorporated to this model.
The resulting software model was used to compare the performance of selected fluids of the invention with R-134a in a heat pumping cycle application.
Heat Pumping Cycle Comparison In a first comparison the behaviour of the fluids was assessed for a simple vapour compression cycle with conditions typical of automotive heat pumping duty in low winter ambient temperatures. In this comparison pressure drop effects were included in the model by assignation of a representative expected pressure drop to the reference fluid (R-134a) followed by estimation of the equivalent pressure drop for the mixed refrigerant of the invention in the same equipment at the same heating capacity. The comparison was made on the basis of equal heat exchanger area for the reference fluid (R-134a) and for the mixed fluids of the invention. The methodology used for this model was derived using the assumptions of equal effective overall heat transfer coefficient for refrigerant condensation, refrigerant evaporation, refrigerant liquid subcooling and refrigerant vapour superheating processes to derive a so-called UA model for the process. The derivation of such a model for nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures in heat pump cycles is more fully explained in the reference text Vapor Compression Heat Pumps with refrigerant mixtures by R Radermacher & Y Hwang (pub Taylor & Francis 2005) Chapter 3, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Briefly, the model starts with an initial estimate of the condensing and evaporating pressures for the refrigerant mixture and estimates the corresponding temperatures at the beginning and end of the condensation process in the condenser and the evaporation process in the evaporator. These temperatures are then used in conjunction with the specified changes in air temperatures over condenser and evaporator to estimate a required overall heat exchanger area for each of the condenser and evaporator. This is an iterative calculation: the condensing and evaporating pressures are adjusted to ensure that the overall heat exchanger areas are the same for reference fluid and for the mixed refrigerant.
For the comparison the worst case for heat pumping in automotive application was assumed with the following assumptions for air temperature and for R-134a cycle conditions.
Cycle Conditions
Ambient air temperature on to condenser and evaporator −15° C.
Air temperature leaving evaporator: −25° C.
Air temperature leaving condenser (passenger air) +45° C.
R134a evaporating temperature −30° C.
R-134a condensing temperature +50° C.
Subcooling of refrigerant in condenser 1 K
Superheating of refrigerant in evaporator 5 K
Compressor suction temperature 0° C.
Compressor isentropic efficiency 66%
Passenger air heating load 2 kW
Pressure drop in evaporator for R-134a 0.03 bar
Pressure drop in condenser for R-134a 0.03 bar
Pressure drop in suction line for R-134a 0.03 bar
The model assumed countercurrent flow for each heat exchanger in its calculation of effective temperature differences for each of the heat transfer processes.
Condensing and evaporating temperatures for compositions was adjusted to give equivalent usage of heat exchange area as reference fluid. The following input parameters were used.
Parameter Reference
Refrigerant R134a
Mean condenser temperature ° C. 50
Mean evaporator temperature ° C. −30
Condenser subcooling K 1
Evaporator superheat K 5
Suction diameter mm 16.2
Heating capacity kW 2
Evaporator pressure drop bar 0.03
Suction line pressure drop bar 0.03
Condenser pressure drop bar 0.03
Compressor suction temperature ° C. 0
Isentropic efficiency 66%
Evaporator air on ° C. −15.00
Evaporator air off ° C. −25.00
Condenser air on ° C. −15.00
Condenser air off ° C. 45.00
Condenser area 100.0% 100.0%
Evaporator area 100.0% 100.0%
Using the above model, the performance data for the reference R-134a is shown below.
COP (heating) 2.11
COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 879
Capacity relative to Reference 100.0%
Critical temperature ° C. 101.06
Critical pressure bar 40.59
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 237.1
Pressure ratio 16.36
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.4
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 125.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.86
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.7
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −0.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.81
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 292
Pressure drop relative to reference 100.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 50.0
Condenser bubble point ° C. 50.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 49.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 50.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.1
The generated performance data for selected compositions of the invention is set out in the following Tables. The tables show key parameters of the heat pump cycle, including operating pressures, volumetric heating capacity, energy efficiency (expressed as coefficient of performance for heating COP) compressor discharge temperature and pressure drops in pipework. The volumetric heating capacity of a refrigerant is a measure of the amount of heating which can be obtained for a given size of compressor operating at fixed speed. The coefficient of performance (COP) is the ratio of the amount of heat energy delivered in the condenser of the heat pump cycle to the amount of work consumed by the compressor.
The performance of R-134a is taken as the reference point for comparison of heating capacity, energy efficiency and pressure drop. This fluid is used as a reference for comparison of the ability of the fluids of the invention to be used in the heat pump mode of an automotive combined air conditioning and heat pump system.
It should be noted in passing that the utility of fluids of the invention is not limited to automotive systems. Indeed these fluids can be used in so-called stationary (residential or commercial) equipment. Currently the main fluids used in such stationary equipment are R-410A (having a GWP of 2100) or R22 (having a GWP of 1800 and an ozone depletion potential of 0.05). The use of the fluids of the invention in such stationary equipment offers the ability to realise similar utility but with fluids having no ozone depletion potential and significantly reduced GWP compared to R410A.
It is evident that fluids of the invention can provide improved energy efficiency compared to R-134a or R-410A. It is unexpectedly found that the addition of carbon dioxide to the refrigerants of the invention can increase the COP of the resulting cycle above that of R-134a, even in case where admixture of the other mixture components would result in a fluid having worse energy efficiency than R-134a.
It is further found for all the fluids of the invention that compositions up to about 30% w/w of CO2 can be used which yield refrigerant fluids whose critical temperature is about 70° C. or higher. This is particularly significant for stationary heat pumping applications where R-410A is currently used. The fundamental thermodynamic efficiency of a vapour compression process is affected by proximity of the critical temperature to the condensing temperature. R-410A has gained acceptance and can be considered an acceptable fluid for this application; its critical temperature is 71° C. It has unexpectedly been found that significant quantities of CO2 (critical temperature 31° C.) can be incorporated in fluids of the invention to yield mixtures having similar or higher critical temperature to R-410A. Preferred compositions of the invention therefore have critical temperatures are about 70° C. or higher.
The heating capacity of the preferred fluids of the invention typically exceeds that of R134a. It is thought that R-134a alone, operated in an automotive a/c and heat pump system, cannot provide all of the potential passenger air heating demand in heat pump mode. Therefore higher heating capacities than R-134a are preferred for potential use in an automotive a/c and heat pump application. The fluids of the invention offer the ability to optimise fluid capacity and energy efficiency for both air conditioning and cooling modes so as to provide an improved overall energy efficiency for both duties.
For reference, the heating capacity of R-410A in the same cycle conditions was estimated at about 290% of the R-134a value and the corresponding energy efficiency was found to be about 106% of the R-134a reference value.
It is evident by inspection of the tables that fluids of the invention have been discovered having comparable heating capacities and energy efficiencies to R-410A, allowing adaption of existing R-410A technology to use the fluids of the invention if so desired.
Some further benefits of the fluids of the invention are described in more detail below.
At equivalent cooling capacity the compositions of the invention offer reduced pressure drop compared to R-134a. This reduced pressure drop characteristic is believed to result in further improvement in energy efficiency (through reduction of pressure losses) in a real system. Pressure drop effects are of particular significance for automotive air conditioning and heat pump applications so these fluids offer particular advantage for this application.
The compositions containing CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) are especially attractive since they have non-flammable liquid and vapour phases at 23° C. and selected compositions are also wholly non-flammable at 60° C.
The performance of fluids of the invention were compared to binary mixtures of CO2/R1234ze(E). For all the ternary and quaternary compositions of the invention apart from CO2/R1234yf/R1234ze(E) the energy efficiency of the ternary or quaternary mixtures was increased relative to the binary mixture having equivalent CO2 content. These mixtures therefore represent an improved solution relative to the CO2/R1234ze(E) binary refrigerant mixture, at least for CO2 content less than 30% w/w.
TABLE 1
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 5% R-134
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/95 2/5/93 4/5/91 6/5/89 8/5/87 10/5/85 12/5/83 14/5/81
COP (heating) 2.00 2.06 2.10 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.21
COP (heating) relative to Reference 94.8% 97.7% 99.8% 101.4% 102.7% 103.6% 104.3% 104.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 634 715 799 886 976 1069 1166 1265
Capacity relative to Reference 72.1% 81.3% 90.9% 100.8% 111.1% 121.7% 132.7% 143.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 109.40 105.47 101.78 98.30 95.02 91.91 88.98 86.19
Critical pressure bar 37.08 37.84 38.60 39.36 40.12 40.88 41.64 42.39
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 211.5 224.7 235.8 245.4 253.6 261.0 267.5 273.5
Pressure ratio 18.55 18.78 18.82 18.71 18.47 18.15 17.77 17.36
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 34.0 32.0 30.5 29.3 28.4 27.6 26.9 26.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 113.3 117.6 121.5 125.1 128.3 131.3 134.1 136.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.67 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.05 1.14
Condenser inlet pressure bar 10.9 12.1 13.3 14.5 15.7 16.9 18.0 19.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.0 −29.7 −30.4 −31.1 −31.9 −32.7 −33.6 −34.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.2 −29.6 −29.0 −28.2 −27.4 −26.6 −25.8 −25.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.2 −24.6 −24.0 −23.2 −22.4 −21.6 −20.8 −20.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −1.2 0.1 1.4 2.9 4.5 6.1 7.8 9.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.59 0.64 0.71 0.77 0.85 0.93 1.01 1.10
Compressor discharge pressure bar 10.9 12.1 13.3 14.5 15.7 16.9 18.0 19.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 447 378 327 286 253 226 204 185
Pressure drop relative to reference 152.9% 129.6% 111.8% 97.9% 86.6% 77.4% 69.7% 63.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.1 55.0 56.5 57.8 58.8 59.6 60.2 60.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 52.7 47.0 42.5 39.0 36.2 34.0 32.1 30.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 51.7 46.0 41.5 38.0 35.2 33.0 31.1 29.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 52.9 51.0 49.5 48.4 47.5 46.8 46.1 45.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.4 7.9 14.0 18.8 22.6 25.7 28.1 29.9
TABLE 2
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/79 18/5/77 20/5/75 22/5/73 24/5/71 26/5/69 28/5/67 30/5/65
COP (heating) 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24
COP (heating) relative to 105.4% 105.8% 106.0% 106.2% 106.3% 106.4% 106.4% 106.3%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m3 1366 1469 1575 1681 1789 1897 2007 2116
at suction
Capacity relative to Reference 155.5% 167.2% 179.2% 191.3% 203.6% 215.9% 228.4% 240.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 83.54 81.03 78.63 76.35 74.17 72.09 70.10 68.20
Critical pressure bar 43.15 43.91 44.66 45.42 46.17 46.93 47.68 48.43
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.0 284.2 289.1 293.7 298.2 302.6 306.8 310.9
Pressure ratio 16.93 16.51 16.09 15.68 15.29 14.92 14.57 14.24
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.8 25.3 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 139.3 141.7 144.0 146.3 148.6 150.8 153.0 155.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.53 1.63 1.74 1.85 1.97
Condenser inlet pressure bar 20.3 21.4 22.5 23.6 24.6 25.7 26.7 27.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.5 −36.5 −37.5 −38.6 −39.6 −40.6 −41.7 −42.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.4 −23.7 −23.1 −22.6 −22.1 −21.6 −21.3 −21.0
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.4 −18.7 −18.1 −17.6 −17.1 −16.6 −16.3 −16.0
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.3 −30.6 −30.8 −31.1 −31.5 −31.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.1 12.8 14.4 16.0 17.5 19.0 20.4 21.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.61 1.72 1.83 1.95
Compressor discharge pressure bar 20.3 21.4 22.5 23.6 24.6 25.7 26.7 27.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 168 154 142 132 122 114 107 100
Pressure drop relative to reference 57.6% 52.8% 48.7% 45.1% 41.9% 39.0% 36.5% 34.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 60.7 60.8 60.7 60.6 60.3 59.9 59.5 59.0
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.3 28.3 27.4 26.6 25.9 25.4 24.9 24.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.3 27.3 26.4 25.6 24.9 24.4 23.9 23.4
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 45.0 44.5 44.0 43.6 43.1 42.6 42.2 41.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 31.4 32.5 33.4 34.0 34.3 34.6 34.6 34.6
TABLE 3
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/90 2/10/88 4/10/86 6/10/84 8/10/82 10/10/80 12/10/78 14/10/76
COP (heating) 2.01 2.07 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.21
COP (heating) relative to Reference 95.1% 97.9% 100.0% 101.6% 102.8% 103.7% 104.4% 105.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 652 734 819 906 998 1092 1190 1290
Capacity relative to Reference 74.2% 83.5% 93.2% 103.2% 113.6% 124.3% 135.4% 146.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 108.91 105.03 101.37 97.92 94.66 91.58 88.67 85.90
Critical pressure bar 37.56 38.31 39.07 39.82 40.58 41.33 42.09 42.84
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 212.7 225.6 236.6 246.0 254.2 261.4 268.0 273.9
Pressure ratio 18.37 18.57 18.61 18.49 18.24 17.93 17.55 17.15
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.9 31.9 30.4 29.3 28.3 27.5 26.9 26.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 113.9 118.1 121.9 125.5 128.7 131.7 134.5 137.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16
Condenser inlet pressure bar 11.1 12.3 13.5 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.2 19.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.1 −29.8 −30.5 −31.2 −31.9 −32.8 −33.6 −34.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.1 −29.6 −28.9 −28.2 −27.4 −26.6 −25.8 −25.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.1 −24.6 −23.9 −23.2 −22.4 −21.6 −20.8 −20.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −1.0 0.2 1.6 3.0 4.6 6.2 7.8 9.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.61 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13
Compressor discharge pressure bar 11.1 12.3 13.5 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.2 19.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 432 367 318 279 247 221 199 181
Pressure drop relative to reference 147.9% 125.8% 108.8% 95.4% 84.6% 75.7% 68.2% 61.9%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.0 54.8 56.3 57.6 58.5 59.3 59.8 60.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 52.4 46.9 42.5 39.1 36.3 34.1 32.3 30.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 51.4 45.9 41.5 38.1 35.3 33.1 31.3 29.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 52.7 50.9 49.4 48.3 47.4 46.7 46.0 45.5
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.6 7.9 13.8 18.5 22.2 25.2 27.5 29.3
TABLE 4
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/74 18/10/72 20/10/70 22/10/68 24/10/66 26/10/64 28/10/62 30/10/60
COP (heating) 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24
COP (heating) relative to 105.5% 105.8% 106.1% 106.3% 106.4% 106.4% 106.4% 106.4%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m3 1393 1498 1604 1712 1822 1933 2044 2156
at suction
Capacity relative to Reference 158.5% 170.4% 182.6% 194.9% 207.4% 219.9% 232.6% 245.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 83.28 80.78 78.40 76.13 73.97 71.90 69.93 68.03
Critical pressure bar 43.59 44.35 45.10 45.85 46.61 47.36 48.11 48.86
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.4 284.5 289.3 293.9 298.4 302.7 306.8 310.9
Pressure ratio 16.73 16.31 15.89 15.49 15.10 14.74 14.39 14.06
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.8 25.3 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 139.6 142.0 144.3 146.6 148.8 151.0 153.2 155.4
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67 1.78 1.89 2.01
Condenser inlet pressure bar 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.9 27.0 28.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.5 −36.5 −37.5 −38.5 −39.5 −40.5 −41.4 −42.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.4 −23.7 −23.2 −22.6 −22.1 −21.7 −21.4 −21.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.4 −18.7 −18.2 −17.6 −17.1 −16.7 −16.4 −16.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.3 −30.5 −30.8 −31.1 −31.4 −31.7
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.1 12.7 14.3 15.8 17.3 18.8 20.1 21.3
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.54 1.65 1.76 1.87 1.99
Compressor discharge pressure bar 20.5 21.6 22.7 23.8 24.9 25.9 27.0 28.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 165 151 139 129 120 112 105 98
Pressure drop relative to reference 56.5% 51.8% 47.8% 44.2% 41.1% 38.3% 35.9% 33.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 60.3 60.4 60.3 60.1 59.8 59.5 59.0 58.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.5 28.5 27.6 26.8 26.2 25.6 25.1 24.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.5 27.5 26.6 25.8 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.7
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.9 44.4 44.0 43.5 43.0 42.6 42.1 41.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 30.8 31.9 32.7 33.3 33.6 33.8 33.9 33.8
TABLE 5
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 15% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/85 2/15/83 4/15/81 6/15/79 8/15/77 10/15/75 12/15/73 14/15/71
COP (heating) 2.01 2.07 2.11 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.22
COP (heating) relative to Reference 95.5% 98.2% 100.2% 101.7% 102.9% 103.8% 104.5% 105.1%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 670 753 838 927 1020 1115 1214 1315
Capacity relative to Reference 76.3% 85.7% 95.4% 105.5% 116.0% 126.9% 138.1% 149.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 108.44 104.58 100.96 97.54 94.31 91.26 88.36 85.62
Critical pressure bar 38.00 38.75 39.50 40.25 41.00 41.76 42.51 43.26
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 213.8 226.6 237.4 246.7 254.8 262.0 268.5 274.3
Pressure ratio 18.19 18.38 18.40 18.28 18.03 17.72 17.35 16.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.7 31.8 30.3 29.2 28.3 27.5 26.8 26.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 114.4 118.6 122.4 125.9 129.1 132.1 134.9 137.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.69 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.18
Condenser inlet pressure bar 11.3 12.5 13.7 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.6
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.2 −29.8 −30.5 −31.2 −32.0 −32.8 −33.6 −34.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.1 −29.5 −28.9 −28.1 −27.4 −26.6 −25.8 −25.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.1 −24.5 −23.9 −23.1 −22.4 −21.6 −20.8 −20.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −0.9 0.3 1.6 3.1 4.6 6.2 7.8 9.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.81 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.15
Compressor discharge pressure bar 11.3 12.5 13.7 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.6
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 419 357 310 272 241 216 195 177
Pressure drop relative to reference 143.4% 122.3% 106.0% 93.1% 82.6% 74.0% 66.8% 60.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.9 54.6 56.1 57.3 58.2 58.9 59.4 59.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 52.2 46.8 42.5 39.2 36.4 34.3 32.5 31.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 51.2 45.8 41.5 38.2 35.4 33.3 31.5 30.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 52.5 50.7 49.3 48.2 47.3 46.6 46.0 45.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.8 7.8 13.6 18.1 21.8 24.7 27.0 28.8
TABLE 6
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 15% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/69 18/15/67 20/15/65 22/15/63 24/15/61 26/15/59 28/15/57 30/15/55
COP (heating) 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.24 2.24
COP (heating) relative to 105.5% 105.9% 106.1% 106.3% 106.4% 106.5% 106.5% 106.4%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m3 1419 1525 1633 1743 1855 1967 2081 2196
at suction
Capacity relative to Reference 161.5% 173.6% 185.9% 198.4% 211.1% 223.9% 236.8% 249.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 83.01 80.53 78.17 75.92 73.77 71.71 69.75 67.87
Critical pressure bar 44.01 44.76 45.52 46.27 47.02 47.77 48.52 49.27
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.8 284.9 289.7 294.2 298.6 302.8 306.9 310.9
Pressure ratio 16.54 16.12 15.71 15.31 14.93 14.56 14.21 13.88
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.7 25.3 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 140.0 142.3 144.6 146.9 149.1 151.3 153.4 155.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.70 1.81 1.93 2.05
Condenser inlet pressure bar 20.7 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.4 −36.4 −37.4 −38.3 −39.3 −40.3 −41.2 −42.2
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.4 −23.8 −23.2 −22.7 −22.2 −21.8 −21.4 −21.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.4 −18.8 −18.2 −17.7 −17.2 −16.8 −16.4 −16.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.3 −30.5 −30.8 −31.0 −31.3 −31.6
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.0 12.6 14.2 15.7 17.1 18.5 19.8 21.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.25 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.68 1.80 1.91 2.04
Compressor discharge pressure bar 20.7 21.8 22.9 24.0 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 162 148 137 127 118 110 103 97
Pressure drop relative to reference 55.4% 50.8% 46.9% 43.4% 40.3% 37.6% 35.2% 33.1%
Condenser dew point ° C. 59.9 60.0 59.9 59.7 59.4 59.0 58.6 58.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.7 28.7 27.8 27.1 26.4 25.9 25.4 25.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.7 27.7 26.8 26.1 25.4 24.9 24.4 24.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.8 44.3 43.9 43.4 42.9 42.5 42.0 41.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 30.2 31.3 32.1 32.6 33.0 33.2 33.2 33.1
TABLE 7
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/80 2/20/78 4/20/76 6/20/74 8/20/72 10/20/70 12/20/68 14/20/66
COP (heating) 2.02 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.22
COP (heating) relative to Reference 95.8% 98.4% 100.4% 101.8% 103.0% 103.9% 104.6% 105.1%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 688 771 857 947 1041 1137 1237 1339
Capacity relative to Reference 78.3% 87.7% 97.6% 107.8% 118.4% 129.4% 140.7% 152.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 107.96 104.14 100.55 97.16 93.96 90.93 88.06 85.34
Critical pressure bar 38.40 39.15 39.90 40.65 41.40 42.15 42.91 43.66
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 215.0 227.5 238.2 247.5 255.5 262.6 269.0 274.9
Pressure ratio 18.02 18.19 18.21 18.08 17.84 17.53 17.16 16.76
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.5 31.6 30.2 29.1 28.2 27.4 26.8 26.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 114.9 119.1 122.9 126.4 129.6 132.5 135.3 137.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.71 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.12 1.21
Condenser inlet pressure bar 11.5 12.7 13.9 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.6 19.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.2 −29.9 −30.5 −31.3 −32.0 −32.8 −33.6 −34.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.0 −29.5 −28.8 −28.1 −27.4 −26.6 −25.9 −25.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.0 −24.5 −23.8 −23.1 −22.4 −21.6 −20.9 −20.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −0.8 0.4 1.7 3.1 4.6 6.2 7.8 9.3
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.64 0.70 0.76 0.83 0.91 1.00 1.08 1.18
Compressor discharge pressure bar 11.5 12.7 13.9 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.6 19.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 406 348 302 266 236 212 191 174
Pressure drop relative to reference 139.1% 119.0% 103.4% 91.0% 80.8% 72.5% 65.4% 59.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.8 54.5 55.9 57.0 57.9 58.6 59.1 59.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 52.0 46.7 42.5 39.2 36.5 34.4 32.6 31.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 51.0 45.7 41.5 38.2 35.5 33.4 31.6 30.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 52.4 50.6 49.2 48.1 47.2 46.5 45.9 45.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.8 7.7 13.3 17.8 21.4 24.2 26.5 28.2
TABLE 8
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/64 18/20/62 20/20/60 22/20/58 24/20/56 26/20/54 28/20/52 30/20/50
COP (heating) 2.23 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to 105.6% 105.9% 106.2% 106.4% 106.5% 106.5% 106.5% 106.5%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m3 1445 1552 1662 1774 1887 2002 2117 2235
at suction
Capacity relative to Reference 164.4% 176.7% 189.2% 201.9% 214.8% 227.8% 241.0% 254.3%
Critical temperature ° C. 82.75 80.29 77.94 75.70 73.57 71.53 69.57 67.70
Critical pressure bar 44.41 45.16 45.91 46.66 47.41 48.16 48.91 49.66
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 280.3 285.3 290.1 294.6 298.9 303.1 307.1 311.1
Pressure ratio 16.36 15.94 15.54 15.14 14.76 14.40 14.05 13.72
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.7 25.2 24.8 24.4 24.1 23.8 23.4 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 140.3 142.7 145.0 147.2 149.4 151.5 153.7 155.7
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.62 1.73 1.85 1.97 2.09
Condenser inlet pressure bar 20.9 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.3 26.4 27.5 28.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.4 −36.3 −37.3 −38.2 −39.2 −40.1 −41.0 −41.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.5 −23.8 −23.3 −22.7 −22.3 −21.9 −21.5 −21.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.5 −18.8 −18.3 −17.7 −17.3 −16.9 −16.5 −16.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.3 −30.5 −30.7 −31.0 −31.3 −31.6
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.9 12.5 14.0 15.5 16.9 18.3 19.5 20.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.28 1.38 1.49 1.60 1.71 1.83 1.95 2.08
Compressor discharge pressure bar 20.9 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.3 26.4 27.5 28.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 159 146 134 124 116 108 101 95
Pressure drop relative to reference 54.3% 49.9% 46.0% 42.6% 39.6% 37.0% 34.6% 32.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 59.5 59.6 59.5 59.3 59.0 58.6 58.2 57.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.9 28.9 28.0 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.6 25.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.9 27.9 27.0 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.7 44.2 43.8 43.3 42.8 42.4 41.9 41.5
Condenser glide (in-out) K 29.6 30.7 31.5 32.0 32.3 32.5 32.5 32.4
TABLE 9
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/30/70 2/30/68 4/30/66 6/30/64 8/30/62 10/30/60 12/30/58 14/30/56
COP (heating) 2.03 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.19 2.21 2.22
COP (heating) relative to Reference 96.4% 98.9% 100.7% 102.1% 103.2% 104.1% 104.7% 105.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 721 806 894 985 1081 1179 1281 1387
Capacity relative to Reference 82.1% 91.7% 101.7% 112.1% 123.0% 134.2% 145.8% 157.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 107.03 103.28 99.75 96.42 93.27 90.29 87.47 84.78
Critical pressure bar 39.11 39.86 40.61 41.37 42.12 42.87 43.62 44.37
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 217.3 229.6 240.1 249.1 257.0 264.1 270.4 276.1
Pressure ratio 17.70 17.85 17.86 17.73 17.49 17.18 16.82 16.43
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 33.1 31.4 30.0 28.9 28.0 27.3 26.6 26.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 116.0 120.2 123.9 127.4 130.5 133.5 136.2 138.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.74 0.79 0.85 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25
Condenser inlet pressure bar 11.9 13.0 14.2 15.4 16.6 17.8 19.0 20.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.3 −30.0 −30.6 −31.3 −32.0 −32.8 −33.6 −34.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.0 −29.5 −28.8 −28.1 −27.4 −26.7 −25.9 −25.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.0 −24.5 −23.8 −23.1 −22.4 −21.7 −20.9 −20.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −0.7 0.5 1.8 3.2 4.6 6.1 7.6 9.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.67 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 1.23
Compressor discharge pressure bar 11.9 13.0 14.2 15.4 16.6 17.8 19.0 20.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 384 330 288 254 226 203 184 167
Pressure drop relative to reference 131.6% 113.1% 98.6% 87.0% 77.5% 69.6% 62.9% 57.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.5 54.1 55.4 56.5 57.3 58.0 58.4 58.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 51.6 46.6 42.5 39.3 36.7 34.6 32.9 31.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 50.6 45.6 41.5 38.3 35.7 33.6 31.9 30.4
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 52.1 50.3 49.0 47.9 47.0 46.3 45.6 45.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.9 7.5 12.9 17.2 20.6 23.4 25.6 27.3
TABLE 10
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/30/54 18/30/52 20/30/50 22/30/48 24/30/46 26/30/44 28/30/42 30/30/40
COP (heating) 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to 105.7% 106.0% 106.3% 106.5% 106.6% 106.7% 106.7% 106.6%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity kJ/m3 1494 1605 1718 1833 1949 2068 2188 2309
at suction
Capacity relative to Reference 170.1% 182.7% 195.5% 208.6% 221.9% 235.3% 249.0% 262.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 82.23 79.80 77.49 75.28 73.17 71.16 69.23 67.38
Critical pressure bar 45.12 45.88 46.63 47.38 48.13 48.88 49.63 50.38
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 281.5 286.4 291.1 295.5 299.8 303.8 307.8 311.6
Pressure ratio 16.03 15.63 15.23 14.84 14.46 14.10 13.75 13.42
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.6 25.1 24.7 24.4 24.0 23.7 23.4 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 141.2 143.5 145.8 148.0 150.1 152.2 154.2 156.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.35 1.46 1.57 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.05 2.18
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.3 22.4 23.5 24.6 25.7 26.8 27.9 29.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.3 −36.2 −37.1 −38.0 −38.9 −39.8 −40.7 −41.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.6 −24.0 −23.4 −22.9 −22.4 −22.0 −21.6 −21.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.6 −19.0 −18.4 −17.9 −17.4 −17.0 −16.6 −16.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.2 −30.4 −30.7 −30.9 −31.2 −31.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.7 12.2 13.7 15.1 16.5 17.8 19.0 20.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.33 1.43 1.55 1.66 1.78 1.90 2.03 2.16
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.3 22.4 23.5 24.6 25.7 26.8 27.9 29.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 153 140 130 120 112 104 98 92
Pressure drop relative to reference 52.3% 48.1% 44.4% 41.1% 38.3% 35.7% 33.4% 31.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 58.8 58.8 58.7 58.5 58.2 57.9 57.4 56.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.2 29.2 28.4 27.6 27.0 26.5 26.0 25.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.2 28.2 27.4 26.6 26.0 25.5 25.0 24.7
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.5 44.0 43.6 43.1 42.6 42.2 41.7 41.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 28.6 29.6 30.4 30.9 31.2 31.4 31.4 31.3
TABLE 11
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/40/60 2/40/58 4/40/56 6/40/54 8/40/52 10/40/50 12/40/48 14/40/46
COP (heating) 2.04 2.09 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.21 2.22
COP (heating) relative to Reference 96.9% 99.3% 101.1% 102.4% 103.4% 104.3% 104.9% 105.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 752 838 928 1021 1118 1220 1323 1431
Capacity relative to Reference 85.6% 95.4% 105.6% 116.2% 127.3% 138.8% 150.6% 162.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 106.12 102.44 98.97 95.70 92.60 89.66 86.88 84.24
Critical pressure bar 39.69 40.45 41.21 41.96 42.72 43.48 44.23 44.99
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 219.7 231.7 242.1 251.0 258.9 265.8 272.1 277.8
Pressure ratio 17.41 17.56 17.56 17.42 17.19 16.88 16.53 16.15
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 32.8 31.1 29.7 28.7 27.8 27.1 26.5 25.9
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 117.2 121.3 125.1 128.5 131.6 134.5 137.2 139.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.76 0.81 0.88 0.95 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.30
Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.2 13.3 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.4 −30.0 −30.6 −31.3 −32.0 −32.7 −33.5 −34.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.0 −29.5 −28.9 −28.2 −27.5 −26.7 −26.0 −25.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.0 −24.5 −23.9 −23.2 −22.5 −21.7 −21.0 −20.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −0.6 0.5 1.8 3.1 4.6 6.0 7.5 9.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.70 0.76 0.83 0.90 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.27
Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.2 13.3 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 366 315 276 244 217 196 177 161
Pressure drop relative to reference 125.2% 108.0% 94.4% 83.5% 74.5% 66.9% 60.6% 55.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.2 53.7 54.9 56.0 56.8 57.4 57.8 58.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 51.4 46.4 42.5 39.3 36.8 34.7 33.0 31.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 50.4 45.4 41.5 38.3 35.8 33.7 32.0 30.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 51.8 50.1 48.7 47.7 46.8 46.1 45.4 44.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.8 7.2 12.4 16.6 20.0 22.7 24.8 26.5
TABLE 12
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/40/44 18/40/42 20/40/40 22/40/38 24/40/36 26/40/34 28/40/32 30/40/30
COP (heating) 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to 105.9% 106.2% 106.4% 106.6% 106.7% 106.8% 106.8% 106.8%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 1541 1654 1770 1888 2008 2130 2253 2379
suction
Capacity relative to Reference 175.4% 188.3% 201.5% 214.9% 228.5% 242.4% 256.5% 270.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.72 79.33 77.05 74.87 72.78 70.79 68.89 67.06
Critical pressure bar 45.74 46.50 47.26 48.01 48.77 49.52 50.27 51.03
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 283.0 287.9 292.5 296.9 301.0 305.0 308.8 312.5
Pressure ratio 15.76 15.36 14.97 14.58 14.21 13.85 13.50 13.17
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.4 25.0 24.6 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.3 23.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 142.2 144.5 146.7 148.8 150.9 153.0 155.0 157.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.40 1.51 1.62 1.74 1.86 1.98 2.11 2.25
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.6 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.2 −36.1 −36.9 −37.8 −38.7 −39.6 −40.4 −41.2
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.7 −24.1 −23.5 −23.0 −22.5 −22.1 −21.8 −21.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.7 −19.1 −18.5 −18.0 −17.5 −17.1 −16.8 −16.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.2 −30.4 −30.6 −30.8 −31.1 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.5 12.0 13.4 14.8 16.1 17.4 18.6 19.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.37 1.48 1.60 1.72 1.84 1.97 2.10 2.23
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.6 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 148 136 125 116 108 101 95 89
Pressure drop relative to reference 50.5% 46.5% 42.9% 39.8% 37.0% 34.6% 32.4% 30.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 58.2 58.2 58.1 57.9 57.6 57.2 56.8 56.3
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.4 29.4 28.6 27.9 27.3 26.8 26.3 26.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.4 28.4 27.6 26.9 26.3 25.8 25.3 25.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.3 43.8 43.3 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.6 41.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.8 28.8 29.5 30.0 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.3
TABLE 13
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 50% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/50/50 2/50/48 4/50/46 6/50/44 8/50/42 10/50/40 12/50/38 14/50/36
COP (heating) 2.05 2.10 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.20 2.22 2.23
COP (heating) relative to 97.5% 99.7% 101.4% 102.7% 103.7% 104.5% 105.1% 105.6%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 780 868 959 1054 1153 1256 1362 1472
suction
Capacity relative to Reference 88.8% 98.7% 109.1% 120.0% 131.2% 143.0% 155.0% 167.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 105.23 101.62 98.21 94.99 91.94 89.05 86.31 83.70
Critical pressure bar 40.15 40.91 41.68 42.45 43.21 43.98 44.74 45.51
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 222.2 234.1 244.4 253.2 261.0 267.9 274.1 279.7
Pressure ratio 17.16 17.30 17.30 17.17 16.94 16.64 16.30 15.92
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 32.4 30.8 29.5 28.4 27.6 26.9 26.3 25.7
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 118.4 122.5 126.3 129.7 132.8 135.7 138.4 140.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.78 0.84 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33
Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.4 13.6 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.5 −30.1 −30.7 −31.3 −32.0 −32.7 −33.5 −34.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.0 −29.5 −28.9 −28.2 −27.5 −26.8 −26.1 −25.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.0 −24.5 −23.9 −23.2 −22.5 −21.8 −21.1 −20.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −0.6 0.5 1.8 3.1 4.5 5.9 7.4 8.9
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.72 0.79 0.86 0.93 1.02 1.11 1.21 1.31
Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.4 13.6 14.8 16.1 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 349 302 265 235 210 189 171 156
Pressure drop relative to reference 119.7% 103.5% 90.7% 80.3% 71.8% 64.6% 58.6% 53.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.8 53.2 54.5 55.5 56.3 56.9 57.3 57.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 51.1 46.3 42.4 39.3 36.8 34.8 33.1 31.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 50.1 45.3 41.4 38.3 35.8 33.8 32.1 30.7
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 51.5 49.8 48.5 47.4 46.5 45.8 45.2 44.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.7 6.9 12.1 16.2 19.5 22.1 24.2 25.9
TABLE 14
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 50% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/50/34 18/50/32 20/50/32 22/50/28 24/50/26 26/50/24 28/50/22 30/50/20
COP (heating) 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26
COP (heating) relative to 106.1% 106.4% 106.6% 106.8% 106.9% 107.0% 107.0% 107.0%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 1585 1700 1818 1939 2061 2186 2312 2441
suction
Capacity relative to Reference 180.3% 193.5% 206.9% 220.7% 234.6% 248.8% 263.2% 277.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.22 78.86 76.61 74.46 72.40 70.44 68.55 66.75
Critical pressure bar 46.27 47.03 47.80 48.56 49.32 50.08 50.84 51.60
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 284.9 289.7 294.3 298.6 302.7 306.6 310.4 314.0
Pressure ratio 15.53 15.14 14.75 14.37 14.00 13.64 13.30 12.97
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.3 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.2 22.9
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 143.3 145.6 147.7 149.9 151.9 153.9 155.9 157.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.44 1.55 1.67 1.79 1.91 2.04 2.17 2.31
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.0 23.1 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.7 29.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.1 −36.0 −36.8 −37.7 −38.5 −39.4 −40.2 −41.0
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.8 −24.2 −23.6 −23.1 −22.6 −22.2 −21.9 −21.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.8 −19.2 −18.6 −18.1 −17.6 −17.2 −16.9 −16.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.2 −30.4 −30.6 −30.8 −31.0 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 10.3 11.8 13.2 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.3 19.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.41 1.53 1.64 1.77 1.89 2.02 2.16 2.30
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.0 23.1 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.7 29.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 143 131 121 113 105 98 92 86
Pressure drop relative to reference 48.9% 45.0% 41.6% 38.6% 35.9% 33.6% 31.4% 29.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 57.7 57.7 57.5 57.3 57.0 56.7 56.2 55.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.5 29.5 28.7 28.0 27.4 26.9 26.5 26.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.5 28.5 27.7 27.0 26.4 25.9 25.5 25.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.1 43.6 43.1 42.7 42.2 41.8 41.4 41.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.1 28.1 28.8 29.3 29.6 29.7 29.7 29.6
TABLE 15
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 5% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/95 2/5/93 4/5/91 6/5/89 8/5/87 10/5/85 12/5/83 14/5/81
COP (heating) 2.07 2.11 2.15 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.23
COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.0% 100.2% 101.8% 103.1% 104.0% 104.8% 105.4% 105.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 729 813 900 990 1083 1179 1278 1379
Capacity relative to Reference 83.0% 92.5% 102.4% 112.7% 123.3% 134.2% 145.4% 156.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 106.60 103.13 99.78 96.58 93.54 90.65 87.91 85.29
Critical pressure bar 39.06 39.91 40.71 41.47 42.23 42.98 43.73 44.48
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 226.5 237.7 247.3 255.7 263.2 269.9 276.1 281.7
Pressure ratio 17.96 17.98 17.89 17.68 17.40 17.07 16.71 16.33
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.8 30.3 29.1 28.2 27.4 26.7 26.1 25.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 118.1 121.9 125.4 128.6 131.6 134.4 137.1 139.6
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.73 0.78 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.25
Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.0 13.1 14.2 15.4 16.5 17.7 18.8 19.9
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.5 −31.3 −32.1 −32.9 −33.7 −34.6 −35.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.4 −28.8 −28.1 −27.3 −26.5 −25.8 −25.1 −24.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.4 −23.8 −23.1 −22.3 −21.5 −20.8 −20.1 −19.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.4 1.8 3.2 4.8 6.3 8.0 9.6 11.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.67 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.03 1.12 1.22
Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.0 13.1 14.2 15.4 16.5 17.7 18.8 19.9
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 368 319 280 248 222 200 181 166
Pressure drop relative to reference 126.2% 109.2% 95.8% 84.9% 75.9% 68.4% 62.1% 56.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.8 55.3 56.6 57.6 58.3 58.9 59.3 59.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.6 44.2 40.6 37.8 35.4 33.5 31.9 30.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.6 43.2 39.6 36.8 34.4 32.5 30.9 29.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 51.2 49.7 48.6 47.7 46.9 46.2 45.6 45.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.2 11.1 15.9 19.8 22.9 25.4 27.4 29.0
TABLE 16
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 5% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/79 18/5/77 20/5/75 22/5/73 24/5/71 26/5/69 28/5/67 30/5/65
COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.3% 106.6% 106.8% 106.9% 106.9% 106.9% 106.9% 106.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1482 1586 1692 1799 1907 2015 2125 2236
Capacity relative to Reference 168.6% 180.5% 192.5% 204.7% 217.0% 229.4% 241.8% 254.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 82.80 80.43 78.16 75.99 73.92 71.94 70.04 68.22
Critical pressure bar 45.22 45.96 46.71 47.45 48.19 48.93 49.66 50.40
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 287.1 292.1 296.9 301.5 306.0 310.3 314.5 318.6
Pressure ratio 15.95 15.57 15.21 14.86 14.52 14.20 13.89 13.59
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.1 24.6 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 142.1 144.5 146.8 149.1 151.3 153.6 155.8 158.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.65 1.75 1.86 1.98 2.09
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.0 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.5 −37.5 −38.5 −39.5 −40.4 −41.4 −42.3 −43.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.7 −23.2 −22.6 −22.2 −21.8 −21.4 −21.1 −20.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.7 −18.2 −17.6 −17.2 −16.8 −16.4 −16.1 −15.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.3 −30.6 −30.8 −31.1 −31.4 −31.7 −32.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.8 14.4 15.9 17.3 18.7 20.0 21.1 22.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.31 1.42 1.52 1.63 1.73 1.85 1.96 2.08
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.0 22.0 23.1 24.2 25.2 26.2 27.2 28.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 152 140 130 121 113 105 99 93
Pressure drop relative to reference 52.0% 48.0% 44.4% 41.3% 38.5% 36.1% 33.9% 31.9%
Condenser dew point ° C. 59.6 59.6 59.5 59.3 59.0 58.6 58.1 57.6
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.4 28.4 27.6 26.9 26.3 25.7 25.3 24.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.4 27.4 26.6 25.9 25.3 24.7 24.3 23.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.5 44.0 43.5 43.1 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 30.2 31.2 31.9 32.4 32.7 32.8 32.9 32.8
TABLE 17
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 10% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/90 2/10/88 4/10/86 6/10/84 8/10/82 10/10/80 12/10/78 14/10/76
COP (heating) 2.12 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.6% 102.3% 103.5% 104.5% 105.3% 106.0% 106.4% 106.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 847 934 1024 1118 1215 1314 1415 1518
suction
Capacity relative to Reference 96.3% 106.3% 116.6% 127.3% 138.2% 149.5% 161.0% 172.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 103.66 100.50 97.45 94.53 91.74 89.08 86.53 84.10
Critical pressure bar 41.28 42.13 42.93 43.70 44.47 45.22 45.97 46.71
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 240.3 249.9 258.3 265.9 272.8 279.1 284.9 290.4
Pressure ratio 17.03 16.94 16.77 16.52 16.25 15.93 15.61 15.27
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.0 28.8 27.9 27.1 26.4 25.8 25.3 24.8
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 122.7 126.1 129.3 132.3 135.2 137.8 140.4 142.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.38
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.1 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.7 20.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.7 −31.4 −32.2 −33.0 −33.8 −34.7 −35.5 −36.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.6 −27.9 −27.2 −26.5 −25.8 −25.1 −24.5 −23.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.6 −22.9 −22.2 −21.5 −20.8 −20.1 −19.5 −18.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.1 3.5 5.0 6.5 8.0 9.6 11.1 12.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.1 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.7 20.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 304 267 238 213 193 175 160 147
Pressure drop relative to reference 104.0% 91.6% 81.4% 73.0% 65.9% 59.9% 54.8% 50.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.9 55.0 56.0 56.8 57.3 57.7 58.0 58.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 45.9 42.3 39.4 37.0 35.1 33.4 32.0 30.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 44.9 41.3 38.4 36.0 34.1 32.4 31.0 29.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 49.9 48.7 47.7 46.9 46.2 45.6 45.0 44.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.0 12.7 16.6 19.7 22.3 24.3 26.0 27.3
TABLE 18
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 10% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) %by weight
16/10/74 18/10/72 20/10/70 22/10/68 24/10/66 26/10/64 28/10/62 30/10/60
COP (heating) 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.26 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.1% 107.3% 107.4% 107.5% 107.5% 107.5% 107.4% 107.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1623 1730 1838 1947 2057 2169 2283 2397
Capacity relative to Reference 184.7% 196.9% 209.1% 221.6% 234.1% 246.8% 259.8% 272.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.78 79.56 77.44 75.40 73.45 71.58 69.78 68.05
Critical pressure bar 47.46 48.20 48.93 49.67 50.41 51.14 51.88 52.61
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 295.5 300.4 305.1 309.6 314.0 318.2 322.3 326.2
Pressure ratio 14.94 14.62 14.30 13.99 13.69 13.40 13.12 12.85
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 145.3 147.6 149.9 152.1 154.4 156.6 158.7 160.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.48 1.59 1.69 1.80 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.27
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.8 22.9 23.9 24.9 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.3 −38.2 −39.1 −39.9 −40.8 −41.5 −42.3 −43.0
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.3 −22.9 −22.4 −22.0 −21.7 −21.4 −21.1 −20.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.3 −17.9 −17.4 −17.0 −16.7 −16.4 −16.1 −15.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.5 −30.7 −31.0 −31.2 −31.5 −31.7 −31.9
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.0 15.4 16.7 17.9 19.1 20.1 21.1 22.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.46 1.56 1.67 1.78 1.90 2.01 2.13 2.26
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.8 22.9 23.9 24.9 26.0 27.0 28.0 29.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 136 126 117 109 102 96 90 85
Pressure drop relative to reference 46.4% 43.1% 40.1% 37.4% 35.0% 32.9% 31.0% 29.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 58.1 58.0 57.8 57.6 57.2 56.8 56.3 55.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.7 28.9 28.1 27.4 26.9 26.4 25.9 25.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.7 27.9 27.1 26.4 25.9 25.4 24.9 24.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.9 43.4 43.0 42.5 42.0 41.6 41.1 40.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 28.4 29.1 29.7 30.1 30.3 30.4 30.4 30.3
TABLE 19
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 15% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/85 2/15/83 4/15/81 6/15/79 8/15/77 10/15/75 12/15/73 14/15/71
COP (heating) 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27
COP (heating) relative to 102.7% 104.0% 105.0% 105.8% 106.4% 106.9% 107.3% 107.6%
Reference
Volumetric heating capacity at kJ/m3 965 1056 1150 1247 1346 1447 1551 1656
suction
Capacity relative to Reference 109.9% 120.2% 130.9% 141.9% 153.2% 164.7% 176.5% 188.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 101.02 98.12 95.32 92.63 90.05 87.59 85.23 82.97
Critical pressure bar 43.26 44.09 44.90 45.68 46.45 47.21 47.96 48.71
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 252.5 261.1 268.8 275.8 282.2 288.2 293.8 299.1
Pressure ratio 16.11 15.97 15.76 15.52 15.25 14.97 14.68 14.38
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.5 27.6 26.8 26.1 25.5 25.0 24.5 24.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 126.9 130.1 133.1 135.9 138.6 141.2 143.7 146.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.92 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.52
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.1 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.6
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.6 −32.3 −33.0 −33.8 −34.6 −35.4 −36.2 −37.0
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.9 −27.2 −26.5 −25.9 −25.2 −24.6 −24.1 −23.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.9 −22.2 −21.5 −20.9 −20.2 −19.6 −19.1 −18.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.2 −30.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.7 5.1 6.5 7.9 9.4 10.7 12.1 13.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.12 1.21 1.30 1.40 1.50
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.1 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.5 21.6
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 257 229 206 186 169 155 143 132
Pressure drop relative to reference 87.9% 78.4% 70.4% 63.7% 58.0% 53.1% 48.8% 45.1%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.6 54.5 55.2 55.8 56.2 56.5 56.6 56.6
Condenser bubble point ° C. 44.1 41.1 38.7 36.6 34.9 33.4 32.1 31.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 43.1 40.1 37.7 35.6 33.9 32.4 31.1 30.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.8 47.8 47.0 46.2 45.5 44.9 44.4 43.9
Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.5 13.4 16.5 19.1 21.3 23.0 24.5 25.6
TABLE 20
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 15% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/69 18/15/67 20/15/65 22/15/63 24/15/61 26/15/59 28/15/57 30/15/55
COP (heating) 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.8% 107.9% 108.0% 108.1% 108.0% 108.0% 107.9% 107.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1763 1872 1983 2095 2209 2324 2442 2562
Capacity relative to Reference 200.7% 213.1% 225.6% 238.4% 251.4% 264.5% 277.9% 291.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.80 78.72 76.73 74.82 72.98 71.21 69.51 67.88
Critical pressure bar 49.46 50.20 50.94 51.68 52.42 53.16 53.90 54.63
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 304.1 308.9 313.4 317.8 322.0 326.1 330.0 333.8
Pressure ratio 14.09 13.80 13.52 13.23 12.96 12.70 12.44 12.19
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.7 23.3 23.0 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 148.5 150.8 153.1 155.2 157.4 159.5 161.6 163.6
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.63 1.73 1.84 1.96 2.08 2.20 2.32 2.45
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.8 −38.6 −39.3 −40.1 −40.7 −41.4 −42.0 −42.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.1 −22.7 −22.3 −22.0 −21.7 −21.5 −21.3 −21.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.1 −17.7 −17.3 −17.0 −16.7 −16.5 −16.3 −16.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −31.0 −31.2 −31.4 −31.6 −31.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.7 15.9 17.0 18.0 19.0 19.9 20.7 21.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.61 1.71 1.83 1.94 2.06 2.18 2.31 2.44
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.7 26.7 27.7 28.7 29.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 122 114 106 100 93 88 83 78
Pressure drop relative to reference 41.9% 39.0% 36.4% 34.1% 32.0% 30.1% 28.4% 26.9%
Condenser dew point ° C. 56.6 56.4 56.2 55.9 55.5 55.1 54.6 54.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.1 29.3 28.6 28.0 27.5 27.0 26.6 26.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.1 28.3 27.6 27.0 26.5 26.0 25.6 25.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.4 42.9 42.4 41.9 41.5 41.1 40.6 40.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 26.5 27.1 27.6 27.9 28.1 28.1 28.0 27.9
TABLE 21
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 20% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/80 2/20/78 4/20/76 6/20/74 8/20/72 10/20/70 12/20/68 14/20/66
COP (heating) 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.4% 105.4% 106.2% 106.8% 107.3% 107.7% 108.0% 108.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1085 1179 1275 1375 1476 1580 1685 1793
Capacity relative to Reference 123.5% 134.1% 145.1% 156.4% 168.0% 179.8% 191.8% 204.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 98.64 95.95 93.36 90.88 88.49 86.20 84.00 81.89
Critical pressure bar 45.03 45.86 46.66 47.44 48.22 48.98 49.75 50.50
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 263.9 271.7 278.9 285.5 291.6 297.4 302.8 307.9
Pressure ratio 15.25 15.09 14.88 14.65 14.40 14.15 13.88 13.62
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.3 26.5 25.8 25.2 24.7 24.2 23.8 23.4
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 130.9 134.0 136.8 139.6 142.2 144.7 147.1 149.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.03 1.10 1.18 1.27 1.36 1.46 1.56 1.66
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.1 16.1 17.2 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.3 −33.0 −33.7 −34.4 −35.2 −35.9 −36.6 −37.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.2 −26.6 −26.0 −25.4 −24.9 −24.4 −23.9 −23.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.2 −21.6 −21.0 −20.4 −19.9 −19.4 −18.9 −18.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.3 −30.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.1 6.4 7.7 9.0 10.3 11.5 12.7 13.9
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.34 1.43 1.54 1.64
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.1 16.1 17.2 18.2 19.3 20.3 21.3 22.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 221 199 180 164 151 139 128 119
Pressure drop relative to reference 75.6% 68.1% 61.7% 56.3% 51.6% 47.5% 43.9% 40.8%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.0 53.7 54.3 54.7 55.0 55.2 55.2 55.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 42.9 40.3 38.2 36.4 34.8 33.5 32.4 31.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 41.9 39.3 37.2 35.4 33.8 32.5 31.4 30.4
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.9 47.0 46.2 45.5 44.9 44.3 43.8 43.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 10.2 13.4 16.1 18.3 20.1 21.6 22.9 23.8
TABLE 22
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 20% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/64 18/20/62 20/20/60 22/20/58 24/20/56 26/20/54 28/20/52 30/20/50
COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.4% 108.5% 108.5% 108.6% 108.5% 108.5% 108.4% 108.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1903 2014 2127 2243 2360 2481 2603 2729
Capacity relative to Reference 216.5% 229.2% 242.1% 255.2% 268.6% 282.3% 296.3% 310.6%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.87 77.92 76.05 74.25 72.52 70.86 69.25 67.70
Critical pressure bar 51.26 52.01 52.76 53.51 54.25 55.00 55.75 56.49
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 312.7 317.4 321.8 326.1 330.1 334.0 337.8 341.3
Pressure ratio 13.36 13.09 12.84 12.58 12.33 12.08 11.84 11.60
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.0 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.6 21.3 21.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 151.8 154.0 156.2 158.4 160.4 162.5 164.5 166.4
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.77 1.88 2.00 2.12 2.24 2.37 2.50 2.64
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.4 24.4 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.4 29.5 30.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −38.0 −38.7 −39.3 −39.9 −40.5 −41.0 −41.4 −41.8
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.1 −22.7 −22.4 −22.1 −21.9 −21.7 −21.5 −21.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.1 −17.7 −17.4 −17.1 −16.9 −16.7 −16.5 −16.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.5 −30.7 −30.9 −31.0 −31.2 −31.3 −31.5 −31.6
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.9 16.0 16.9 17.8 18.6 19.3 19.9 20.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.75 1.86 1.98 2.10 2.23 2.35 2.49 2.63
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.4 24.4 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.4 29.5 30.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 111 104 97 91 86 81 77 72
Pressure drop relative to reference 38.0% 35.5% 33.2% 31.2% 29.4% 27.7% 26.2% 24.8%
Condenser dew point ° C. 55.1 54.9 54.6 54.3 53.9 53.5 53.0 52.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.5 29.8 29.1 28.5 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.5 28.8 28.1 27.5 27.0 26.6 26.3 26.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.6 25.1 25.5 25.8 25.9 25.9 25.8 25.6
TABLE 23
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 25% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/25/75 2/25/73 4/25/71 6/25/69 8/25/67 10/25/65 12/25/63 14/25/61
COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.7% 106.5% 107.2% 107.7% 108.1% 108.4% 108.6% 108.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1205 1301 1399 1500 1604 1710 1818 1928
Capacity relative to Reference 137.1% 148.0% 159.2% 170.8% 182.5% 194.6% 206.9% 219.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 96.47 93.97 91.57 89.26 87.04 84.91 82.86 80.89
Critical pressure bar 46.62 47.44 48.24 49.03 49.81 50.59 51.36 52.13
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 274.8 282.1 288.9 295.2 301.1 306.6 311.8 316.8
Pressure ratio 14.48 14.31 14.12 13.91 13.68 13.45 13.21 12.96
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.2 25.5 24.9 24.4 23.9 23.5 23.1 22.7
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 134.9 137.8 140.5 143.2 145.7 148.2 150.6 152.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.14 1.22 1.30 1.39 1.49 1.59 1.69 1.80
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.9 −33.6 −34.2 −34.9 −35.5 −36.2 −36.8 −37.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −26.8 −26.2 −25.7 −25.2 −24.7 −24.3 −23.9 −23.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −21.8 −21.2 −20.7 −20.2 −19.7 −19.3 −18.9 −18.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3 −30.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.7 10.8 11.9 12.9 13.9
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.67 1.78
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.1 21.1 22.1 23.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 193 175 160 147 135 125 116 108
Pressure drop relative to reference 66.1% 60.0% 54.8% 50.3% 46.4% 42.9% 39.8% 37.1%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.3 52.8 53.2 53.5 53.7 53.8 53.8 53.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 42.0 39.8 37.9 36.3 34.9 33.7 32.6 31.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 41.0 38.8 36.9 35.3 33.9 32.7 31.6 30.7
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.2 46.3 45.6 44.9 44.3 43.8 43.2 42.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 10.3 13.0 15.3 17.3 18.9 20.2 21.2 22.1
TABLE 24
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 25% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/25/59 18/25/57 20/25/55 22/25/53 24/25/51 26/25/49 28/25/47 30/25/45
COP (heating) 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.9% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9% 108.9% 108.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2040 2155 2272 2391 2513 2638 2766 2898
Capacity relative to Reference 232.2% 245.2% 258.5% 272.1% 286.0% 300.3% 314.8% 329.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.99 77.17 75.41 73.72 72.08 70.51 68.99 67.53
Critical pressure bar 52.89 53.65 54.41 55.17 55.93 56.69 57.45 58.20
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 321.5 326.0 330.3 334.4 338.3 342.0 345.5 348.9
Pressure ratio 12.72 12.48 12.24 12.00 11.76 11.53 11.29 11.06
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.1 20.8 20.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 155.1 157.3 159.4 161.5 163.5 165.4 167.3 169.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.28 2.41 2.54 2.68 2.83
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −38.0 −38.5 −39.1 −39.6 −40.0 −40.4 −40.8 −41.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.1 −22.8 −22.6 −22.3 −22.1 −21.9 −21.8 −21.7
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.1 −17.8 −17.6 −17.3 −17.1 −16.9 −16.8 −16.7
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.6 −30.7 −30.8 −30.9 −31.1 −31.2 −31.3 −31.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.8 15.7 16.5 17.2 17.9 18.5 19.0 19.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.90 2.01 2.14 2.26 2.39 2.53 2.67 2.82
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.1 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 101 95 89 84 79 75 71 67
Pressure drop relative to reference 34.7% 32.5% 30.5% 28.7% 27.1% 25.6% 24.2% 23.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.6 53.4 53.1 52.8 52.4 52.0 51.5 51.0
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.9 30.2 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.2 27.9 27.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.9 29.2 28.6 28.1 27.6 27.2 26.9 26.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.3 41.8 41.4 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.7 23.2 23.5 23.7 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.4
TABLE 25
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744 and 30% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/30/70 2/30/68 4/30/66 6/30/64 8/30/62 10/30/60 12/30/58 14/30/56
COP (heating) 2.25 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.8% 107.5% 108.0% 108.4% 108.7% 109.0% 109.2% 109.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1323 1421 1522 1625 1730 1838 1949 2062
Capacity relative to Reference 150.5% 161.7% 173.2% 184.9% 196.9% 209.2% 221.8% 234.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 94.49 92.17 89.93 87.77 85.70 83.71 81.79 79.95
Critical pressure bar 48.05 48.86 49.66 50.46 51.25 52.03 52.82 53.60
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 285.4 292.4 298.9 304.9 310.6 315.9 321.0 325.8
Pressure ratio 13.81 13.64 13.46 13.26 13.05 12.84 12.61 12.39
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.6 23.2 22.8 22.4 22.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 138.8 141.6 144.3 146.8 149.3 151.7 154.1 156.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.25 1.33 1.42 1.52 1.62 1.72 1.83 1.94
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −33.3 −33.9 −34.5 −35.1 −35.7 −36.2 −36.8 −37.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −26.5 −26.0 −25.6 −25.1 −24.7 −24.3 −24.0 −23.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −21.5 −21.0 −20.6 −20.1 −19.7 −19.3 −19.0 −18.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3 −30.4 −30.5
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 6.8 7.9 9.0 10.0 11.0 11.9 12.8 13.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.22 1.30 1.40 1.49 1.59 1.70 1.81 1.92
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 171 156 144 132 123 114 106 99
Pressure drop relative to reference 58.5% 53.5% 49.1% 45.3% 42.0% 39.0% 36.4% 34.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.4 51.8 52.2 52.4 52.5 52.5 52.5 52.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 41.4 39.4 37.7 36.3 35.0 33.9 32.9 32.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 40.4 38.4 36.7 35.3 34.0 32.9 31.9 31.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 46.4 45.6 44.9 44.3 43.7 43.2 42.7 42.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 10.0 12.4 14.4 16.1 17.5 18.7 19.6 20.4
TABLE 26
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744 and 30% R-32
Composition CO2/R-32/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/30/54 18/30/52 20/3/50 22/30/48 24/30/46 26/30/44 28/30/42 30/30/40
COP (heating) 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.4% 109.4% 109.5% 109.5% 109.4% 109.4% 109.4% 109.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2177 2296 2416 2540 2667 2797 2931 3068
Capacity relative to Reference 247.8% 261.3% 275.0% 289.1% 303.5% 318.3% 333.5% 349.2%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.17 76.45 74.80 73.21 71.67 70.18 68.75 67.36
Critical pressure bar 54.37 55.15 55.92 56.70 57.47 58.24 59.01 59.78
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 330.3 334.7 338.8 342.7 346.4 350.0 353.3 356.5
Pressure ratio 12.16 11.93 11.70 11.48 11.25 11.03 10.80 10.58
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.0 20.8 20.6 20.4 20.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 158.5 160.6 162.6 164.6 166.5 168.3 170.1 171.7
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 2.06 2.18 2.31 2.44 2.57 2.72 2.87 3.02
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.9
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.8 −38.2 −38.7 −39.1 −39.4 −39.7 −40.0 −40.2
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.3 −23.1 −22.8 −22.6 −22.4 −22.3 −22.2 −22.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.3 −18.1 −17.8 −17.6 −17.4 −17.3 −17.2 −17.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.6 −30.7 −30.8 −30.8 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1 −31.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.4 15.2 15.8 16.4 17.0 17.4 17.8 18.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 2.04 2.16 2.29 2.42 2.56 2.71 2.86 3.01
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.8 29.8 30.8 31.9
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 93 87 82 78 73 69 66 62
Pressure drop relative to reference 31.9% 29.9% 28.2% 26.6% 25.1% 23.7% 22.5% 21.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.2 52.0 51.7 51.3 51.0 50.5 50.1 49.6
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.3 30.6 30.1 29.6 29.2 28.8 28.5 28.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.3 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.2 27.8 27.5 27.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.3 38.9
Condenser glide (in-out) K 20.9 21.3 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.7 21.6 21.3
TABLE 27
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-
1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/5/90 2/5/5/88 4/5/5/86 6/5/5/84 8/5/5/82 10/5/5/80 12/5/5/78 14/5/5/76
COP (heating) 2.07 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23
COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.2% 100.3% 101.9% 103.2% 104.1% 104.9% 105.5% 106.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 748 833 920 1012 1106 1203 1302 1405
Capacity relative to Reference 85.2% 94.8% 104.7% 115.1% 125.8% 136.9% 148.2% 159.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 106.20 102.70 99.37 96.19 93.18 90.31 87.59 84.99
Critical pressure bar 39.52 40.32 41.10 41.86 42.62 43.37 44.11 44.86
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 227.4 238.4 247.9 256.2 263.7 270.3 276.5 282.1
Pressure ratio 17.76 17.77 17.68 17.47 17.19 16.87 16.51 16.14
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.7 30.2 29.0 28.1 27.3 26.6 26.0 25.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 118.5 122.3 125.8 129.0 132.0 134.8 137.5 140.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.75 0.80 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.09 1.18 1.27
Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.1 13.3 14.4 15.6 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.6 −31.3 −32.1 −32.9 −33.7 −34.6 −35.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.4 −28.7 −28.0 −27.3 −26.5 −25.8 −25.1 −24.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.4 −23.7 −23.0 −22.3 −21.5 −20.8 −20.1 −19.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.5 1.9 3.3 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.5 11.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.68 0.75 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.15 1.24
Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.1 13.3 14.4 15.6 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 358 311 273 242 217 196 178 162
Pressure drop relative to reference 122.7% 106.4% 93.5% 83.0% 74.3% 67.0% 60.9% 55.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.6 55.1 56.3 57.2 58.0 58.5 58.9 59.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.6 44.2 40.7 37.9 35.6 33.7 32.1 30.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.6 43.2 39.7 36.9 34.6 32.7 31.1 29.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 51.1 49.7 48.5 47.6 46.8 46.1 45.5 44.9
Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.0 10.8 15.5 19.3 22.4 24.9 26.8 28.4
TABLE 28
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/5/74 18/5/5/72 20/5/5/70 22/5/5/68 24/5/5/66 26/5/5/64 28/5/5/62 30/5/5/60
COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.3% 106.6% 106.8% 106.9% 107.0% 107.0% 106.9% 106.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1509 1615 1722 1831 1941 2052 2164 2277
Capacity relative to Reference 171.7% 183.7% 196.0% 208.4% 220.9% 233.5% 246.2% 259.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 82.52 80.17 77.92 75.76 73.71 71.74 69.85 68.04
Critical pressure bar 45.60 46.34 47.08 47.82 48.56 49.30 50.04 50.78
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 287.4 292.4 297.2 301.7 306.1 310.4 314.5 318.5
Pressure ratio 15.77 15.40 15.03 14.68 14.35 14.02 13.72 13.42
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.1 24.6 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 142.4 144.8 147.1 149.3 151.6 153.8 155.9 158.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.68 1.79 1.90 2.02 2.14
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.2 22.2 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.5 −37.4 −38.4 −39.3 −40.2 −41.1 −42.0 −42.8
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.8 −23.2 −22.7 −22.3 −21.9 −21.5 −21.2 −21.0
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.8 −18.2 −17.7 −17.3 −16.9 −16.5 −16.2 −16.0
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.3 −30.5 −30.8 −31.0 −31.3 −31.6 −31.9
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.7 14.2 15.6 17.0 18.4 19.6 20.8 21.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.34 1.45 1.55 1.66 1.77 1.89 2.00 2.12
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.2 22.2 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 149 137 127 118 111 103 97 91
Pressure drop relative to reference 51.0% 47.1% 43.6% 40.5% 37.8% 35.4% 33.3% 31.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 59.2 59.2 59.0 58.8 58.5 58.1 57.7 57.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.6 28.7 27.9 27.1 26.5 26.0 25.5 25.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.6 27.7 26.9 26.1 25.5 25.0 24.5 24.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.4 43.9 43.5 43.0 42.5 42.1 41.6 41.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 29.6 30.5 31.2 31.7 32.0 32.1 32.1 32.0
TABLE 29
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/10/85 2/5/10/83 4/5/10/81 6/5/10/79 8/5/10/77 10/5/10/75 12/5/10/73 14/5/10/71
COP (heating) 2.08 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.20 2.21 2.23 2.24
COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.5% 100.5% 102.0% 103.3% 104.2% 105.0% 105.5% 106.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 766 852 940 1032 1127 1226 1326 1430
Capacity relative to Reference 87.2% 96.9% 107.0% 117.5% 128.3% 139.5% 151.0% 162.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 105.78 102.29 98.97 95.82 92.83 89.99 87.28 84.71
Critical pressure bar 39.92 40.71 41.48 42.23 42.99 43.73 44.48 45.22
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 228.3 239.1 248.6 256.8 264.2 270.9 276.9 282.5
Pressure ratio 17.57 17.58 17.48 17.27 17.00 16.68 16.33 15.97
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.5 30.1 29.0 28.0 27.3 26.6 26.0 25.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 119.0 122.7 126.2 129.4 132.4 135.2 137.8 140.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.76 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.30
Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.3 13.5 14.6 15.8 16.9 18.0 19.2 20.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.0 −30.6 −31.4 −32.1 −32.9 −33.7 −34.6 −35.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.4 −28.7 −28.0 −27.3 −26.6 −25.8 −25.1 −24.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.4 −23.7 −23.0 −22.3 −21.6 −20.8 −20.1 −19.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.6 1.9 3.3 4.8 6.3 7.9 9.4 11.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.70 0.77 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.27
Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.3 13.5 14.6 15.8 16.9 18.0 19.2 20.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 349 303 267 237 212 192 174 159
Pressure drop relative to reference 119.4% 103.8% 91.3% 81.1% 72.7% 65.7% 59.7% 54.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.4 54.8 56.0 56.9 57.6 58.2 58.5 58.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.6 44.3 40.8 38.0 35.7 33.9 32.3 31.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.6 43.3 39.8 37.0 34.7 32.9 31.3 30.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 51.0 49.6 48.4 47.5 46.7 46.0 45.4 44.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.9 10.5 15.2 18.9 21.9 24.3 26.2 27.8
TABLE 30
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/10/69 18/5/10/67 20/5/10/65 22/5/10/63 24/5/10/61 26/5/10/59 28/5/10/57 30/5/10/55
COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.4% 106.7% 106.8% 107.0% 107.0% 107.0% 107.0% 106.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1535 1643 1752 1862 1974 2088 2202 2318
Capacity relative to Reference 174.7% 187.0% 199.4% 212.0% 224.7% 237.6% 250.6% 263.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 82.25 79.91 77.68 75.54 73.50 71.55 69.67 67.87
Critical pressure bar 45.96 46.71 47.45 48.19 48.93 49.67 50.40 51.14
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 287.8 292.8 297.5 302.0 306.3 310.5 314.6 318.5
Pressure ratio 15.60 15.23 14.87 14.52 14.18 13.86 13.55 13.25
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.0 24.6 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 142.8 145.1 147.4 149.6 151.8 154.0 156.1 158.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.71 1.83 1.94 2.06 2.19
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.4 22.5 23.5 24.6 25.6 26.7 27.7 28.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.4 −37.3 −38.2 −39.1 −40.0 −40.9 −41.7 −42.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.9 −23.3 −22.8 −22.4 −22.0 −21.6 −21.3 −21.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.9 −18.3 −17.8 −17.4 −17.0 −16.6 −16.3 −16.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.3 −30.5 −30.7 −31.0 −31.2 −31.5 −31.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.5 14.0 15.4 16.8 18.1 19.3 20.4 21.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.37 1.47 1.58 1.69 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.4 22.5 23.5 24.6 25.6 26.7 27.7 28.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 146 135 125 116 109 102 95 90
Pressure drop relative to reference 50.1% 46.2% 42.8% 39.8% 37.2% 34.8% 32.7% 30.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 58.8 58.8 58.6 58.4 58.1 57.7 57.2 56.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.9 28.9 28.1 27.4 26.8 26.3 25.8 25.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.9 27.9 27.1 26.4 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.4
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.3 43.8 43.4 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 29.0 29.9 30.5 31.0 31.3 31.4 31.4 31.3
TABLE 31
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/20/75 2/5/20/73 4/5/20/71 6/5/20/69 8/5/20/67 10/5/20/65 12/5/20/63 14/5/20/61
COP (heating) 2.08 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24
COP (heating) relative to Reference 98.9% 100.8% 102.3% 103.5% 104.4% 105.1% 105.7% 106.1%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 801 888 978 1072 1170 1270 1373 1479
Capacity relative to Reference 91.2% 101.1% 111.3% 122.0% 133.1% 144.5% 156.2% 168.3%
Critical temperature ° C. 104.94 101.49 98.21 95.11 92.16 89.36 86.70 84.16
Critical pressure bar 40.64 41.40 42.16 42.91 43.66 44.41 45.15 45.90
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 230.1 240.7 250.0 258.2 265.5 272.1 278.1 283.6
Pressure ratio 17.21 17.22 17.12 16.93 16.65 16.35 16.00 15.65
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.3 29.9 28.8 27.9 27.1 26.5 25.9 25.4
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 120.0 123.7 127.1 130.3 133.3 136.1 138.7 141.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.79 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35
Condenser inlet pressure bar 12.7 13.8 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.0 −30.7 −31.4 −32.1 −32.8 −33.6 −34.5 −35.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.3 −28.7 −28.1 −27.3 −26.6 −25.9 −25.3 −24.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.3 −23.7 −23.1 −22.3 −21.6 −20.9 −20.3 −19.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.7 2.0 3.3 4.7 6.2 7.7 9.2 10.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.74 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.04 1.13 1.22 1.32
Compressor discharge pressure bar 12.7 13.8 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 332 289 255 227 204 185 168 154
Pressure drop relative to reference 113.6% 99.0% 87.4% 77.8% 69.9% 63.2% 57.5% 52.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.0 54.3 55.4 56.3 57.0 57.5 57.8 58.0
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.5 44.4 41.0 38.3 36.0 34.2 32.6 31.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.5 43.4 40.0 37.3 35.0 33.2 31.6 30.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 50.8 49.3 48.2 47.3 46.5 45.8 45.2 44.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.5 9.9 14.4 18.0 20.9 23.3 25.2 26.7
TABLE 32
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/20/59 18/5/20/57 20/5/20/55 22/5/20/53 24/5/20/51 26/5/20/49 28/5/20/47 30/5/20/45
COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.5% 106.7% 106.9% 107.1% 107.1% 107.2% 107.1% 107.1%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1587 1697 1810 1924 2040 2158 2277 2398
Capacity relative to Reference 180.6% 193.2% 206.0% 219.0% 232.2% 245.6% 259.1% 272.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.74 79.43 77.23 75.12 73.11 71.18 69.32 67.55
Critical pressure bar 46.64 47.38 48.12 48.86 49.61 50.35 51.09 51.83
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 288.8 293.7 298.3 302.7 307.0 311.0 315.0 318.8
Pressure ratio 15.28 14.92 14.57 14.22 13.89 13.56 13.25 12.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.5 23.1 22.9 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 143.6 145.9 148.1 150.3 152.4 154.5 156.6 158.6
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.45 1.55 1.66 1.78 1.90 2.02 2.14 2.27
Condenser inlet pressure bar 21.7 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.2 −37.0 −37.9 −38.8 −39.6 −40.4 −41.2 −41.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.0 −23.5 −23.0 −22.5 −22.1 −21.8 −21.5 −21.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.0 −18.5 −18.0 −17.5 −17.1 −16.8 −16.5 −16.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.3 −30.4 −30.6 −30.9 −31.1 −31.3 −31.6
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.1 13.5 14.9 16.2 17.4 18.6 19.7 20.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.76 1.88 2.00 2.13 2.26
Compressor discharge pressure bar 21.7 22.8 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 141 130 121 112 105 98 92 87
Pressure drop relative to reference 48.3% 44.6% 41.4% 38.5% 35.9% 33.6% 31.6% 29.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 58.0 58.0 57.8 57.6 57.3 56.9 56.4 55.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.2 29.3 28.5 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.3 25.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.2 28.3 27.5 26.8 26.2 25.7 25.3 24.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 44.1 43.6 43.2 42.7 42.3 41.8 41.4 40.9
Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.8 28.7 29.4 29.8 30.1 30.2 30.2 30.0
TABLE 33
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/30/65 2/5/30/63 4/5/30/61 6/5/30/59 8/5/30/57 10/2/30/55 12/5/30/53 14/5/30/51
COP (heating) 2.09 2.13 2.16 2.19 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24
COP (heating) relative to Reference 99.2% 101.1% 102.5% 103.7% 104.5% 105.2% 105.8% 106.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 833 922 1014 1109 1209 1311 1417 1525
Capacity relative to Reference 94.9% 104.9% 115.4% 126.3% 137.6% 149.2% 161.2% 173.6%
Critical temperature ° C. 104.11 100.71 97.48 94.43 91.52 88.76 86.14 83.64
Critical pressure bar 41.22 41.98 42.74 43.49 44.24 44.99 45.74 46.49
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 232.0 242.5 251.7 259.9 267.1 273.6 279.5 285.0
Pressure ratio 16.90 16.91 16.81 16.63 16.36 16.06 15.72 15.37
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 31.0 29.7 28.6 27.7 27.0 26.3 25.8 25.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 121.0 124.7 128.2 131.3 134.3 137.0 139.6 142.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.82 0.88 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.0 14.1 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 19.9 21.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.7 −31.4 −32.1 −32.8 −33.5 −34.3 −35.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.4 −28.8 −28.1 −27.4 −26.7 −26.1 −25.4 −24.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.4 −23.8 −23.1 −22.4 −21.7 −21.1 −20.4 −19.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.7 1.9 3.2 4.6 6.0 7.5 8.9 10.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.77 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.17 1.26 1.37
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.0 14.1 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 19.9 21.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 317 277 245 219 197 178 162 148
Pressure drop relative to reference 108.5% 94.9% 83.9% 74.8% 67.3% 60.9% 55.5% 50.8%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.6 53.8 54.9 55.7 56.3 56.8 57.1 57.3
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.5 44.4 41.1 38.4 36.2 34.4 32.9 31.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.5 43.4 40.1 37.4 35.2 33.4 31.9 30.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 50.5 49.1 48.0 47.1 46.3 45.6 45.0 44.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.1 9.4 13.7 17.3 20.1 22.4 24.3 25.7
TABLE 34
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/30/49 18/5/30/47 20/5/30/45 22/5/30/43 24/5/30/41 26/5/30/39 28/5/30/37 30/5/30/35
COP (heating) 2.25 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.6% 106.9% 107.1% 107.2% 107.3% 107.3% 107.3% 107.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1636 1749 1865 1983 2102 2224 2347 2473
Capacity relative to Reference 186.2% 199.1% 212.3% 225.6% 239.3% 253.1% 267.1% 281.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.25 78.98 76.80 74.72 72.73 70.82 68.99 67.24
Critical pressure bar 47.24 47.98 48.73 49.47 50.22 50.96 51.71 52.45
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 290.1 294.9 299.5 303.8 308.0 311.9 315.7 319.4
Pressure ratio 15.02 14.66 14.31 13.96 13.63 13.30 12.99 12.69
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.8 24.4 24.0 23.7 23.4 23.1 22.8 22.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 144.5 146.7 148.9 151.1 153.1 155.2 157.2 159.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.50 1.61 1.72 1.84 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.35
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.1 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.6 29.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.0 −36.8 −37.6 −38.4 −39.2 −40.0 −40.7 −41.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.2 −23.7 −23.2 −22.7 −22.3 −22.0 −21.7 −21.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.2 −18.7 −18.2 −17.7 −17.3 −17.0 −16.7 −16.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.2 −30.4 −30.6 −30.8 −31.0 −31.2 −31.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.8 13.1 14.4 15.7 16.9 18.0 19.1 20.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.47 1.58 1.70 1.82 1.94 2.07 2.20 2.34
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.1 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.6 28.6 29.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 136 126 117 109 102 95 89 84
Pressure drop relative to reference 46.7% 43.2% 40.0% 37.2% 34.8% 32.6% 30.6% 28.8%
Condenser dew point ° C. 57.4 57.3 57.1 56.9 56.6 56.2 55.8 55.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.5 29.6 28.8 28.1 27.6 27.1 26.7 26.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.5 28.6 27.8 27.1 26.6 26.1 25.7 25.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.9 43.4 43.0 42.5 42.1 41.6 41.2 40.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 26.9 27.7 28.3 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.1 28.9
TABLE 35
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/40/55 2/5/40/53 4/5/40/51 6/5/40/49 8/5/40/47 10/5/40/45 12/5/40/43 14/5/40/41
COP (heating) 2.10 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24
COP (heating) relative to Reference 99.6% 101.4% 102.8% 103.9% 104.7% 105.4% 106.0% 106.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 863 953 1047 1144 1245 1350 1457 1568
Capacity relative to Reference 98.2% 108.5% 119.1% 130.2% 141.7% 153.7% 165.9% 178.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 103.30 99.95 96.78 93.77 90.91 88.19 85.60 83.14
Critical pressure bar 41.67 42.44 43.21 43.97 44.73 45.49 46.24 47.00
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 234.1 244.6 253.7 261.8 269.0 275.4 281.3 286.8
Pressure ratio 16.63 16.64 16.55 16.37 16.11 15.81 15.49 15.14
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.8 29.4 28.4 27.5 26.8 26.1 25.6 25.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 122.1 125.8 129.3 132.5 135.4 138.1 140.7 143.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.85 0.91 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.43
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.2 14.4 15.5 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.2 21.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.7 −31.3 −32.0 −32.7 −33.4 −34.2 −35.0
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.4 −28.9 −28.2 −27.6 −26.9 −26.2 −25.5 −24.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.4 −23.9 −23.2 −22.6 −21.9 −21.2 −20.5 −19.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.7 1.8 3.1 4.5 5.8 7.2 8.6 10.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.79 0.86 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.30 1.41
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.2 14.4 15.5 16.7 17.9 19.0 20.2 21.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 304 266 236 211 190 172 157 144
Pressure drop relative to reference 104.0% 91.2% 80.8% 72.2% 65.0% 58.9% 53.7% 49.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.1 53.3 54.3 55.1 55.8 56.2 56.5 56.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.5 44.5 41.2 38.5 36.4 34.5 33.0 31.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.5 43.5 40.2 37.5 35.4 33.5 32.0 30.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 50.3 48.9 47.8 46.8 46.1 45.4 44.8 44.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 3.6 8.8 13.1 16.6 19.4 21.7 23.5 24.9
TABLE 36
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/40/39 18/5/40/37 20/5/40/35 22/5/40/33 24/5/40/31 26/5/40/29 28/5/40/27 30/5/40/25
COP (heating) 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.7% 107.0% 107.2% 107.3% 107.4% 107.5% 107.5% 107.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1682 1798 1916 2037 2160 2284 2411 2540
Capacity relative to Reference 191.4% 204.6% 218.1% 231.8% 245.8% 260.0% 274.4% 289.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.79 78.54 76.39 74.34 72.38 70.49 68.68 66.95
Critical pressure bar 47.75 48.51 49.26 50.01 50.76 51.51 52.26 53.01
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 291.8 296.6 301.0 305.3 309.4 313.2 317.0 320.6
Pressure ratio 14.79 14.44 14.09 13.74 13.41 13.09 12.78 12.48
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.7 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.3 23.0 22.7 22.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 145.5 147.7 149.9 152.0 154.0 156.0 158.0 159.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.54 1.65 1.77 1.89 2.02 2.15 2.29 2.43
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.4 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.8 −36.6 −37.4 −38.2 −38.9 −39.7 −40.4 −41.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.4 −23.8 −23.3 −22.9 −22.5 −22.1 −21.8 −21.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.4 −18.8 −18.3 −17.9 −17.5 −17.1 −16.8 −16.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.2 −30.4 −30.5 −30.7 −30.9 −31.1 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.4 12.8 14.1 15.3 16.5 17.6 18.6 19.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.52 1.63 1.75 1.87 2.00 2.13 2.27 2.41
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.4 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 132 122 113 106 99 92 87 82
Pressure drop relative to reference 45.3% 41.8% 38.8% 36.1% 33.7% 31.6% 29.7% 27.9%
Condenser dew point ° C. 56.7 56.7 56.5 56.3 56.0 55.6 55.2 54.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.7 29.8 29.0 28.3 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.7 28.8 28.0 27.3 26.8 26.3 25.9 25.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.7 43.2 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.5 41.0 40.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 26.1 26.9 27.5 28.0 28.2 28.3 28.3 28.1
TABLE 37
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 5% R-32 and 50% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/5/50/45 2/5/50/43 4/5/50/41 6/5/50/39 8/5/50/37 10/5/50/35 12/5/50/33 14/5/50/31
COP (heating) 2.11 2.15 2.17 2.20 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.0% 101.7% 103.1% 104.1% 105.0% 105.6% 106.2% 106.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 890 981 1076 1176 1278 1385 1495 1607
Capacity relative to Reference 101.3% 111.7% 122.5% 133.8% 145.5% 157.6% 170.1% 182.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 102.50 99.21 96.09 93.13 90.31 87.63 85.09 82.66
Critical pressure bar 42.02 42.80 43.58 44.35 45.12 45.89 46.66 47.43
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 236.4 246.8 256.0 264.0 271.2 277.6 283.5 288.9
Pressure ratio 16.40 16.42 16.33 16.15 15.91 15.61 15.30 14.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 30.5 29.2 28.1 27.3 26.6 25.9 25.4 24.9
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 123.3 127.1 130.5 133.7 136.6 139.3 141.9 144.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.87 0.93 1.01 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.47
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.4 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.1 19.3 20.5 21.6
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.7 −31.3 −32.0 −32.6 −33.3 −34.1 −34.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.5 −29.0 −28.3 −27.7 −27.0 −26.3 −25.7 −25.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.5 −24.0 −23.3 −22.7 −22.0 −21.3 −20.7 −20.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 0.6 1.7 3.0 4.3 5.6 7.0 8.4 9.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.82 0.89 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.24 1.34 1.44
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.4 14.6 15.8 17.0 18.1 19.3 20.5 21.6
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 293 257 228 204 184 167 152 139
Pressure drop relative to reference 100.2% 87.9% 78.0% 69.8% 62.9% 57.0% 52.0% 47.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.6 52.8 53.8 54.6 55.3 55.7 56.0 56.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 48.5 44.5 41.2 38.6 36.4 34.6 33.1 31.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 47.5 43.5 40.2 37.6 35.4 33.6 32.1 30.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 50.0 48.6 47.5 46.6 45.8 45.1 44.5 44.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 3.2 8.3 12.6 16.1 18.9 21.1 22.9 24.4
TABLE 38
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 5% R-32 and 50% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/5/50/29 18/5/50/27 20/5/50/25 22/5/50/23 24/5/50/21 26/5/50/19 28/5/50/17 30/5/50/15
COP (heating) 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.9% 107.2% 107.4% 107.5% 107.6% 107.7% 107.7% 107.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1723 1841 1962 2085 2211 2338 2467 2599
Capacity relative to Reference 196.1% 209.6% 223.3% 237.3% 251.6% 266.1% 280.8% 295.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.34 78.12 76.00 73.98 72.04 70.17 68.39 66.67
Critical pressure bar 48.19 48.96 49.72 50.48 51.24 52.00 52.76 53.52
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 293.9 298.6 303.0 307.2 311.2 315.1 318.7 322.3
Pressure ratio 14.61 14.26 13.91 13.57 13.24 12.93 12.62 12.32
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.4 23.1 22.9 22.6 22.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 146.6 148.9 151.0 153.1 155.1 157.1 159.0 160.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.58 1.69 1.81 1.94 2.07 2.20 2.34 2.48
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.7 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4 30.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.6 −36.4 −37.2 −38.0 −38.8 −39.5 −40.2 −40.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.5 −23.9 −23.4 −23.0 −22.6 −22.2 −21.9 −21.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.5 −18.9 −18.4 −18.0 −17.6 −17.2 −16.9 −16.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.1 −30.2 −30.3 −30.5 −30.7 −30.9 −31.1 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.2 12.5 13.8 15.0 16.2 17.3 18.3 19.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.56 1.67 1.80 1.92 2.05 2.19 2.33 2.47
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.7 23.9 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.4 30.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 128 119 110 103 96 90 84 79
Pressure drop relative to reference 43.9% 40.6% 37.7% 35.1% 32.8% 30.7% 28.9% 27.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 56.2 56.2 56.0 55.8 55.5 55.1 54.7 54.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.8 29.9 29.1 28.4 27.9 27.4 27.0 26.7
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.8 28.9 28.1 27.4 26.9 26.4 26.0 25.7
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.5 43.0 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.5 26.3 26.9 27.4 27.6 27.7 27.7 27.5
TABLE 39
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/5/85 2/10/5/83 4/10/5/81 6/10/5/79 8/10/5/77 10/10/5/75 12/10/5/73 14/10/5/71
COP (heating) 2.13 2.16 2.18 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.8% 102.4% 103.6% 104.6% 105.4% 106.0% 106.5% 106.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 865 953 1044 1139 1237 1337 1439 1544
Capacity relative to Reference 98.4% 108.5% 118.9% 129.7% 140.7% 152.1% 163.8% 175.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 103.31 100.13 97.08 94.18 91.40 88.76 86.23 83.82
Critical pressure bar 41.66 42.48 43.26 44.03 44.79 45.54 46.28 47.03
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 240.9 250.5 258.9 266.5 273.3 279.6 285.4 290.8
Pressure ratio 16.85 16.76 16.59 16.35 16.07 15.77 15.44 15.12
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.9 28.7 27.8 27.0 26.3 25.8 25.2 24.8
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 123.1 126.5 129.7 132.7 135.6 138.2 140.8 143.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.84 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.41
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.2 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.8 −31.5 −32.2 −33.0 −33.8 −34.6 −35.4 −36.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.6 −27.9 −27.2 −26.5 −25.8 −25.2 −24.6 −24.0
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.6 −22.9 −22.2 −21.5 −20.8 −20.2 −19.6 −19.0
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.2 3.5 5.0 6.4 7.9 9.4 10.9 12.3
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.79 0.86 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.19 1.29 1.39
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.2 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 297 262 233 209 189 172 157 144
Pressure drop relative to reference 101.6% 89.6% 79.7% 71.5% 64.7% 58.8% 53.8% 49.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.6 54.7 55.7 56.4 56.9 57.3 57.6 57.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 46.0 42.5 39.6 37.2 35.2 33.6 32.2 31.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 45.0 41.5 38.6 36.2 34.2 32.6 31.2 30.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 49.8 48.6 47.6 46.8 46.1 45.5 44.9 44.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.7 12.3 16.1 19.2 21.7 23.7 25.4 26.7
TABLE 40
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/5/69 18/10/5/67 20/10/5/65 22/10/5/63 24/10/5/61 26/10/5/59 28/10/5/57 30/10/5/55
COP (heating) 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.1% 107.3% 107.5% 107.5% 107.6% 107.5% 107.5% 107.4%
Volumetric heating capacity y at suction kJ/m3 1650 1758 1868 1979 2092 2206 2323 2440
Capacity relative to Reference 187.8% 200.1% 212.6% 225.3% 238.1% 251.1% 264.3% 277.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.51 79.31 77.20 75.17 73.24 71.38 69.59 67.88
Critical pressure bar 47.77 48.51 49.25 49.99 50.72 51.46 52.19 52.93
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 295.9 300.8 305.4 309.9 314.1 318.3 322.3 326.1
Pressure ratio 14.79 14.46 14.14 13.84 13.54 13.25 12.96 12.69
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.2 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 145.6 147.9 150.2 152.4 154.6 156.7 158.8 160.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.51 1.62 1.72 1.84 1.95 2.07 2.19 2.32
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.0 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.2 −38.0 −38.9 −39.7 −40.5 −41.2 −41.9 −42.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.4 −23.0 −22.5 −22.1 −21.8 −21.5 −21.3 −21.0
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.4 −18.0 −17.5 −17.1 −16.8 −16.5 −16.3 −16.0
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.5 −30.7 −30.9 −31.1 −31.4 −31.6 −31.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.7 15.1 16.3 17.5 18.7 19.7 20.7 21.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.49 1.59 1.70 1.82 1.93 2.05 2.18 2.30
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.0 23.1 24.1 25.1 26.2 27.2 28.2 29.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 133 124 115 107 101 94 89 84
Pressure drop relative to reference 45.6% 42.3% 39.4% 36.8% 34.4% 32.3% 30.4% 28.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 57.7 57.6 57.4 57.1 56.8 56.4 55.9 55.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.0 29.1 28.3 27.7 27.1 26.6 26.2 25.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.0 28.1 27.3 26.7 26.1 25.6 25.2 24.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.8 43.3 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 40.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.7 28.5 29.1 29.4 29.7 29.7 29.7 29.5
TABLE 41
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/10/80 2/10/10/78 4/10/10/76 6/10/10/74 8/10/10/72 10/10/10/70 12/10/10/68 14/10/10/66
COP (heating) 2.13 2.16 2.19 2.21 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.25
COP (heating) relative to Reference 100.9% 102.5% 103.7% 104.7% 105.4% 106.0% 106.5% 106.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 883 972 1064 1160 1258 1359 1463 1569
Capacity relative to Reference 100.5% 110.6% 121.1% 132.0% 143.2% 154.7% 166.5% 178.6%
Critical temperature ° C. 102.94 99.76 96.73 93.84 91.08 88.45 85.94 83.55
Critical pressure bar 42.01 42.80 43.57 44.34 45.09 45.84 46.59 47.33
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 241.7 251.1 259.6 267.1 273.9 280.1 285.9 291.3
Pressure ratio 16.67 16.58 16.42 16.18 15.91 15.61 15.29 14.97
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.8 28.7 27.7 27.0 26.3 25.7 25.2 24.7
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 123.6 127.0 130.2 133.2 136.0 138.6 141.2 143.6
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.85 0.92 0.99 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.34 1.44
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.4 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.8 18.9 20.0 21.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.8 −31.5 −32.2 −32.9 −33.7 −34.5 −35.3 −36.2
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.6 −28.0 −27.3 −26.6 −25.9 −25.3 −24.7 −24.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.6 −23.0 −22.3 −21.6 −20.9 −20.3 −19.7 −19.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.2 3.5 4.9 6.3 7.8 9.2 10.7 12.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.03 1.12 1.21 1.31 1.41
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.4 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.8 18.9 20.0 21.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 290 256 228 205 185 169 154 142
Pressure drop relative to reference 99.3% 87.7% 78.1% 70.1% 63.4% 57.7% 52.8% 48.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.4 54.4 55.3 56.0 56.6 57.0 57.2 57.3
Condenser bubble point ° C. 46.1 42.6 39.7 37.4 35.4 33.8 32.4 31.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 45.1 41.6 38.7 36.4 34.4 32.8 31.4 30.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 49.7 48.5 47.5 46.7 46.0 45.4 44.8 44.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.3 11.9 15.6 18.7 21.2 23.2 24.8 26.1
TABLE 42
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
10/64 10/62 10/60 10/58 10/56 10/54 10/52 10/50
COP (heating) 2.26 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.2% 107.4% 107.5% 107.6% 107.6% 107.6% 107.6% 107.5%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1677 1787 1898 2011 2126 2243 2362 2483
Capacity relative to Reference 190.8% 203.3% 216.0% 228.9% 242.0% 255.3% 268.8% 282.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 81.26 79.07 76.97 74.96 73.03 71.19 69.41 67.71
Critical pressure bar 48.07 48.81 49.55 50.29 51.03 51.76 52.50 53.23
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 296.3 301.2 305.8 310.2 314.4 318.5 322.4 326.2
Pressure ratio 14.64 14.32 14.00 13.69 13.39 13.10 12.81 12.54
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.3 23.9 23.5 23.2 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 146.0 148.3 150.5 152.7 154.9 157.0 159.0 161.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.54 1.64 1.76 1.87 1.99 2.11 2.24 2.37
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.2 23.3 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.5 29.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.0 −37.8 −38.6 −39.4 −40.2 −40.9 −41.6 −42.2
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.6 −23.1 −22.6 −22.3 −21.9 −21.6 −21.4 −21.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.6 −18.1 −17.6 −17.3 −16.9 −16.6 −16.4 −16.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −31.1 −31.3 −31.5 −31.7
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.5 14.8 16.0 17.2 18.3 19.3 20.2 21.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.52 1.62 1.74 1.85 1.97 2.09 2.22 2.35
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.2 23.3 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.4 28.5 29.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 131 122 113 106 99 93 87 82
Pressure drop relative to reference 44.9% 41.6% 38.7% 36.1% 33.8% 31.8% 29.9% 28.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 57.3 57.2 57.0 56.7 56.4 56.0 55.5 55.0
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.2 29.3 28.6 27.9 27.4 26.9 26.5 26.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.2 28.3 27.6 26.9 26.4 25.9 25.5 25.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.7 43.3 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 27.1 27.9 28.4 28.8 29.0 29.1 29.0 28.9
TABLE 43
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/20/70 2/10/20/68 4/10/20/66 6/10/20/64 8/10/20/62 10/10/20/60 12/10/20/58 14/10/20/56
COP (heating) 2.13 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 101.2% 102.7% 103.9% 104.8% 105.6% 106.2% 106.6% 107.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 917 1007 1101 1198 1299 1403 1509 1617
Capacity relative to Reference 104.3% 114.6% 125.3% 136.4% 147.9% 159.7% 171.7% 184.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 102.20 99.05 96.05 93.19 90.47 87.87 85.40 83.03
Critical pressure bar 42.60 43.37 44.14 44.89 45.65 46.39 47.14 47.89
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 243.2 252.7 261.0 268.5 275.2 281.4 287.1 292.5
Pressure ratio 16.35 16.27 16.12 15.89 15.62 15.33 15.02 14.70
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.6 28.5 27.6 26.8 26.2 25.6 25.1 24.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 124.5 127.9 131.1 134.1 136.9 139.5 142.1 144.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.89 0.95 1.03 1.11 1.19 1.29 1.38 1.48
Condenser inlet pressure bar 13.7 14.8 15.9 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.8 −31.4 −32.1 −32.8 −33.6 −34.3 −35.1 −35.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.7 −28.0 −27.4 −26.7 −26.1 −25.4 −24.8 −24.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.7 −23.0 −22.4 −21.7 −21.1 −20.4 −19.8 −19.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.1 3.4 4.7 6.1 7.5 8.9 10.3 11.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.84 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.26 1.36 1.46
Compressor discharge pressure bar 13.7 14.8 15.9 17.0 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 278 246 220 197 179 163 149 137
Pressure drop relative to reference 95.2% 84.2% 75.2% 67.6% 61.2% 55.8% 51.1% 47.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.8 53.9 54.7 55.4 55.9 56.2 56.5 56.6
Condenser bubble point ° C. 46.2 42.8 40.0 37.7 35.7 34.1 32.7 31.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 45.2 41.8 39.0 36.7 34.7 33.1 31.7 30.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 49.5 48.3 47.4 46.5 45.8 45.2 44.6 44.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.6 11.0 14.7 17.7 20.2 22.2 23.8 25.0
TABLE 44
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
20/54 20/52 20/50 20/48 20/46 20/44 20/42 20/40
COP (heating) 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.3% 107.5% 107.6% 107.7% 107.7% 107.7% 107.7% 107.7%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1728 1841 1956 2073 2193 2314 2438 2563
Capacity relative to Reference 196.7% 209.5% 222.6% 236.0% 249.5% 263.3% 277.4% 291.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.77 78.61 76.54 74.56 72.66 70.83 69.08 67.39
Critical pressure bar 48.63 49.37 50.12 50.86 51.60 52.34 53.08 53.82
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 297.5 302.2 306.7 311.0 315.1 319.1 322.9 326.5
Pressure ratio 14.38 14.06 13.74 13.43 13.13 12.84 12.55 12.27
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.2 22.8 22.6 22.3 22.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 146.8 149.1 151.3 153.4 155.5 157.5 159.5 161.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.59 1.70 1.82 1.94 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.46
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.7 −37.5 −38.2 −39.0 −39.7 −40.4 −41.0 −41.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.8 −23.3 −22.9 −22.5 −22.1 −21.9 −21.6 −21.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.8 −18.3 −17.9 −17.5 −17.1 −16.9 −16.6 −16.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.2 −30.4 −30.6 −30.7 −30.9 −31.1 −31.3 −31.5
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.9 14.2 15.4 16.5 17.6 18.5 19.4 20.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.57 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.30 2.44
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.6 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 127 118 109 102 96 90 85 80
Pressure drop relative to reference 43.4% 40.3% 37.5% 35.0% 32.8% 30.8% 28.9% 27.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 56.6 56.4 56.3 56.0 55.6 55.2 54.8 54.3
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.5 29.7 28.9 28.3 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.5 28.7 27.9 27.3 26.8 26.3 25.9 25.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.5 43.1 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.3 40.8 40.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 26.0 26.8 27.3 27.7 27.9 27.9 27.9 27.7
TABLE 45
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/30/60 2/10/30/58 4/10/30/56 6/10/30/54 8/10/30/52 10/10/30/50 12/10/30/48 14/10/30/46
COP (heating) 2.14 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 101.5% 102.9% 104.1% 105.0% 105.7% 106.3% 106.7% 107.1%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 948 1040 1135 1234 1337 1443 1551 1662
Capacity relative to Reference 107.8% 118.3% 129.2% 140.5% 152.2% 164.2% 176.5% 189.2%
Critical temperature ° C. 101.47 98.35 95.39 92.57 89.89 87.33 84.88 82.55
Critical pressure bar 43.07 43.84 44.60 45.36 46.12 46.87 47.63 48.38
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 245.0 254.4 262.7 270.2 276.9 283.0 288.7 294.0
Pressure ratio 16.08 16.00 15.85 15.64 15.38 15.09 14.79 14.47
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.4 28.3 27.4 26.6 26.0 25.4 24.9 24.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 125.6 129.0 132.2 135.2 137.9 140.6 143.1 145.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.91 0.98 1.06 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.53
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.0 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.8 −31.4 −32.0 −32.7 −33.4 −34.1 −34.9 −35.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.8 −28.2 −27.5 −26.9 −26.3 −25.6 −25.0 −24.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.8 −23.2 −22.5 −21.9 −21.3 −20.6 −20.0 −19.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.0 3.2 4.5 5.8 7.2 8.5 9.8 11.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.87 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.51
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.0 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.5 19.6 20.7 21.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 267 237 212 191 173 158 144 133
Pressure drop relative to reference 91.6% 81.1% 72.5% 65.3% 59.2% 54.0% 49.5% 45.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.3 53.3 54.1 54.8 55.3 55.6 55.8 55.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 46.4 43.0 40.2 37.9 35.9 34.3 33.0 31.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 45.4 42.0 39.2 36.9 34.9 33.3 32.0 30.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 49.3 48.1 47.2 46.3 45.6 45.0 44.4 43.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.9 10.3 13.9 16.9 19.3 21.3 22.9 24.1
TABLE 46
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
30/44 30/42 30/40 30/38 30/36 30/34 30/32 30/30
COP (heating) 2.26 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.4% 107.6% 107.7% 107.8% 107.9% 107.9% 107.9% 107.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1776 1892 2011 2131 2254 2379 2507 2637
Capacity relative to Reference 202.1% 215.4% 228.8% 242.6% 256.5% 270.8% 285.3% 300.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.32 78.19 76.15 74.19 72.31 70.50 68.77 67.11
Critical pressure bar 49.13 49.88 50.62 51.37 52.12 52.87 53.61 54.36
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 298.9 303.6 308.0 312.2 316.3 320.1 323.8 327.3
Pressure ratio 14.15 13.83 13.52 13.21 12.91 12.61 12.33 12.05
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 24.1 23.7 23.4 23.1 22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 147.8 150.0 152.1 154.2 156.3 158.2 160.2 162.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.64 1.75 1.87 1.99 2.12 2.26 2.39 2.54
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.4 −37.1 −37.9 −38.6 −39.3 −39.9 −40.5 −41.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.0 −23.5 −23.1 −22.7 −22.4 −22.1 −21.8 −21.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.0 −18.5 −18.1 −17.7 −17.4 −17.1 −16.8 −16.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.2 −30.3 −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −31.0 −31.2 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.4 13.6 14.8 15.9 16.9 17.9 18.8 19.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.62 1.73 1.85 1.98 2.11 2.24 2.38 2.52
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.9 24.0 25.0 26.1 27.2 28.3 29.3 30.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 123 114 106 99 93 87 82 77
Pressure drop relative to reference 42.1% 39.0% 36.3% 33.9% 31.8% 29.8% 28.1% 26.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 55.9 55.8 55.6 55.3 55.0 54.6 54.2 53.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.8 29.9 29.2 28.6 28.1 27.6 27.2 26.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.8 28.9 28.2 27.6 27.1 26.6 26.2 25.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.3 42.9 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 40.7 40.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.1 25.8 26.4 26.7 26.9 27.0 26.9 26.8
TABLE 47
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/40/50 2/10/40/48 4/10/40/46 6/10/40/44 8/10/40/42 10/10/40/40 12/10/40/38 14/10/40/36
COP (heating) 2.14 2.17 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 101.7% 103.2% 104.3% 105.1% 105.9% 106.4% 106.9% 107.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 976 1069 1167 1267 1372 1480 1591 1704
Capacity relative to Reference 111.1% 121.7% 132.8% 144.2% 156.1% 168.4% 181.1% 193.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 100.75 97.68 94.76 91.98 89.33 86.81 84.40 82.10
Critical pressure bar 43.42 44.20 44.97 45.74 46.51 47.27 48.04 48.80
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 247.0 256.4 264.8 272.2 278.9 285.0 290.6 295.9
Pressure ratio 15.84 15.77 15.63 15.43 15.18 14.89 14.59 14.28
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 29.1 28.1 27.2 26.5 25.8 25.3 24.8 24.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 126.7 130.1 133.3 136.3 139.1 141.7 144.2 146.6
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.94 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.46 1.57
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 19.8 21.0 22.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.7 −31.3 −31.9 −32.6 −33.3 −34.0 −34.7 −35.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.9 −28.3 −27.7 −27.1 −26.4 −25.8 −25.2 −24.7
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.9 −23.3 −22.7 −22.1 −21.4 −20.8 −20.2 −19.7
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 1.8 3.0 4.2 5.5 6.9 8.2 9.5 10.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.90 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.44 1.55
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.6 18.7 19.8 21.0 22.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 258 229 205 185 168 153 140 129
Pressure drop relative to reference 88.4% 78.4% 70.2% 63.3% 57.4% 52.3% 48.0% 44.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.7 52.7 53.5 54.2 54.7 55.0 55.2 55.3
Condenser bubble point ° C. 46.5 43.1 40.3 38.0 36.1 34.5 33.1 31.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 45.5 42.1 39.3 37.0 35.1 33.5 32.1 30.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 49.1 47.9 46.9 46.1 45.4 44.7 44.2 43.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 5.3 9.6 13.2 16.2 18.6 20.6 22.1 23.4
TABLE 48
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
40/34 40/32 40/30 40/28 40/26 40/24 40/22 40/20
COP (heating) 2.27 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.5% 107.7% 107.9% 108.0% 108.1% 108.1% 108.1% 108.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1820 1939 2060 2184 2309 2437 2569 2701
Capacity relative to Reference 207.2% 220.7% 234.5% 248.5% 262.8% 277.4% 292.3% 307.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.90 77.79 75.77 73.84 71.98 70.20 68.49 66.84
Critical pressure bar 49.56 50.32 51.07 51.83 52.59 53.34 54.10 54.85
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 300.8 305.4 309.8 313.9 317.9 321.6 325.2 328.7
Pressure ratio 13.97 13.65 13.34 13.03 12.73 12.44 12.15 11.87
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.9 23.6 23.2 22.9 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.9
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 148.8 151.0 153.1 155.2 157.2 159.2 161.0 162.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.68 1.80 1.92 2.05 2.18 2.31 2.46 2.60
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.7 30.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.2 −36.9 −37.6 −38.3 −39.0 −39.6 −40.2 −40.8
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.2 −23.7 −23.3 −22.9 −22.5 −22.2 −21.9 −21.7
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.2 −18.7 −18.3 −17.9 −17.5 −17.2 −16.9 −16.7
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.2 −30.3 −30.4 −30.6 −30.8 −30.9 −31.1 −31.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.0 13.2 14.3 15.4 16.5 17.4 18.3 19.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.66 1.78 1.90 2.03 2.16 2.30 2.44 2.59
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.2 24.3 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.7 30.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 119 111 103 96 90 85 80 75
Pressure drop relative to reference 40.9% 37.9% 35.3% 33.0% 30.9% 29.0% 27.3% 25.8%
Condenser dew point ° C. 55.3 55.2 55.1 54.8 54.5 54.1 53.6 53.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.0 30.1 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.8 27.4 27.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.0 29.1 28.4 27.8 27.3 26.8 26.4 26.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.1 42.7 42.2 41.8 41.4 40.9 40.5 40.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.4 25.1 25.7 26.0 26.2 26.3 26.2 26.1
TABLE 49
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 10% R-32 and 50% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/10/50/40 2/10/50/38 4/10/50/36 6/10/50/34 8/10/50/32 10/10/50/30 12/10/50/28 14/10/50/26
COP (heating) 2.15 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.26
COP (heating) relative to Reference 102.0% 103.4% 104.5% 105.4% 106.1% 106.6% 107.1% 107.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1001 1096 1195 1297 1403 1513 1626 1741
Capacity relative to Reference 113.9% 124.7% 136.0% 147.6% 159.7% 172.2% 185.0% 198.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 100.04 97.02 94.14 91.41 88.80 86.31 83.94 81.67
Critical pressure bar 43.67 44.47 45.25 46.04 46.82 47.60 48.37 49.15
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 249.3 258.7 267.1 274.5 281.2 287.3 293.0 298.2
Pressure ratio 15.64 15.58 15.45 15.26 15.01 14.74 14.44 14.13
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.9 27.8 27.0 26.2 25.6 25.1 24.6 24.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 127.9 131.4 134.6 137.6 140.4 143.0 145.4 147.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.96 1.03 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.60
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.8 18.9 20.1 21.2 22.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −30.7 −31.3 −31.9 −32.5 −33.2 −33.9 −34.6 −35.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −29.0 −28.5 −27.8 −27.2 −26.6 −26.0 −25.4 −24.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −24.0 −23.5 −22.8 −22.2 −21.6 −21.0 −20.4 −19.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 1.6 2.8 4.0 5.3 6.6 7.9 9.2 10.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.92 0.99 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.47 1.58
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.8 18.9 20.1 21.2 22.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 250 222 199 179 163 149 136 126
Pressure drop relative to reference 85.6% 76.0% 68.1% 61.4% 55.8% 50.9% 46.7% 43.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.2 52.2 53.0 53.7 54.2 54.5 54.8 54.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 46.6 43.2 40.4 38.1 36.1 34.5 33.1 32.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 45.6 42.2 39.4 37.1 35.1 33.5 32.1 31.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.9 47.7 46.7 45.9 45.2 44.5 43.9 43.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 4.7 9.0 12.7 15.6 18.1 20.0 21.6 22.9
TABLE 50
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 10% R-32 and 50% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/10/ 18/10/ 20/10/ 22/10/ 24/10/ 26/10/ 28/10/ 30/10/
50/24 50/22 50/20 50/18 50/16 50/14 50/12 50/10
COP (heating) 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.7% 107.9% 108.1% 108.2% 108.2% 108.3% 108.3% 108.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1859 1980 2103 2229 2357 2487 2620 2755
Capacity relative to Reference 211.6% 225.4% 239.4% 253.7% 268.2% 283.1% 298.2% 313.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.50 77.42 75.43 73.52 71.69 69.93 68.24 66.61
Critical pressure bar 49.92 50.69 51.46 52.23 53.00 53.77 54.53 55.30
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 303.0 307.6 311.9 316.0 320.0 323.7 327.3 330.7
Pressure ratio 13.82 13.50 13.19 12.89 12.59 12.31 12.02 11.75
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.8 23.4 23.1 22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.8
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 150.1 152.2 154.3 156.4 158.3 160.3 162.1 164.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.72 1.84 1.96 2.09 2.22 2.36 2.51 2.66
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.4 24.5 25.6 26.7 27.8 28.9 30.0 31.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.0 −36.7 −37.4 −38.1 −38.8 −39.4 −40.0 −40.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.3 −23.8 −23.4 −23.0 −22.6 −22.3 −22.0 −21.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.3 −18.8 −18.4 −18.0 −17.6 −17.3 −17.0 −16.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.2 −30.3 −30.4 −30.6 −30.7 −30.9 −31.0 −31.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.7 12.9 14.0 15.1 16.2 17.1 18.0 18.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.70 1.82 1.94 2.07 2.21 2.35 2.49 2.64
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.4 24.5 25.6 26.7 27.8 28.9 30.0 31.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 116 108 101 94 88 83 78 73
Pressure drop relative to reference 39.8% 36.9% 34.4% 32.2% 30.1% 28.3% 26.7% 25.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 54.9 54.8 54.6 54.4 54.0 53.7 53.2 52.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.0 30.2 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.0 29.2 28.4 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.5 26.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.9 42.5 42.0 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 23.9 24.6 25.2 25.5 25.7 25.8 25.8 25.6
TABLE 51
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/5/80 2/15/5/78 4/15/5/76 6/15/5/74 8/15/5/72 10/15/5/70 12/15/5/68 14/15/5/66
COP (heating) 2.17 2.19 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.26 2.26 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 102.8% 104.0% 105.0% 105.8% 106.5% 107.0% 107.3% 107.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 983 1075 1170 1267 1368 1471 1575 1682
Capacity relative to Reference 111.9% 122.3% 133.1% 144.2% 155.7% 167.4% 179.2% 191.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 100.70 97.79 94.99 92.31 89.74 87.29 84.94 82.70
Critical pressure bar 43.58 44.39 45.17 45.95 46.71 47.47 48.22 48.97
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 253.1 261.7 269.4 276.4 282.8 288.7 294.3 299.5
Pressure ratio 15.94 15.80 15.61 15.37 15.11 14.82 14.54 14.25
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.4 27.5 26.7 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.5 24.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 127.4 130.5 133.5 136.4 139.1 141.6 144.1 146.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.94 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.55
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.3 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.6 20.7 21.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.5 −32.2 −33.0 −33.7 −34.5 −35.3 −36.0 −36.8
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.9 −27.2 −26.6 −26.0 −25.3 −24.8 −24.2 −23.7
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.9 −22.2 −21.6 −21.0 −20.3 −19.8 −19.2 −18.7
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.7 5.0 6.4 7.8 9.1 10.5 11.8 13.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.89 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.53
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.3 15.3 16.4 17.5 18.6 19.6 20.7 21.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 251 224 202 183 166 152 140 130
Pressure drop relative to reference 86.1% 76.8% 69.1% 62.6% 57.0% 52.2% 48.0% 44.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.3 54.2 54.9 55.4 55.8 56.1 56.2 56.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 44.2 41.3 38.9 36.8 35.1 33.6 32.4 31.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 43.2 40.3 37.9 35.8 34.1 32.6 31.4 30.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.8 47.7 46.9 46.1 45.4 44.8 44.3 43.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.0 12.8 16.0 18.6 20.7 22.5 23.9 25.0
TABLE 52
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/5/64 18/15/5/62 20/15/5/60 22/15/5/58 24/15/5/56 26/15/5/54 28/15/5/52 30/15/5/50
COP (heating) 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.8% 108.0% 108.1% 108.1% 108.1% 108.1% 108.0% 107.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1790 1901 2014 2128 2244 2362 2483 2606
Capacity relative to Reference 203.8% 216.4% 229.2% 242.2% 255.4% 268.9% 282.6% 296.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.54 78.48 76.50 74.60 72.77 71.02 69.33 67.70
Critical pressure bar 49.71 50.46 51.20 51.94 52.68 53.42 54.16 54.90
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 304.5 309.2 313.7 318.1 322.2 326.2 330.1 333.8
Pressure ratio 13.96 13.67 13.38 13.10 12.83 12.56 12.30 12.05
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 148.9 151.1 153.3 155.5 157.6 159.7 161.7 163.7
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.65 1.76 1.88 1.99 2.11 2.24 2.37 2.50
Condenser inlet pressure bar 22.8 23.8 24.9 25.9 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.6 −38.3 −39.1 −39.8 −40.4 −41.0 −41.6 −42.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.3 −22.8 −22.5 −22.1 −21.9 −21.6 −21.4 −21.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.3 −17.8 −17.5 −17.1 −16.9 −16.6 −16.4 −16.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.4 −30.6 −30.8 −30.9 −31.1 −31.3 −31.5 −31.7
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.3 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.5 19.4 20.2 20.9
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.63 1.74 1.86 1.98 2.10 2.22 2.35 2.49
Compressor discharge pressure bar 22.8 23.8 24.9 25.9 26.9 27.9 29.0 30.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 120 112 105 98 92 87 82 77
Pressure drop relative to reference 41.2% 38.3% 35.8% 33.5% 31.5% 29.6% 28.0% 26.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 56.2 56.0 55.8 55.5 55.1 54.7 54.3 53.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.3 29.5 28.8 28.2 27.7 27.3 26.9 26.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.3 28.5 27.8 27.2 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.3 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.8 26.5 27.0 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.4 27.2
TABLE 53
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/10/75 2/15/10/73 4/15/10/71 6/15/10/69 8/15/10/67 10/15/10/65 12/15/10/63 14/15/10/61
COP (heating) 2.17 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.26 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 102.9% 104.1% 105.1% 105.9% 106.5% 107.0% 107.4% 107.7%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1001 1093 1188 1287 1389 1493 1599 1707
Capacity relative to Reference 113.9% 124.4% 135.2% 146.5% 158.0% 169.9% 182.0% 194.3%
Critical temperature ° C. 100.38 97.46 94.67 92.00 89.45 87.01 84.68 82.44
Critical pressure bar 43.87 44.66 45.43 46.20 46.96 47.71 48.47 49.22
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 253.8 262.3 270.0 277.0 283.4 289.3 294.9 300.1
Pressure ratio 15.79 15.65 15.47 15.24 14.97 14.70 14.41 14.12
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.4 27.4 26.7 26.0 25.4 24.9 24.4 24.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 127.8 131.0 134.0 136.8 139.5 142.1 144.5 146.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.95 1.03 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.57
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.5 −32.2 −32.9 −33.6 −34.4 −35.1 −35.9 −36.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.0 −27.3 −26.7 −26.1 −25.5 −24.9 −24.3 −23.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.0 −22.3 −21.7 −21.1 −20.5 −19.9 −19.3 −18.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.7 −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.6 4.9 6.2 7.6 8.9 10.2 11.5 12.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.91 0.99 1.07 1.16 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 247 220 198 180 164 150 138 128
Pressure drop relative to reference 84.5% 75.4% 67.9% 61.5% 56.0% 51.3% 47.2% 43.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.0 53.8 54.5 55.0 55.4 55.7 55.8 55.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 44.4 41.5 39.0 37.0 35.3 33.8 32.5 31.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 43.4 40.5 38.0 36.0 34.3 32.8 31.5 30.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.7 47.6 46.8 46.0 45.4 44.7 44.2 43.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.6 12.3 15.5 18.0 20.2 21.9 23.3 24.4
TABLE 54
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
10/59 10/57 10/55 10/53 10/51 10/49 10/47 10/45
COP (heating) 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 107.9% 108.0% 108.1% 108.2% 108.2% 108.1% 108.1% 108.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1817 1930 2044 2161 2279 2400 2523 2648
Capacity relative to Reference 206.8% 219.6% 232.7% 245.9% 259.4% 273.1% 287.1% 301.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 80.30 78.25 76.28 74.40 72.58 70.84 69.16 67.54
Critical pressure bar 49.96 50.71 51.45 52.19 52.94 53.68 54.42 55.16
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 305.0 309.7 314.1 318.4 322.5 326.4 330.2 333.8
Pressure ratio 13.83 13.54 13.25 12.97 12.70 12.43 12.17 11.91
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 149.3 151.5 153.7 155.8 157.9 159.9 161.9 163.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.68 1.79 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.28 2.41 2.55
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.0 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.4 −38.1 −38.8 −39.5 −40.1 −40.7 −41.2 −41.7
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.4 −23.0 −22.6 −22.3 −22.0 −21.7 −21.5 −21.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.4 −18.0 −17.6 −17.3 −17.0 −16.7 −16.5 −16.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.4 −30.5 −30.7 −30.9 −31.1 −31.2 −31.4 −31.5
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.0 15.1 16.2 17.2 18.1 18.9 19.7 20.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.66 1.77 1.89 2.01 2.14 2.27 2.40 2.54
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.0 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 118 110 103 96 90 85 80 76
Pressure drop relative to reference 40.5% 37.7% 35.2% 33.0% 31.0% 29.2% 27.5% 26.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 55.8 55.6 55.4 55.1 54.8 54.3 53.9 53.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.5 29.7 29.0 28.4 27.9 27.5 27.1 26.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.5 28.7 28.0 27.4 26.9 26.5 26.1 25.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.2 42.7 42.2 41.8 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 25.3 25.9 26.4 26.7 26.8 26.9 26.8 26.6
TABLE 55
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/20/65 2/15/20/63 4/15/20/61 6/15/20/59 8/15/20/57 10/15/20/55 12/15/20/53 14/15/20/51
COP (heating) 2.17 2.20 2.22 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 103.1% 104.3% 105.2% 106.0% 106.6% 107.1% 107.4% 107.7%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1033 1127 1224 1325 1428 1534 1643 1755
Capacity relative to Reference 117.6% 128.3% 139.3% 150.7% 162.5% 174.6% 187.0% 199.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 99.72 96.82 94.05 91.41 88.89 86.48 84.18 81.97
Critical pressure bar 44.35 45.12 45.89 46.65 47.41 48.17 48.92 49.67
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 255.3 263.9 271.6 278.5 284.9 290.8 296.3 301.4
Pressure ratio 15.52 15.39 15.22 14.99 14.74 14.46 14.18 13.89
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.2 27.3 26.5 25.9 25.3 24.8 24.3 23.9
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 128.8 132.0 135.0 137.8 140.5 143.0 145.5 147.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.99 1.06 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.41 1.52 1.62
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.7 15.7 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.1 21.2 22.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.4 −32.1 −32.8 −33.4 −34.1 −34.8 −35.6 −36.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.1 −27.5 −26.9 −26.3 −25.7 −25.1 −24.6 −24.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.1 −22.5 −21.9 −21.3 −20.7 −20.1 −19.6 −19.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.3 4.6 5.9 7.2 8.4 9.7 11.0 12.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.94 1.02 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.60
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.7 15.7 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.1 21.2 22.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 238 213 192 174 158 145 134 124
Pressure drop relative to reference 81.4% 72.8% 65.6% 59.5% 54.3% 49.7% 45.8% 42.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.4 53.2 53.8 54.4 54.7 55.0 55.1 55.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 44.7 41.8 39.3 37.3 35.6 34.1 32.9 31.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 43.7 40.8 38.3 36.3 34.6 33.1 31.9 30.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.5 47.5 46.6 45.8 45.2 44.6 44.0 43.5
Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.7 11.4 14.5 17.1 19.2 20.9 22.3 23.4
TABLE 56
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
20/49 20/47 20/45 20/43 20/41 20/39 20/37 20/35
COP (heating) 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.0% 108.1% 108.2% 108.3% 108.3% 108.3% 108.3% 108.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1868 1984 2102 2222 2345 2470 2598 2729
Capacity relative to Reference 212.6% 225.8% 239.2% 252.9% 266.9% 281.1% 295.7% 310.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.86 77.83 75.88 74.02 72.22 70.50 68.84 67.24
Critical pressure bar 50.42 51.17 51.92 52.67 53.42 54.16 54.91 55.65
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 306.2 310.8 315.2 319.4 323.4 327.2 330.8 334.3
Pressure ratio 13.60 13.31 13.02 12.74 12.47 12.20 11.93 11.67
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.5 23.2 22.8 22.5 22.3 22.0 21.8 21.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 150.1 152.3 154.4 156.5 158.5 160.5 162.4 164.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.73 1.85 1.97 2.09 2.22 2.36 2.49 2.64
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.6 30.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.0 −37.7 −38.3 −39.0 −39.6 −40.1 −40.6 −41.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.7 −23.2 −22.9 −22.5 −22.3 −22.0 −21.8 −21.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.7 −18.2 −17.9 −17.5 −17.3 −17.0 −16.8 −16.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −30.9 −31.1 −31.2 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.3 14.4 15.5 16.4 17.3 18.1 18.9 19.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.71 1.83 1.95 2.08 2.21 2.34 2.48 2.63
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5 28.6 29.6 30.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 115 107 100 93 88 83 78 74
Pressure drop relative to reference 39.3% 36.6% 34.2% 32.0% 30.0% 28.3% 26.7% 25.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 55.1 54.9 54.7 54.4 54.1 53.7 53.2 52.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.9 30.1 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.9 29.1 28.4 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.5 26.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 43.0 42.5 42.1 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.2 24.9 25.3 25.6 25.8 25.8 25.7 25.5
TABLE 57
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/30/55 2/15/30/53 4/15/30/51 6/15/30/49 8/15/30/47 10/15/30/45 12/15/30/43 14/15/30/41
COP (heating) 2.18 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.27
COP (heating) relative to Reference 103.2% 104.4% 105.3% 106.1% 106.7% 107.2% 107.5% 107.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1063 1158 1257 1359 1465 1573 1685 1799
Capacity relative to Reference 120.9% 131.8% 143.1% 154.7% 166.7% 179.0% 191.7% 204.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 99.07 96.20 93.47 90.86 88.37 85.99 83.71 81.53
Critical pressure bar 44.72 45.49 46.26 47.03 47.79 48.55 49.31 50.07
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 257.1 265.7 273.4 280.3 286.7 292.5 298.0 303.1
Pressure ratio 15.28 15.17 15.00 14.79 14.54 14.27 13.99 13.70
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 28.0 27.1 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.2 23.8
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 129.9 133.1 136.1 138.9 141.6 144.1 146.5 148.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67
Condenser inlet pressure bar 14.9 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5 22.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.3 −32.0 −32.6 −33.3 −33.9 −34.6 −35.3 −36.0
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.3 −27.7 −27.1 −26.5 −25.9 −25.4 −24.8 −24.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.3 −22.7 −22.1 −21.5 −20.9 −20.4 −19.8 −19.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.1 4.3 5.5 6.7 8.0 9.2 10.4 11.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.97 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.33 1.43 1.53 1.65
Compressor discharge pressure bar 14.9 16.0 17.1 18.2 19.3 20.4 21.5 22.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 230 206 186 169 154 141 130 120
Pressure drop relative to reference 78.8% 70.5% 63.6% 57.7% 52.7% 48.3% 44.5% 41.1%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.8 52.6 53.2 53.7 54.1 54.4 54.5 54.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 44.9 42.0 39.6 37.5 35.8 34.3 33.1 32.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 43.9 41.0 38.6 36.5 34.8 33.3 32.1 31.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.3 47.3 46.4 45.6 45.0 44.3 43.8 43.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.9 10.6 13.7 16.2 18.3 20.0 21.4 22.5
TABLE 58
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
30/39 30/37 30/35 30/33 30/31 30/29 30/27 30/25
COP (heating) 2.28 2.28 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.1% 108.2% 108.4% 108.4% 108.5% 108.5% 108.4% 108.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1915 2034 2155 2279 2405 2534 2665 2800
Capacity relative to Reference 218.0% 231.5% 245.3% 259.4% 273.7% 288.4% 303.3% 318.6%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.44 77.44 75.52 73.68 71.90 70.20 68.56 66.98
Critical pressure bar 50.83 51.59 52.34 53.10 53.85 54.61 55.36 56.12
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 307.9 312.4 316.7 320.8 324.7 328.4 332.0 335.4
Pressure ratio 13.41 13.12 12.83 12.55 12.28 12.01 11.74 11.49
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.4 23.0 22.7 22.4 22.2 21.9 21.7 21.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 151.1 153.3 155.4 157.4 159.4 161.3 163.2 165.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.78 1.90 2.02 2.15 2.28 2.42 2.57 2.72
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0 31.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.6 −37.3 −37.9 −38.5 −39.1 −39.7 −40.2 −40.6
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.9 −23.5 −23.1 −22.8 −22.5 −22.2 −22.0 −21.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.9 −18.5 −18.1 −17.8 −17.5 −17.2 −17.0 −16.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.4 −30.5 −30.7 −30.8 −30.9 −31.1 −31.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.7 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.7 17.5 18.2 18.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.76 1.88 2.01 2.14 2.27 2.41 2.55 2.70
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.6 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.9 28.9 30.0 31.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 112 104 97 91 85 80 76 72
Pressure drop relative to reference 38.2% 35.6% 33.2% 31.1% 29.2% 27.5% 25.9% 24.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 54.5 54.3 54.1 53.8 53.5 53.1 52.7 52.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.1 30.3 29.6 29.1 28.6 28.1 27.8 27.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.1 29.3 28.6 28.1 27.6 27.1 26.8 26.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.8 42.3 41.9 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 23.4 24.0 24.5 24.8 25.0 25.0 24.9 24.7
TABLE 59
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 15% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/15/40/45 2/15/40/43 4/15/40/41 6/15/40/39 8/15/40/37 10/15/40/35 12/15/40/33 14/15/40/31
COP (heating) 2.18 2.21 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 103.4% 104.6% 105.5% 106.2% 106.8% 107.3% 107.7% 108.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1089 1186 1286 1390 1498 1608 1722 1838
Capacity relative to Reference 124.0% 135.0% 146.4% 158.2% 170.4% 183.0% 196.0% 209.2%
Critical temperature ° C. 98.43 95.60 92.90 90.33 87.87 85.52 83.27 81.12
Critical pressure bar 44.98 45.76 46.54 47.32 48.10 48.87 49.64 50.41
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 259.2 267.8 275.5 282.5 288.8 294.7 300.1 305.1
Pressure ratio 15.09 14.98 14.82 14.61 14.37 14.11 13.83 13.54
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.8 26.9 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.4 24.0 23.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 131.0 134.2 137.3 140.1 142.8 145.3 147.7 150.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.04 1.11 1.20 1.29 1.38 1.48 1.59 1.70
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.3 −31.8 −32.5 −33.1 −33.7 −34.4 −35.0 −35.7
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.5 −27.9 −27.3 −26.7 −26.1 −25.6 −25.1 −24.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.5 −22.9 −22.3 −21.7 −21.1 −20.6 −20.1 −19.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 2.8 4.0 5.1 6.4 7.6 8.8 10.0 11.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.00 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.46 1.57 1.68
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.1 16.2 17.3 18.4 19.5 20.6 21.7 22.8
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 223 200 180 164 150 137 126 117
Pressure drop relative to reference 76.4% 68.5% 61.8% 56.1% 51.2% 47.0% 43.3% 40.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.2 52.0 52.7 53.2 53.6 53.8 54.0 54.0
Condenser bubble point ° C. 45.0 42.1 39.7 37.6 35.9 34.4 33.2 32.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 44.0 41.1 38.7 36.6 34.9 33.4 32.2 31.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 48.1 47.1 46.2 45.4 44.7 44.1 43.6 43.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.1 9.9 13.0 15.5 17.7 19.4 20.8 21.9
TABLE 60
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 15% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/15/ 18/15/ 20/15/ 22/15/ 24/15/ 26/15/ 28/15/ 30/15/
40/29 40/27 40/25 40/23 40/21 40/19 40/17 40/15
COP (heating) 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.2% 108.4% 108.5% 108.6% 108.6% 108.7% 108.6% 108.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1957 2078 2202 2329 2457 2589 2723 2859
Capacity relative to Reference 222.7% 236.5% 250.6% 265.0% 279.7% 294.6% 309.9% 325.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.06 77.08 75.19 73.36 71.61 69.93 68.31 66.75
Critical pressure bar 51.18 51.95 52.72 53.48 54.25 55.02 55.78 56.54
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 309.9 314.4 318.6 322.6 326.5 330.2 333.7 337.1
Pressure ratio 13.26 12.97 12.68 12.40 12.13 11.86 11.60 11.35
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.2 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.6 21.4
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 152.2 154.4 156.4 158.4 160.4 162.3 164.1 165.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.82 1.94 2.07 2.20 2.34 2.48 2.62 2.78
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.9 25.0 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.4 −37.0 −37.6 −38.3 −38.8 −39.4 −39.9 −40.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.1 −23.7 −23.3 −23.0 −22.6 −22.4 −22.1 −21.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.1 −18.7 −18.3 −18.0 −17.6 −17.4 −17.1 −16.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.2 −30.3 −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.3 13.3 14.3 15.3 16.2 17.0 17.7 18.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.80 1.92 2.05 2.19 2.32 2.46 2.61 2.76
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.9 25.0 26.0 27.1 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 109 101 95 89 83 78 74 70
Pressure drop relative to reference 37.2% 34.6% 32.4% 30.3% 28.5% 26.8% 25.3% 23.9%
Condenser dew point ° C. 54.0 53.8 53.6 53.4 53.0 52.7 52.2 51.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.2 30.4 29.8 29.2 28.7 28.3 27.9 27.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.2 29.4 28.8 28.2 27.7 27.3 26.9 26.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.6 42.1 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.8 23.4 23.9 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.1
TABLE 61
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/5/75 2/20/5/73 4/20/5/71 6/20/5/69 8/20/5/67 10/20/5/65 12/20/5/63 14/20/5/61
COP (heating) 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.4% 105.4% 106.2% 106.8% 107.3% 107.7% 108.0% 108.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1103 1197 1294 1394 1497 1602 1709 1818
Capacity relative to Reference 125.5% 136.2% 147.3% 158.7% 170.4% 182.3% 194.5% 206.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 98.35 95.65 93.07 90.59 88.21 85.93 83.74 81.64
Critical pressure bar 45.29 46.10 46.88 47.66 48.43 49.20 49.96 50.71
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 264.5 272.4 279.5 286.1 292.2 298.0 303.3 308.4
Pressure ratio 15.11 14.95 14.76 14.53 14.29 14.03 13.77 13.50
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.2 26.4 25.8 25.2 24.6 24.2 23.7 23.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 131.4 134.4 137.3 140.0 142.6 145.1 147.5 149.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.04 1.12 1.20 1.29 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.4 20.5 21.5 22.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.2 −32.9 −33.6 −34.3 −35.0 −35.7 −36.4 −37.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.3 −26.7 −26.2 −25.6 −25.0 −24.5 −24.1 −23.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.3 −21.7 −21.2 −20.6 −20.0 −19.5 −19.1 −18.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.9 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.3 13.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.01 1.09 1.17 1.26 1.36 1.46 1.56 1.67
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.2 16.3 17.3 18.4 19.4 20.5 21.5 22.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 217 196 177 162 148 137 126 117
Pressure drop relative to reference 74.3% 67.0% 60.7% 55.4% 50.8% 46.8% 43.3% 40.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.7 53.4 53.9 54.3 54.6 54.8 54.8 54.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 43.0 40.5 38.4 36.6 35.0 33.7 32.6 31.6
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 42.0 39.5 37.4 35.6 34.0 32.7 31.6 30.6
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.9 46.9 46.2 45.5 44.8 44.2 43.7 43.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.6 12.8 15.5 17.7 19.6 21.1 22.3 23.2
TABLE 62
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/5/59 18/20/5/57 20/20/5/55 22/20/5/53 24/20/5/51 26/20/5/49 28/20/5/47 30/20/5/45
COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.4% 108.5% 108.6% 108.6% 108.6% 108.6% 108.5% 108.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1930 2043 2159 2276 2396 2519 2645 2773
Capacity relative to Reference 219.6% 232.5% 245.7% 259.1% 272.7% 286.7% 301.0% 315.6%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.63 77.69 75.84 74.05 72.33 70.67 69.07 67.53
Critical pressure bar 51.47 52.22 52.97 53.72 54.47 55.22 55.96 56.71
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 313.2 317.8 322.2 326.4 330.4 334.2 337.9 341.4
Pressure ratio 13.24 12.98 12.72 12.46 12.21 11.96 11.71 11.47
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 23.0 22.7 22.3 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 152.2 154.4 156.5 158.6 160.7 162.7 164.6 166.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.80 1.91 2.03 2.15 2.28 2.41 2.55 2.69
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.6 24.6 25.6 26.6 27.6 28.7 29.7 30.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.8 −38.4 −39.0 −39.6 −40.1 −40.6 −41.1 −41.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.2 −22.9 −22.6 −22.3 −22.0 −21.8 −21.6 −21.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.2 −17.9 −17.6 −17.3 −17.0 −16.8 −16.6 −16.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −30.9 −31.1 −31.2 −31.3 −31.5
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.5 15.5 16.5 17.3 18.1 18.8 19.4 20.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.78 1.89 2.01 2.14 2.26 2.40 2.53 2.68
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.6 24.6 25.6 26.6 27.6 28.7 29.7 30.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 109 102 96 90 85 80 75 71
Pressure drop relative to reference 37.4% 34.9% 32.7% 30.7% 28.9% 27.3% 25.8% 24.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 54.7 54.5 54.3 53.9 53.6 53.1 52.7 52.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.7 30.0 29.3 28.8 28.3 27.9 27.5 27.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.7 29.0 28.3 27.8 27.3 26.9 26.5 26.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.7 42.2 41.8 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.2 25.3 25.3 25.2 25.0
TABLE 63
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/10/70 2/20/10/68 4/20/10/66 6/20/10/64 8/20/10/64 10/20/10/60 12/20/10/58 14/20/10/56
COP (heating) 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28
COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.5% 105.5% 106.2% 106.9% 107.4% 107.8% 108.1% 108.3%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1119 1214 1312 1413 1517 1624 1732 1843
Capacity relative to Reference 127.4% 138.2% 149.3% 160.9% 172.7% 184.8% 197.1% 209.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 98.06 95.36 92.78 90.31 87.94 85.67 83.49 81.41
Critical pressure bar 45.53 46.31 47.09 47.87 48.63 49.40 50.16 50.91
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 265.2 273.1 280.3 286.8 292.9 298.6 304.0 309.0
Pressure ratio 14.98 14.83 14.64 14.42 14.17 13.92 13.66 13.39
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.1 26.4 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.1 23.7 23.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 131.9 134.9 137.8 140.5 143.1 145.6 148.0 150.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.06 1.14 1.22 1.31 1.40 1.50 1.61 1.71
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.2 −32.8 −33.5 −34.2 −34.8 −35.5 −36.2 −36.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.4 −26.9 −26.3 −25.7 −25.2 −24.7 −24.2 −23.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.4 −21.9 −21.3 −20.7 −20.2 −19.7 −19.2 −18.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.7 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.7 10.8 12.0 13.1
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.3 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 213 192 175 159 146 135 124 116
Pressure drop relative to reference 73.1% 65.9% 59.8% 54.5% 50.0% 46.1% 42.6% 39.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.4 53.0 53.6 54.0 54.2 54.4 54.5 54.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 43.2 40.7 38.6 36.8 35.2 33.9 32.7 31.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 42.2 39.7 37.6 35.8 34.2 32.9 31.7 30.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.8 46.9 46.1 45.4 44.7 44.1 43.6 43.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.1 12.3 15.0 17.2 19.0 20.5 21.7 22.7
TABLE 64
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
10/54 10/52 10/50 10/48 10/46 10/44 10/42 10/40
COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.5% 108.6% 108.6% 108.7% 108.7% 108.6% 108.6% 108.5%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1956 2071 2189 2309 2431 2556 2684 2816
Capacity relative to Reference 222.6% 235.7% 249.1% 262.8% 276.7% 290.9% 305.5% 320.4%
Critical temperature ° C. 79.40 77.48 75.63 73.85 72.14 70.50 68.91 67.38
Critical pressure bar 51.67 52.42 53.17 53.93 54.68 55.43 56.18 56.93
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 313.8 318.3 322.6 326.8 330.7 334.5 338.1 341.5
Pressure ratio 13.13 12.87 12.60 12.35 12.09 11.84 11.59 11.35
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.9 22.6 22.3 22.0 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 152.6 154.8 156.9 159.0 161.0 162.9 164.8 166.6
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.83 1.94 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.45 2.59 2.74
Condenser inlet pressure bar 23.7 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.5 −38.1 −38.7 −39.3 −39.8 −40.3 −40.7 −41.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.4 −23.0 −22.7 −22.4 −22.2 −22.0 −21.8 −21.6
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.4 −18.0 −17.7 −17.4 −17.2 −17.0 −16.8 −16.6
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.4 −30.6 −30.7 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1 −31.2 −31.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.1 15.1 16.0 16.9 17.6 18.3 18.9 19.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.81 1.92 2.05 2.17 2.30 2.44 2.58 2.73
Compressor discharge pressure bar 23.7 24.8 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 108 101 94 88 83 78 74 70
Pressure drop relative to reference 36.9% 34.4% 32.2% 30.3% 28.5% 26.9% 25.4% 24.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 54.3 54.1 53.9 53.6 53.2 52.8 52.3 51.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 30.9 30.2 29.5 29.0 28.5 28.1 27.7 27.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 29.9 29.2 28.5 28.0 27.5 27.1 26.7 26.4
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.6 42.2 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.4 40.0 39.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 23.4 24.0 24.4 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.6 24.4
TABLE 65
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/20/60 2/20/20/58 4/20/20/56 6/20/20/54 8/20/20/52 10/20/20/50 12/20/20/48 14/20/20/46
COP (heating) 2.20 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.27 2.27 2.28 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.6% 105.5% 106.3% 106.9% 107.4% 107.8% 108.1% 108.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1150 1247 1347 1449 1556 1664 1776 1890
Capacity relative to Reference 130.9% 141.9% 153.3% 165.0% 177.0% 189.4% 202.1% 215.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 97.47 94.79 92.23 89.78 87.43 85.19 83.03 80.97
Critical pressure bar 45.91 46.68 47.46 48.23 48.99 49.76 50.52 51.28
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 266.8 274.7 281.9 288.5 294.5 300.2 305.5 310.5
Pressure ratio 14.75 14.61 14.42 14.21 13.98 13.72 13.46 13.20
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 27.0 26.2 25.5 25.0 24.4 24.0 23.6 23.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 132.9 135.9 138.8 141.5 144.1 146.6 149.0 151.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.09 1.17 1.25 1.35 1.44 1.54 1.65 1.76
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.6 16.6 17.7 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9 23.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.0 −32.6 −33.2 −33.9 −34.5 −35.2 −35.8 −36.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.7 −27.1 −26.5 −26.0 −25.5 −25.0 −24.5 −24.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.7 −22.1 −21.5 −21.0 −20.5 −20.0 −19.5 −19.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.8 −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.3 5.5 6.7 7.9 9.1 10.2 11.3 12.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.42 1.52 1.63 1.74
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.6 16.6 17.7 18.7 19.8 20.9 21.9 23.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 207 187 169 155 142 131 121 112
Pressure drop relative to reference 70.8% 63.9% 58.0% 53.0% 48.6% 44.8% 41.4% 38.5%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.7 52.4 52.9 53.3 53.6 53.7 53.8 53.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 43.5 41.0 38.9 37.1 35.5 34.2 33.0 32.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 42.5 40.0 37.9 36.1 34.5 33.2 32.0 31.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.6 46.7 45.9 45.2 44.5 44.0 43.4 42.9
Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.2 11.3 14.0 16.2 18.1 19.6 20.8 21.7
TABLE 66
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
20/44 20/42 20/40 20/38 20/38 20/34 20/32 20/30
COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.6% 108.7% 108.8% 108.8% 108.8% 108.8% 108.8% 108.7%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2006 2125 2246 2370 2496 2626 2758 2894
Capacity relative to Reference 228.3% 241.8% 255.6% 269.7% 284.1% 298.8% 313.9% 329.3%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.99 77.09 75.26 73.50 71.81 70.18 68.61 67.10
Critical pressure bar 52.04 52.80 53.56 54.32 55.07 55.83 56.59 57.34
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 315.2 319.6 323.8 327.9 331.7 335.4 338.9 342.2
Pressure ratio 12.93 12.67 12.41 12.15 11.89 11.64 11.39 11.14
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.8 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.7 21.5 21.2 21.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 153.5 155.6 157.7 159.7 161.6 163.5 165.4 167.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.88 2.00 2.12 2.25 2.39 2.53 2.67 2.82
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.2 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.1 −37.6 −38.2 −38.8 −39.3 −39.7 −40.1 −40.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.7 −23.3 −23.0 −22.7 −22.5 −22.2 −22.0 −21.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.7 −18.3 −18.0 −17.7 −17.5 −17.2 −17.0 −16.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.4 −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1 −31.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.4 14.3 15.2 16.0 16.8 17.5 18.1 18.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.86 1.98 2.11 2.24 2.37 2.51 2.66 2.81
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.0 25.1 26.1 27.2 28.2 29.2 30.3 31.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 105 98 92 86 81 76 72 68
Pressure drop relative to reference 35.8% 33.5% 31.3% 29.4% 27.7% 26.1% 24.7% 23.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.7 53.5 53.3 53.0 52.6 52.2 51.8 51.3
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.2 30.5 29.8 29.3 28.8 28.4 28.1 27.8
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.2 29.5 28.8 28.3 27.8 27.4 27.1 26.8
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 40.7 40.3 39.9 39.5
Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.5 23.0 23.4 23.7 23.8 23.8 23.7 23.5
TABLE 67
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/30/50 2/20/30/48 4/20/30/46 6/20/30/44 8/20/30/42 10/20/30/40 12/20/30/38 14/20/30/36
COP (heating) 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.7% 105.7% 106.4% 107.0% 107.5% 107.9% 108.3% 108.5%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1178 1276 1378 1482 1590 1702 1815 1932
Capacity relative to Reference 134.1% 145.2% 156.8% 168.7% 181.0% 193.6% 206.6% 219.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 96.89 94.24 91.70 89.28 86.96 84.74 82.61 80.57
Critical pressure bar 46.18 46.96 47.74 48.51 49.29 50.06 50.83 51.60
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 268.7 276.6 283.8 290.4 296.5 302.1 307.4 312.3
Pressure ratio 14.56 14.42 14.24 14.04 13.81 13.56 13.30 13.04
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.8 26.0 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 134.0 137.1 139.9 142.7 145.3 147.7 150.1 152.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.12 1.20 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69 1.80
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2 23.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.8 −32.4 −33.0 −33.6 −34.3 −34.9 −35.5 −36.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.9 −27.4 −26.8 −26.3 −25.7 −25.2 −24.8 −24.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.9 −22.4 −21.8 −21.3 −20.7 −20.2 −19.8 −19.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.1 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.9 5.1 6.2 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.08 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67 1.78
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.8 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2 23.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 201 181 165 151 138 127 118 109
Pressure drop relative to reference 68.8% 62.1% 56.4% 51.5% 47.3% 43.6% 40.3% 37.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.1 51.7 52.3 52.7 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 43.8 41.2 39.1 37.3 35.7 34.4 33.2 32.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 42.8 40.2 38.1 36.3 34.7 33.4 32.2 31.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.4 46.5 45.7 45.0 44.3 43.8 43.2 42.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.3 10.5 13.2 15.4 17.3 18.8 20.0 21.0
TABLE 68
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
30/34 20/32 30/30 30/28 30/26 30/24 30/22 30/20
COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.7% 108.8% 108.9% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2051 2173 2297 2424 2554 2686 2822 2961
Capacity relative to Reference 233.4% 247.3% 261.4% 275.9% 290.7% 305.7% 321.2% 336.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.61 76.73 74.93 73.19 71.52 69.91 68.36 66.86
Critical pressure bar 52.37 53.14 53.91 54.67 55.44 56.21 56.97 57.74
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 316.9 321.3 325.5 329.5 333.2 336.8 340.3 343.5
Pressure ratio 12.77 12.51 12.24 11.98 11.73 11.48 11.23 10.99
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.9 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 154.5 156.6 158.6 160.6 162.5 164.4 166.2 167.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.31 2.45 2.59 2.74 2.89
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.7 −37.3 −37.8 −38.3 −38.8 −39.3 −39.7 −40.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.9 −23.6 −23.2 −22.9 −22.7 −22.5 −22.3 −22.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.9 −18.6 −18.2 −17.9 −17.7 −17.5 −17.3 −17.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.4 −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.90 2.03 2.16 2.29 2.43 2.58 2.73 2.88
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 102 95 89 84 79 74 70 66
Pressure drop relative to reference 34.9% 32.6% 30.5% 28.7% 27.0% 25.4% 24.0% 22.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.1 53.0 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.3 50.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.4 30.7 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.3 41.8 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8 39.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 21.7 22.3 22.7 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.8
TABLE 69
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 20% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/20/40/40 2/20/40/38 4/20/40/36 6/20/40/34 8/20/40/32 10/20/40/30 12/20/40/28 14/20/40/26
COP (heating) 2.21 2.23 2.24 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.28 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 104.9% 105.7% 106.4% 107.0% 107.5% 107.9% 108.3% 108.5%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1202 1276 1378 1482 1590 1702 1815 1932
Capacity relative to Reference 136.8% 145.2% 156.8% 168.7% 181.0% 193.6% 206.6% 219.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 96.33 94.24 91.70 89.28 86.96 84.74 82.61 80.57
Critical pressure bar 46.37 46.96 47.74 48.51 49.29 50.06 50.83 51.60
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 270.8 276.6 283.8 290.4 296.5 302.1 307.4 312.3
Pressure ratio 14.39 14.42 14.24 14.04 13.81 13.56 13.30 13.04
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.6 26.0 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 135.2 137.1 139.9 142.7 145.3 147.7 150.1 152.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.14 1.20 1.28 1.38 1.48 1.58 1.69 1.80
Condenser inlet pressure bar 15.9 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2 23.2
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −31.7 −32.4 −33.0 −33.6 −34.3 −34.9 −35.5 −36.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −28.1 −27.4 −26.8 −26.3 −25.7 −25.2 −24.8 −24.3
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −23.1 −22.4 −21.8 −21.3 −20.7 −20.2 −19.8 −19.3
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.1 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 3.6 5.1 6.2 7.4 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.11 1.17 1.26 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.67 1.78
Compressor discharge pressure bar 15.9 16.8 17.9 19.0 20.0 21.1 22.2 23.2
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 196 181 165 151 138 127 118 109
Pressure drop relative to reference 67.0% 62.1% 56.4% 51.5% 47.3% 43.6% 40.3% 37.4%
Condenser dew point ° C. 50.5 51.7 52.3 52.7 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 44.0 41.3 39.1 37.3 35.7 34.4 33.2 32.2
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 43.0 40.3 38.1 36.3 34.7 33.4 32.2 31.2
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.2 46.5 45.7 45.0 44.3 43.8 43.2 42.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.5 10.5 13.2 15.4 17.3 18.8 20.0 21.0
TABLE 70
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 20% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/20/ 18/20/ 20/20/ 22/20/ 24/20/ 26/20/ 28/20/ 30/20/
40/24 40/22 40/20 40/18 40/16 40/14 40/12 40/10
COP (heating) 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 108.7% 108.8% 108.9% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2051 2173 2297 2424 2554 2686 2822 2961
Capacity relative to Reference 233.4% 247.3% 261.4% 275.9% 290.7% 305.7% 321.2% 336.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.61 76.73 74.93 73.19 71.52 69.91 68.36 66.86
Critical pressure bar 52.37 53.14 53.91 54.67 55.44 56.21 56.97 57.74
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 316.9 321.3 325.5 329.5 333.2 336.8 340.3 343.5
Pressure ratio 12.77 12.51 12.24 11.98 11.73 11.48 11.23 10.99
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.7 22.4 22.1 21.9 21.6 21.4 21.2 21.0
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 154.5 156.6 158.6 160.6 162.5 164.4 166.2 167.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.31 2.45 2.59 2.74 2.89
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.7 −37.3 −37.8 −38.3 −38.8 −39.3 −39.7 −40.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.9 −23.6 −23.2 −22.9 −22.7 −22.5 −22.3 −22.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.9 −18.6 −18.2 −17.9 −17.7 −17.5 −17.3 −17.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.4 −30.5 −30.6 −30.8 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.8 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.90 2.03 2.16 2.29 2.43 2.58 2.73 2.88
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.3 25.4 26.4 27.5 28.5 29.6 30.6 31.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 102 95 89 84 79 74 70 66
Pressure drop relative to reference 34.9% 32.6% 30.5% 28.7% 27.0% 25.4% 24.0% 22.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.1 53.0 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.3 50.8
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.4 30.7 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.0
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.4 29.7 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.0
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.3 41.8 41.4 41.0 40.6 40.2 39.8 39.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 21.7 22.3 22.7 23.0 23.1 23.1 23.0 22.8
TABLE 71
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/25/5/70 2/25/5/68 4/25/5/66 6/25/5/64 8/25/5/62 10/25/5/60 12/25/5/58 14/25/5/56
COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.29
COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.7% 106.5% 107.2% 107.7% 108.1% 108.4% 108.7% 108.8%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1221 1318 1418 1520 1624 1732 1841 1953
Capacity relative to Reference 139.0% 150.0% 161.3% 172.9% 184.9% 197.1% 209.5% 222.3%
Critical temperature ° C. 96.21 93.71 91.30 89.00 86.78 84.66 82.62 80.65
Critical pressure bar 46.83 47.63 48.42 49.20 49.98 50.75 51.52 52.29
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 275.4 282.8 289.6 295.9 301.8 307.3 312.5 317.4
Pressure ratio 14.37 14.20 14.01 13.80 13.58 13.34 13.10 12.86
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.1 25.5 24.9 24.3 23.9 23.4 23.0 22.7
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 135.4 138.2 141.0 143.7 146.2 148.7 151.0 153.3
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.15 1.23 1.32 1.41 1.51 1.61 1.72 1.83
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.2 20.2 21.2 22.2 23.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.8 −33.4 −34.0 −34.7 −35.3 −35.9 −36.5 −37.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −26.9 −26.4 −25.9 −25.4 −24.9 −24.5 −24.0 −23.7
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −21.9 −21.4 −20.9 −20.4 −19.9 −19.5 −19.0 −18.7
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3 −30.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.9 7.0 8.2 9.3 10.4 11.5 12.5 13.5
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.12 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.59 1.70 1.81
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.1 17.1 18.1 19.2 20.2 21.2 22.2 23.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 190 173 158 145 133 124 115 107
Pressure drop relative to reference 65.1% 59.1% 54.0% 49.6% 45.7% 42.3% 39.3% 36.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.9 52.5 52.9 53.2 53.4 53.5 53.5 53.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 42.2 40.0 38.1 36.5 35.1 33.9 32.8 31.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 41.2 39.0 37.1 35.5 34.1 32.9 31.8 30.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.1 46.2 45.5 44.8 44.2 43.7 43.1 42.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.7 12.5 14.8 16.7 18.3 19.6 20.7 21.5
TABLE 72
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25% R-32 and 5% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/25/5/54 18/25/5/52 20/25/5/50 22/25/5/48 24/25/5/46 26/25/5/44 28/25/5/42 30/25/5/40
COP (heating) 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.0% 109.0% 109.1% 109.1% 109.1% 109.0% 109.0% 108.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2067 2184 2303 2425 2549 2677 2808 2942
Capacity relative to Reference 235.3% 248.6% 262.1% 276.0% 290.1% 304.6% 319.5% 334.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.77 76.95 75.20 73.52 71.90 70.33 68.83 67.37
Critical pressure bar 53.05 53.82 54.58 55.34 56.10 56.86 57.62 58.38
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 322.0 326.5 330.7 334.7 338.6 342.2 345.7 349.0
Pressure ratio 12.62 12.37 12.13 11.89 11.65 11.41 11.18 10.95
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.4 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.0 20.8 20.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 155.5 157.7 159.7 161.8 163.7 165.6 167.4 169.2
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.94 2.06 2.18 2.31 2.45 2.58 2.73 2.88
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.4 30.4 31.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.7 −38.2 −38.8 −39.2 −39.7 −40.0 −40.4 −40.7
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.3 −23.0 −22.7 −22.5 −22.3 −22.1 −22.0 −21.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.3 −18.0 −17.7 −17.5 −17.3 −17.1 −17.0 −16.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1 −31.2 −31.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 14.4 15.2 16.0 16.7 17.4 17.9 18.4 18.9
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.92 2.04 2.17 2.30 2.43 2.57 2.72 2.87
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.3 25.3 26.3 27.3 28.3 29.4 30.4 31.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 100 94 88 83 78 74 70 66
Pressure drop relative to reference 34.2% 32.0% 30.1% 28.3% 26.7% 25.2% 23.9% 22.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.3 53.0 52.8 52.4 52.1 51.7 51.2 50.7
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.1 30.4 29.8 29.3 28.8 28.5 28.1 27.9
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.1 29.4 28.8 28.3 27.8 27.5 27.1 26.9
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.2 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.3
Condenser glide (in-out) K 22.2 22.6 23.0 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.1 22.8
TABLE 73
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/25/10/65 2/25/10/63 4/25/10/61 6/25/10/59 8/25/10/57 10/25/10/55 12/25/10/53 14/25/10/51
COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.8% 106.6% 107.2% 107.7% 108.1% 108.4% 108.7% 108.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1237 1335 1435 1538 1644 1753 1864 1977
Capacity relative to Reference 140.8% 151.9% 163.3% 175.0% 187.1% 199.5% 212.1% 225.1%
Critical temperature ° C. 95.95 93.44 91.04 88.74 86.54 84.42 82.39 80.44
Critical pressure bar 47.01 47.80 48.58 49.36 50.14 50.91 51.68 52.45
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 276.2 283.6 290.4 296.7 302.5 308.0 313.2 318.0
Pressure ratio 14.26 14.10 13.91 13.71 13.48 13.25 13.01 12.77
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 26.1 25.4 24.8 24.3 23.8 23.4 23.0 22.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 135.9 138.8 141.5 144.2 146.7 149.1 151.5 153.7
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.17 1.25 1.34 1.43 1.53 1.63 1.74 1.85
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.2 17.2 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.4 22.4 23.4
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.7 −33.3 −33.9 −34.5 −35.1 −35.7 −36.3 −36.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.1 −26.5 −26.0 −25.5 −25.1 −24.6 −24.2 −23.8
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.1 −21.5 −21.0 −20.5 −20.1 −19.6 −19.2 −18.8
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3 −30.4
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.6 6.7 7.9 9.0 10.0 11.1 12.1 13.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.14 1.22 1.31 1.41 1.51 1.61 1.72 1.83
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.2 17.2 18.3 19.3 20.3 21.4 22.4 23.4
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 187 170 155 143 132 122 113 105
Pressure drop relative to reference 64.1% 58.3% 53.2% 48.9% 45.1% 41.7% 38.7% 36.1%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.6 52.1 52.5 52.8 53.0 53.1 53.1 53.1
Condenser bubble point ° C. 42.4 40.2 38.3 36.6 35.2 34.0 33.0 32.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 41.4 39.2 37.3 35.6 34.2 33.0 32.0 31.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 47.0 46.1 45.4 44.7 44.1 43.6 43.0 42.6
Condenser glide (in-out) K 9.2 11.9 14.2 16.2 17.8 19.1 20.2 21.0
TABLE 74
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25% R-32 and 10% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/25/ 18/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
10/49 10/47 10/45 10/43 10/41 10/39 10/37 10/35
COP (heating) 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.0% 109.1% 109.1% 109.2% 109.2% 109.1% 109.1% 109.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2093 2212 2333 2457 2584 2714 2847 2983
Capacity relative to Reference 238.3% 251.7% 265.5% 279.6% 294.1% 308.8% 324.0% 339.5%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.56 76.75 75.02 73.34 71.73 70.17 68.67 67.22
Critical pressure bar 53.21 53.98 54.74 55.51 56.27 57.03 57.80 58.56
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 322.6 327.0 331.2 335.2 339.0 342.6 346.0 349.2
Pressure ratio 12.52 12.28 12.03 11.79 11.55 11.31 11.08 10.84
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.3 22.0 21.7 21.5 21.2 21.0 20.8 20.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 155.9 158.0 160.1 162.1 164.0 165.9 167.7 169.4
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.97 2.09 2.22 2.35 2.48 2.62 2.77 2.93
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.4 25.5 26.5 27.5 28.5 29.5 30.6 31.6
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.4 −38.0 −38.5 −38.9 −39.3 −39.7 −40.1 −40.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.5 −23.2 −22.9 −22.7 −22.4 −22.3 −22.1 −22.0
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.5 −18.2 −17.9 −17.7 −17.4 −17.3 −17.1 −17.0
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.8 −30.9 −31.0 −31.1 −31.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.9 14.8 15.6 16.3 16.9 17.5 18.0 18.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.95 2.07 2.20 2.33 2.47 2.61 2.76 2.91
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.4 25.5 26.5 27.5 28.5 29.5 30.6 31.6
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 98 92 87 82 77 73 69 65
Pressure drop relative to reference 33.7% 31.6% 29.7% 27.9% 26.3% 24.9% 23.5% 22.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.9 52.7 52.4 52.1 51.8 51.3 50.9 50.4
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.3 30.6 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.6 28.3 28.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.3 29.6 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.6 27.3 27.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 42.1 41.6 41.2 40.8 40.4 40.0 39.6 39.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.7 22.7 22.7 22.6 22.4
TABLE 75
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/25/20/55 2/25/20/53 4/25/20/51 6/25/20/49 8/25/20/47 10/25/20/45 12/25/20/43 14/25/20/41
COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.8% 106.6% 107.3% 107.8% 108.2% 108.5% 108.8% 109.0%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1266 1365 1468 1573 1681 1792 1906 2023
Capacity relative to Reference 144.1% 155.4% 167.0% 179.0% 191.3% 204.0% 217.0% 230.2%
Critical temperature ° C. 95.42 92.93 90.55 88.26 86.08 83.98 81.97 80.04
Critical pressure bar 47.30 48.08 48.86 49.64 50.41 51.19 51.96 52.74
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 277.9 285.3 292.1 298.4 304.2 309.7 314.8 319.6
Pressure ratio 14.07 13.91 13.73 13.53 13.32 13.08 12.84 12.60
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.9 25.2 24.6 24.1 23.7 23.2 22.9 22.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 136.9 139.8 142.6 145.2 147.8 150.2 152.5 154.7
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.20 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.67 1.78 1.90
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.6 23.7
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.4 −33.0 −33.6 −34.2 −34.8 −35.3 −35.9 −36.4
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.4 −26.9 −26.3 −25.9 −25.4 −25.0 −24.5 −24.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.4 −21.9 −21.3 −20.9 −20.4 −20.0 −19.5 −19.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 5.1 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.4 10.4 11.3 12.3
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.16 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.54 1.65 1.76 1.88
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.4 17.4 18.5 19.5 20.6 21.6 22.6 23.7
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 182 166 151 139 128 119 110 103
Pressure drop relative to reference 62.4% 56.7% 51.8% 47.6% 43.9% 40.6% 37.7% 35.1%
Condenser dew point ° C. 50.9 51.4 51.9 52.2 52.4 52.5 52.5 52.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 42.7 40.5 38.6 36.9 35.5 34.3 33.2 32.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 41.7 39.5 37.6 35.9 34.5 33.3 32.2 31.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 46.8 46.0 45.2 44.5 43.9 43.4 42.9 42.4
Condenser glide (in-out) K 8.2 11.0 13.3 15.2 16.9 18.2 19.3 20.1
TABLE 76
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25% R-32 and 20% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/25/ 18/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
20/39 20/37 20/35 20/33 20/31 20/29 20/27 20/25
COP (heating) 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.30 2.31 2.30 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.1% 109.2% 109.3% 109.3% 109.3% 109.3% 109.3% 109.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2142 2264 2389 2516 2647 2780 2917 3058
Capacity relative to Reference 243.8% 257.7% 271.9% 286.4% 301.2% 316.4% 332.0% 348.0%
Critical temperature ° C. 78.18 76.39 74.67 73.02 71.42 69.88 68.40 66.96
Critical pressure bar 53.51 54.28 55.05 55.82 56.59 57.36 58.13 58.90
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 324.2 328.5 332.6 336.5 340.2 343.7 347.0 350.2
Pressure ratio 12.35 12.10 11.86 11.62 11.37 11.14 10.90 10.67
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.2 21.9 21.6 21.4 21.2 20.9 20.7 20.6
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 156.9 158.9 160.9 162.9 164.7 166.6 168.3 170.0
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 2.02 2.14 2.27 2.41 2.55 2.70 2.85 3.01
Condenser inlet pressure bar 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9 32.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −37.0 −37.5 −38.0 −38.4 −38.8 −39.2 −39.5 −39.8
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −23.8 −23.5 −23.2 −23.0 −22.7 −22.5 −22.4 −22.2
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −18.8 −18.5 −18.2 −18.0 −17.7 −17.5 −17.4 −17.2
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.4 −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.8 −30.9 −30.9 −31.0
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 13.2 14.0 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.1 17.6
Compressor suction pressure bar 2.00 2.13 2.26 2.40 2.54 2.68 2.84 3.00
Compressor discharge pressure bar 24.7 25.8 26.8 27.8 28.9 29.9 30.9 32.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 96 90 84 79 75 71 67 63
Pressure drop relative to reference 32.8% 30.8% 28.9% 27.2% 25.6% 24.2% 22.9% 21.7%
Condenser dew point ° C. 52.3 52.1 51.9 51.6 51.2 50.8 50.4 49.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.5 30.8 30.2 29.7 29.3 28.9 28.6 28.3
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.5 29.8 29.2 28.7 28.3 27.9 27.6 27.3
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 41.9 41.5 41.1 40.6 40.3 39.9 39.5 39.1
Condenser glide (in-out) K 20.8 21.3 21.6 21.8 21.9 21.9 21.8 21.6
TABLE 77
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/25/30/45 2/25/30/43 4/25/30/41 6/25/30/39 8/25/30/37 10/25/30/35 12/25/30/33 14/25/30/31
COP (heating) 2.23 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.9% 106.7% 107.4% 107.9% 108.3% 108.6% 108.9% 109.1%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1292 1393 1497 1604 1714 1828 1944 2063
Capacity relative to Reference 147.0% 158.5% 170.3% 182.6% 195.1% 208.0% 221.2% 234.8%
Critical temperature ° C. 94.91 92.44 90.08 87.82 85.65 83.58 81.59 79.68
Critical pressure bar 47.50 48.28 49.07 49.85 50.63 51.42 52.20 52.98
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 279.9 287.3 294.2 300.5 306.3 311.8 316.8 321.6
Pressure ratio 13.91 13.76 13.59 13.39 13.18 12.94 12.71 12.46
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.7 25.1 24.5 24.0 23.5 23.1 22.7 22.4
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 138.1 141.0 143.8 146.4 149.0 151.3 153.6 155.8
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.22 1.31 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.71 1.82 1.94
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.6 17.6 18.7 19.7 20.8 21.8 22.9 23.9
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.2 −32.8 −33.3 −33.9 −34.4 −35.0 −35.6 −36.1
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.7 −27.1 −26.6 −26.2 −25.7 −25.2 −24.8 −24.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.7 −22.1 −21.6 −21.2 −20.7 −20.2 −19.8 −19.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.0 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.1 −30.2 −30.3
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.6 5.6 6.7 7.7 8.8 9.8 10.7 11.7
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.19 1.28 1.37 1.47 1.58 1.69 1.80 1.92
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.6 17.6 18.7 19.7 20.8 21.8 22.9 23.9
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 178 162 148 136 125 116 108 100
Pressure drop relative to reference 60.8% 55.3% 50.5% 46.4% 42.8% 39.6% 36.8% 34.3%
Condenser dew point ° C. 50.3 50.8 51.3 51.6 51.8 51.9 52.0 51.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 43.0 40.7 38.8 37.1 35.7 34.4 33.4 32.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 42.0 39.7 37.8 36.1 34.7 33.4 32.4 31.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 46.6 45.8 45.0 44.4 43.7 43.2 42.7 42.2
Condenser glide (in-out) K 7.3 10.1 12.5 14.5 16.1 17.5 18.6 19.5
TABLE 78
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25% R-32 and 30% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/25/ 18/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
30/29 30/27 30/25 30/23 30/21 30/19 30/17 30/15
COP (heating) 2.30 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31
COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.2% 109.4% 109.4% 109.5% 109.5% 109.5% 109.5% 109.4%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2185 2310 2437 2567 2700 2837 2976 3119
Capacity relative to Reference 248.7% 262.9% 277.4% 292.2% 307.3% 322.8% 338.7% 354.9%
Critical temperature ° C. 77.84 76.07 74.37 72.73 71.15 69.63 68.16 66.75
Critical pressure bar 53.77 54.55 55.33 56.11 56.89 57.67 58.45 59.24
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 326.1 330.4 334.4 338.3 341.9 345.4 348.7 351.9
Pressure ratio 12.21 11.97 11.72 11.48 11.24 11.01 10.77 10.54
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 22.1 21.8 21.5 21.3 21.1 20.8 20.6 20.5
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 157.9 160.0 162.0 163.9 165.7 167.5 169.2 170.9
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 2.06 2.19 2.32 2.46 2.60 2.75 2.91 3.07
Condenser inlet pressure bar 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2 32.3
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.6 −37.1 −37.6 −38.0 −38.4 −38.8 −39.2 −39.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.1 −23.7 −23.5 −23.2 −23.0 −22.7 −22.6 −22.4
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.1 −18.7 −18.5 −18.2 −18.0 −17.7 −17.6 −17.4
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.4 −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.8 −30.9 −30.9
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.5 13.4 14.1 14.8 15.5 16.1 16.6 17.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 2.04 2.17 2.31 2.45 2.59 2.74 2.90 3.06
Compressor discharge pressure bar 25.0 26.0 27.0 28.1 29.1 30.2 31.2 32.3
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 94 88 82 78 73 69 65 62
Pressure drop relative to reference 32.0% 30.0% 28.2% 26.5% 25.0% 23.6% 22.4% 21.2%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.8 51.6 51.4 51.1 50.8 50.4 50.0 49.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.7 31.0 30.4 29.9 29.4 29.1 28.7 28.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.7 30.0 29.4 28.9 28.4 28.1 27.7 27.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 41.7 41.3 40.9 40.5 40.1 39.7 39.4 39.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 20.2 20.7 21.0 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.2 21.0
TABLE 79
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744, 25% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/25/40/35 2/25/40/33 4/25/40/31 6/25/40/29 8/25/40/27 10/25/40/25 12/25/40/23 14/25/40/21
COP (heating) 2.24 2.25 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.29 2.30 2.30
COP (heating) relative to Reference 106.1% 106.9% 107.5% 108.0% 108.4% 108.8% 109.0% 109.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1314 1416 1522 1631 1742 1858 1976 2097
Capacity relative to Reference 149.5% 161.2% 173.2% 185.6% 198.3% 211.4% 224.9% 238.7%
Critical temperature ° C. 94.41 91.96 89.63 87.40 85.26 83.21 81.24 79.35
Critical pressure bar 47.61 48.41 49.20 50.00 50.80 51.60 52.40 53.19
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 282.2 289.7 296.6 302.9 308.8 314.2 319.3 324.0
Pressure ratio 13.77 13.63 13.47 13.27 13.07 12.84 12.60 12.36
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.5 24.9 24.3 23.8 23.3 22.9 22.6 22.2
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 139.4 142.3 145.1 147.7 150.3 152.6 154.9 157.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.24 1.33 1.42 1.52 1.62 1.73 1.85 1.97
Condenser inlet pressure bar 16.7 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9 22.0 23.0 24.1
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −32.1 −32.6 −33.1 −33.7 −34.2 −34.8 −35.3 −35.8
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −27.9 −27.4 −26.9 −26.4 −25.9 −25.5 −25.1 −24.7
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −22.9 −22.4 −21.9 −21.4 −20.9 −20.5 −20.1 −19.7
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.0 −30.0 −30.0 −30.0 −30.1 −30.1 −30.2 −30.2
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 4.1 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.3 9.3 10.2 11.2
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.21 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.71 1.83 1.95
Compressor discharge pressure bar 16.7 17.7 18.8 19.9 20.9 22.0 23.0 24.1
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 174 158 144 133 122 113 105 98
Pressure drop relative to reference 59.4% 54.0% 49.4% 45.4% 41.9% 38.8% 36.0% 33.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 49.8 50.3 50.8 51.1 51.3 51.5 51.5 51.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 43.2 40.9 38.9 37.2 35.8 34.5 33.4 32.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 42.2 39.9 37.9 36.2 34.8 33.5 32.4 31.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 46.5 45.6 44.8 44.2 43.5 43.0 42.5 42.0
Condenser glide (in-out) K 6.6 9.5 11.9 13.9 15.6 17.0 18.1 19.0
TABLE 80
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-7447R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744, 25% R-32 and 40% R-134a
Composition CO2/R-32/R-134a/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/25/ 28/25/ 20/25/ 22/25/ 24/25/ 26/25/ 28/25/ 30/25/
40/19 40/17 40/15 40/13 40/11 40/9 40/7 40/5
COP (heating) 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31 2.31
COP (heating) relative to Reference 109.4% 109.5% 109.6% 109.7% 109.7% 109.7% 109.7% 109.6%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 2221 2348 2477 2609 2743 2881 3021 3165
Capacity relative to Reference 252.8% 267.2% 281.9% 296.9% 312.2% 327.9% 343.8% 360.2%
Critical temperature ° C. 77.54 75.79 74.11 72.49 70.93 69.43 67.98 66.57
Critical pressure bar 53.99 54.79 55.58 56.38 57.17 57.97 58.76 59.56
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 328.5 332.8 336.8 340.7 344.3 347.8 351.1 354.2
Pressure ratio 12.12 11.87 11.63 11.39 11.15 10.92 10.69 10.47
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 21.9 21.6 21.4 21.1 20.9 20.7 20.5 20.3
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 159.2 161.2 163.2 165.1 166.9 168.7 170.4 172.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 2.09 2.22 2.36 2.50 2.64 2.79 2.95 3.11
Condenser inlet pressure bar 25.2 26.2 27.3 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −36.4 −36.9 −37.3 −37.8 −38.2 −38.6 −39.0 −39.3
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.3 −23.9 −23.6 −23.3 −23.1 −22.9 −22.7 −22.5
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.3 −18.9 −18.6 −18.3 −18.1 −17.9 −17.7 −17.5
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −30.3 −30.4 −30.5 −30.6 −30.7 −30.8 −30.8 −30.9
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 12.1 12.9 13.7 14.5 15.1 15.8 16.3 16.8
Compressor suction pressure bar 2.08 2.21 2.34 2.48 2.63 2.78 2.94 3.10
Compressor discharge pressure bar 25.2 26.2 27.3 28.3 29.3 30.4 31.4 32.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 92 86 81 76 72 68 64 61
Pressure drop relative to reference 31.4% 29.4% 27.6% 26.0% 24.5% 23.2% 21.9% 20.8%
Condenser dew point ° C. 51.4 51.3 51.0 50.8 50.4 50.1 49.7 49.2
Condenser bubble point ° C. 31.7 31.0 30.4 29.9 29.4 29.1 28.7 28.5
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 30.7 30.0 29.4 28.9 28.4 28.1 27.7 27.5
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 41.6 41.1 40.7 40.3 39.9 39.6 39.2 38.9
Condenser glide (in-out) K 19.7 20.3 20.6 20.9 21.0 21.0 20.9 20.8
TABLE 81
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 0-14% R-744
Composition CO2/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
0/100 2/98 4/96 6/94 8/92 10/90 12/88 14/86
COP (heating) 1.99 2.05 2.10 2.14 2.16 2.18 2.20 2.21
COP (heating) relative to Reference 94.4% 97.4% 99.6% 101.3% 102.5% 103.5% 104.3% 104.9%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 615 695 778 864 953 1046 1141 1239
Capacity relative to Reference 70.0% 79.1% 88.6% 98.3% 108.5% 119.0% 129.8% 141.0%
Critical temperature ° C. 109.89 105.93 102.20 98.69 95.38 92.25 89.29 86.48
Critical pressure bar 36.57 37.34 38.10 38.87 39.63 40.40 41.16 41.92
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 210.2 223.7 235.1 244.8 253.2 260.5 267.2 273.2
Pressure ratio 18.75 18.99 19.05 18.95 18.71 18.39 18.00 17.58
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 34.2 32.2 30.6 29.4 28.4 27.6 27.0 26.4
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 112.8 117.1 121.1 124.7 127.9 131.0 133.8 136.5
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.80 0.87 0.95 1.03 1.11
Condenser inlet pressure bar 10.7 11.9 13.1 14.3 15.5 16.7 17.8 19.0
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −28.9 −29.6 −30.3 −31.1 −31.9 −32.7 −33.6 −34.5
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −30.3 −29.7 −29.0 −28.3 −27.5 −26.6 −25.8 −25.1
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −25.3 −24.7 −24.0 −23.3 −22.5 −21.6 −20.8 −20.1
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.6 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.7 −29.8
Evaporator glide (out-in) K −1.3 −0.1 1.3 2.8 4.4 6.0 7.7 9.4
Compressor suction pressure bar 0.57 0.63 0.69 0.75 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.08
Compressor discharge pressure bar 10.7 11.9 13.1 14.3 15.5 16.7 17.8 19.0
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 462 390 336 294 259 231 208 189
Pressure drop relative to reference 158.3% 133.6% 115.0% 100.5% 88.8% 79.2% 71.3% 64.6%
Condenser dew point ° C. 53.1 55.1 56.7 58.1 59.2 60.0 60.5 60.9
Condenser bubble point ° C. 53.0 47.1 42.6 38.9 36.1 33.8 31.9 30.4
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 52.0 46.1 41.6 37.9 35.1 32.8 30.9 29.4
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 53.1 51.1 49.7 48.5 47.6 46.9 46.2 45.7
Condenser glide (in-out) K 0.1 7.9 14.2 19.1 23.1 26.2 28.6 30.6
TABLE 82
Theoretical Performance Data of Selected R-744/R-1234ze(E) blends containing 16-30% R-744
Composition CO2/R-1234ze(E) % by weight
16/84 18/82 20/80 22/78 24/76 26/74 28/72 30/70
COP (heating) 2.22 2.23 2.23 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24 2.24
COP (heating) relative to Reference 105.4% 105.7% 106.0% 106.2% 106.3% 106.3% 106.3% 106.2%
Volumetric heating capacity at suction kJ/m3 1339 1441 1545 1650 1756 1862 1969 2076
Capacity relative to Reference 152.4% 164.0% 175.8% 187.7% 199.8% 211.9% 224.1% 236.3%
Critical temperature ° C. 83.81 81.28 78.87 76.57 74.38 72.28 70.28 68.37
Critical pressure bar 42.68 43.44 44.20 44.96 45.72 46.47 47.23 47.98
Condenser enthalpy change kJ/kg 278.7 283.9 288.9 293.6 298.1 302.5 306.8 311.0
Pressure ratio 17.15 16.72 16.29 15.88 15.49 15.12 14.77 14.44
Refrigerant mass flow kg/hr 25.8 25.4 24.9 24.5 24.2 23.8 23.5 23.1
Compressor discharge temperature ° C. 139.0 141.4 143.8 146.1 148.4 150.6 152.9 155.1
Evaporator inlet pressure bar 1.20 1.29 1.39 1.49 1.60 1.70 1.81 1.92
Condenser inlet pressure bar 20.1 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5
Evaporator inlet temperature ° C. −35.5 −36.5 −37.6 −38.7 −39.7 −40.8 −41.9 −42.9
Evaporator dewpoint ° C. −24.4 −23.7 −23.1 −22.5 −22.0 −21.6 −21.2 −20.9
Evaporator exit gas temperature ° C. −19.4 −18.7 −18.1 −17.5 −17.0 −16.6 −16.2 −15.9
Evaporator mean temperature ° C. −29.9 −30.1 −30.3 −30.6 −30.9 −31.2 −31.5 −31.9
Evaporator glide (out-in) K 11.2 12.9 14.5 16.2 17.7 19.2 20.7 22.0
Compressor suction pressure bar 1.17 1.27 1.37 1.47 1.57 1.68 1.79 1.90
Compressor discharge pressure bar 20.1 21.2 22.3 23.3 24.4 25.4 26.5 27.5
Suction line pressure drop Pa/m 172 157 145 134 125 116 109 102
Pressure drop relative to reference 58.8% 53.9% 49.7% 45.9% 42.7% 39.8% 37.2% 35.0%
Condenser dew point ° C. 61.2 61.2 61.2 61.0 60.8 60.4 60.0 59.5
Condenser bubble point ° C. 29.1 28.0 27.1 26.3 25.7 25.1 24.6 24.1
Condenser exit liquid temperature ° C. 28.1 27.0 26.1 25.3 24.7 24.1 23.6 23.1
Condenser mean temperature ° C. 45.1 44.6 44.1 43.7 43.2 42.7 42.3 41.8
Condenser glide (in-out) K 32.1 33.2 34.1 34.7 35.1 35.3 35.4 35.3
Further Performance Data The performance of a composition containing 6% by weight CO2, 10% by weight R-134a and 84% by weight R-1234ze(E) was tested in an automotive air conditioning system suitable for use with R-134a. This composition is denoted “Blend” in the results shown below.
The test conditions used were as described in SAE Standard J2765, which is incorporated herein by reference. These conditions are summarised below.
-
- Ambient air condition 35° C. and 40% relative humidity (RH)
- Air off temperature from evaporator controlled to 3° C.
- Compressor displacement variable 0-175 cc per stroke
- Conventional R-134a expansion valve was replaced with an electronic expansion valve to allow for ease of superheat adjustment
- System used without internal heat exchanger and with equivalent superheat at evaporator exit for all fluids
The results are shown below, in which I, L, M and H refer to idle, low, medium and high speed, and wherein 35 and 45 refer to the ambient temperature in ° C.
Measured cooling capacity Relative to
(kW) R-134a
Test point R134a Blend Blend
I35 4.67 4.5 96%
L35 5.86 5.66 97%
M35 6.43 6.18 96%
H35 6.65 6.5 98%
I45 3.81 3.64 96%
L45 4.76 4.61 97%
M45 5.2 5.05 97%
H45 5.41 5.33 99%
Measured Energy (expressed COP relative
Efficiency as COP) to R-134a
Test point R134a Blend Blend
I35 2.87 2.62 91%
L35 1.98 1.89 95%
M35 1.79 1.7 95%
H35 1.4 1.36 97%
I45 2.3 2.18 95%
L45 1.64 1.62 99%
M45 1.48 1.45 98%
H45 1.18 1.16 98%
The Blend composition of the invention represents a good match of capacity and efficiency for R-134a in an R-134a air-conditioning system across a range of conditions.
Lubricant Miscibility Data The miscibility of a composition of the invention containing about 6% by weight CO2, about 10% by weight R-134a and about 84% by weight R-1234ze(E) (referred to below as Blend) was tested with the polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant YN12 and the polyol ester (POE) lubricant 32H. The results of these experiments were compared to the miscibility of pure R-1234yf with the same lubricants. The results are shown below.
Miscibility Results for Blend with 32H
Temperature Lubricant Concentration wt %
deg C. 4 7 10 20 30 50
−20 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
−10 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
0 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
10 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
20 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
30 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
40 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
50 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
60 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
70 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
80 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
Miscibility Results for 1234yf with 32H
Temperature Lubricant Concentration wt %
deg C. 4 7 10 20 30 50
−20 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
−10 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
0 miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible miscible
10 slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible
opaque opaque
20 slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible
opaque opaque
30 slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible
opaque opaque
40 slightly slightly miscible miscible miscible miscible
opaque opaque
50 slightly slightly miscible miscible slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque
60 slightly slightly miscible miscible slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque
70 slightly slightly miscible miscible slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque
80 Miscible slightly miscible Opaque 2 Opaque 2 Opaque
opaque layers layers
Miscibility Results for Blend with YN12
Temp Lubricant Concentration wt %
deg C. 4 7 10 20 30 50
−20 Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque
−10 Opaque Opaque Opaque Opaque slightly slightly
opaque opaque
0 Opaque Opaque slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque
10 Opaque Opaque slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque
20 Opaque Opaque slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque
30 slightly Opaque slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque
40 slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly slightly
opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque
50 very very slightly slightly slightly slightly
Slighty Slighty opaque opaque opaque opaque
opaque opaque
60 very very slightly slightly slightly slightly
Slighty Slighty opaque opaque opaque opaque
opaque opaque
70 very very 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers slightly
Slighty Slighty opaque
opaque opaque
80 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
Miscibility Results for 1234yf with YN12
Temperature Lubricant Concentration wt %
deg C. 4 7 10 20 30 50
−20 opaque opaque 2 layers opaque 2 layers 2 layers
−10 slightly slightly 2 layers opaque 2 layers 2 layers
opaque opaque
0 slightly opaque 2 layers opaque opaque opaque
opaque
10 slightly opaque 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
opaque opaque opaque opaque opaque
20 opaque slightly 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
opaque 2 opaque opaque opaque
layers
30 opaque opaque 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
opaque opaque opaque
40 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear
50 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear
60 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear
70 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear
80 clear 2 clear 2 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers 2 layers
layers layers clear clear clear
The miscibility of further compositions of the invention were tested with the polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant YN12. The lubricant was present in a concentration of 4% w/w. This concentration is representative of the typical oil concentration present in an air conditioning system. The results of these experiments were compared to the miscibility of pure R-1234yf. The results are shown below.
Temperature/° C.
0 10 20 30 40
R-1234yf opaque opaque opaque very opaque
(comparative) opaque
CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze slightly slightly slightly very slightly
(15/10/75% by weight) opaque opaque opaque slightly opaque
opaque
CO2/R-134a/R-1234ze opaque slightly very ok
(25/10/65% by weight) opaque slightly
opaque
CO2/R-32/R-1234ze opaque slightly very ok
(4/7/89% by weight) opaque slightly
opaque
The results show that the compositions of the invention have improved miscibility with lubricants compared to the pure fluid R-1234yf.
In summary, the invention provides new compositions that exhibit a surprising combination of advantageous properties including good refrigeration performance, low flammability, low GWP, and/or miscibility with lubricants compared to existing refrigerants such as R-134a and the proposed refrigerant R-1234yf.
The invention is defined by the following claims.
