Low Temperature Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Epitaxy of Hexagonal InN Films and its Alloys with AlN
Described herein is a method for growing indium nitride (InN) materials by growing hexagonal InN using a pulsed growth method at a temperature lower than 300° C.
This Application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/698,344 filed on Sep. 7, 2017 which is continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/916,724 filed on Jun. 13, 2013 which in turns claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 61/661,016 filed on Jun. 18, 2012, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUNDAmong III-nitride semiconductors, indium nitride (InN) has the smallest direct band gap, largest electron saturation velocity and mobility, and smallest electron effective mass. It has long been an attractive semiconductor material for application in optical, electrical, and optoelectronic device technologies such as solar-cells and high electron mobility and high frequency devices. The most thermodynamically stable phase of the InN is a wurtzite structure (a hexagonal phase), however, the growth of zincblende (a cubic phase) InN on InAs/GaAs has been demonstrated at 450° C. by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) . Cubic InN has a smaller band gap and superior electronic properties as its lattice is isotropic and possesses lower phonon scattering.
BRIEF SUMMARYIn one embodiment, a method for growing indium nitride (InN) materials, comprises growing hexagonal InN using a pulsed growth method at a temperature lower than 300° C. The InN can consist of a homogenous phase of hexagonal InN.
Before describing the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that the terminology used in the specification is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not necessarily intended to be limiting. Although many methods, structures and materials similar, modified, or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention without undue experimentation, the preferred methods, structures and materials are described herein. In describing and claiming the present invention, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions set out below.
As used herein, “low temperature” means temperatures lower than 300° C., and if otherwise specified can refer to yet lower temperatures such as lower than 280° C., lower than 260° C., lower than 240° C., lower than 220° C., lower than 200° C., lower than 180° C., and so on.
Indium precursors include trimethylindium (TMI) and others known in the art.
Aluminum precursor includes trimethylaluminum (TMA) and others known in the art.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an,” and “the” do not preclude plural referents, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
As used herein, the term “about” when used in conjunction with a stated numerical value or range denotes somewhat more or somewhat less than the stated value or range, to within a range of ±10% of that stated.
DescriptionInN layers were simultaneously grown using a Cambridge Nano Tech (CNT) Fiji 200 atomic layer deposition/epitaxy (ALE) system on a-plane sapphire, semi-insulating Si(111), and GaN/sapphire templates. Sapphire substrates were used to ensure unambiguous characterization of the electrical transport properties of the ALE InN layers on an insulator. Wafers were solvent cleaned and rinsed with deionized (DI) water before any further surface pretreatments. Si(111), GaN/sapphire, and sapphire surfaces were pretreated with HF, HF and 15% HCl, and solvents, respectively. The growth was carried out in an ultrahigh purity (UHP) argon (Ar) ambient. After ex situ surface pretreatment, substrates were treated with the 50 sccm N2 plasma at 300 watts before InN growth. About 150 to 1100 cycles of ALE deposition (see below) were used to synthesize InN films on different substrates simultaneously. The values of parameters given in this paragraph are examples, with other values possible.
There has been a previous report (see ref 21) of cubic InN growth at 450° C. by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on InAs/GaAs, but the InN is demonstrated to have a ZnS (zincblende) phase rather than a NaCl-type phase as obtained herein.
Table 1 summarizes different parameters and their values to synthesize various materials. Each ALE cycle consisted of first a 60 ms trimethylindium (TMI) pulse (which was empirically found as self-limited ALE growth mode, with longer pulses not providing significantly greater growth), which were added to a constant 30 and 100 sccm flow of UHP argon carrier gas. After each TMI pulse, the main pumping valve was closed for 5 sec so that the surface would saturate with In atoms. A 20 second long 300 watt N2 plasma exposure was used to provide nitrogen precursor to the indium saturated surface. To remove unreacted precursors, the deposition chamber was purged with UHP argon for 10 s after each pulse. The reactor chuck was heated resistively, and the temperature was calibrated using thermocouple and by pyrometer by CNT. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible.
For the ALE growth of AlInN, InN and AlN layers were grown layer by layer in the fashion of a digital alloy. To grow Al0.90In0.10N, AlN and InN were grown alternatively. For an AlN for every two cycles of InN results Al0.79In0.21N. For an AlN for every three cycles of InN results Al0.68In0.32N. Thus by changing the combination of number layers of InN and AlN, AlxIn1-xN films can be obtained in for a wide range of x via atomic layer epitaxy. In this manner, AlInN ternary alloys are realized over the entire desired stoichiometry range—this is believed to be the first time this was accomplished. The values of parameters given are examples. Other values are possible.
The techniques described herein are expected to provide a crystalline material having low oxygen impurity by ex situ and in situ surface treatment. Moreover, in situ surface treatment with the atomic hydrogen, nitrogen, mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, and/or ammonia plasma is possible. It is possible to vary purge time with the pumping speed in order to control carbon impurities.
Concluding RemarksAll documents mentioned herein are hereby incorporated by reference for the purpose of disclosing and describing the particular materials and methodologies for which the document was cited.
Although the present invention has been described in connection with preferred embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that additions, deletions, modifications, and substitutions not specifically described may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Terminology used herein should not be construed as being “means-plus-function” language unless the term “means” is expressly used in association therewith.
ReferencesEach of the following is incorporated herein by reference, particularly for the teaching for which it was cited.
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Claims
1. A method for growing crystalline, epitaxial indium nitride (InN) material, the method comprising:
- providing a GaN/Al2O3 template and growing hexagonal InN thereon using pulsed growth plasma-assisted atomic layer epitaxy at a temperature lower than 300° C.,
- wherein the obtained hexagonal InN has the same crystal structure throughout.
2. The method of claim 1, using N2 plasma as a nitrogen precursor.
3. The method of claim 1, using trimethylindium as an indium precursor.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said hexagonal InN consists of a homogenous phase of either hexagonal InN.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein said temperature is intentionally varied during said growing in order to control conductivity of said hexagonal InN.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising in situ surface treatment with atomic hydrogen, nitrogen, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, and/or ammonia plasma.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising variation of purge time with pumping speed, thereby controlling formation of carbon impurities.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein said temperature is lower than 200° C.
9. The method of claim 8, using N2 plasma as a nitrogen precursor.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein said hexagonal InN consists of a homogenous phase of either hexagonal InN.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein said temperature is intentionally varied during said growing in order to control conductivity of said hexagonal InN.
12. The method of claim 8, further comprising in situ surface treatment with atomic hydrogen, nitrogen, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, and/or ammonia plasma.
13. The method of claim 8, further comprising variation of purge time with pumping speed, thereby controlling formation of carbon impurities.
14. A method for growing crystalline, epitaxial indium nitride (InN) material, the method comprising:
- providing a GaN/Al2O3 template and growing hexagonal InN thereon using pulsed growth plasma-assisted atomic layer epitaxy at a temperature lower than 300° C.,
- wherein the pulsed growth method comprises pulsed growth of an AlxIn1-xN film at a temperature lower than 300° C. by via alternate pulses of indium or aluminum precursor and nitrogen precursor, such that x is a number greater than 0 and less than 1; and
- wherein the obtained hexagonal InN has the same crystal structure throughout.
15. The method of claim 14, using N2 plasma and/or ammonia plasma as said nitrogen precursor.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein said film has a homogenous phase.
17. The method of claim 14, further comprising in situ surface treatment with atomic hydrogen, nitrogen, a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen, and/or ammonia plasma.
18. The method of claim 14, further comprising variation of purge time with pumping speed, thereby controlling formation of carbon impurities.
19. The method of claim 14, further comprising the use of a trimethylaluminum as an aluminum precursor.
Type: Application
Filed: Aug 3, 2022
Publication Date: Dec 22, 2022
Inventors: Neeraj Nepal (Woodbridge, VA), Charles R. Eddy, JR. (Columbia, MD), Nadeemullah A. Mahadik (Springfield, VA), Syed B. Qadri (Fairfax Station, VA), Michael J. Mehl (Davidsonville, MD)
Application Number: 17/879,825