Wireless station location detection
A technique for locating a device uses connectivity to find a distance between an access point (AP) and a device. The AP transmits a frame to a device and receives an acknowledgement frame from the device. The amount of time for a signal to pass between the AP and the device is estimated and multiplied by the speed of light to find the distance between the AP and the device.
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Devices on a network may be considered client devices or rogue devices. Generally, clients have permission to use the network, and rogues do not. For rogues, elimination is desirable. It may be possible that an operator of the rogue device may attempt to frustrate efforts to find the rogue. A rogue device at an unknown location may be difficult to eliminate, requiring the use of strong countermeasures, e.g. suppression of service.
An existing approach uses a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) to locate devices. RSSI levels may be used to estimate a device distance. High RSSI is indicative of closer proximity than low RSSI. The RSSI approach may yield poor results because client transmit power is usually unknown. Further, a precise model of a radio environment is generally unavailable.
Another existing approach uses time differences of arrival (TDOA). TDOA removes signal attenuation from the calculation. However, TDOA is similarly flawed in that nanosecond clocks are generally not synchronized and synchronizing them is difficult. Further, in TDOA, paths to the location avoids obstacles in different ways. Varying path lengths from varying points may cause TDOA to suffer in quality when higher numbers of different points are used to find a location. This is counter intuitive because a greater number of measurements would seem to lead to a more accurate location.
The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related therewith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art will become apparent upon a reading of the specification and a study of the drawings.
SUMMARYThe following examples and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools, and methods that are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope. In various examples, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated, while other examples are directed to other improvements.
A technique for locating a device may involve transmitting a frame to a device and receiving an acknowledgement frame from the device. The amount of time for a signal to pass between the AP and the device may be estimated and multiplied by the speed of light to find the distance between the AP and the device. Many distances calculated from many APs may be used to determine a location of the device. Sometimes a single AP may be used to find possible locations of a device in two dimensions. In three dimensions, a number of APs may by used to locate a device, such in an outdoor network.
Advantageously, locating a device may ease a burden of responding to the device. For example, a located rogue may be eliminated without suppressing service. Advantageously, the rouge is eliminated while service remains unaffected.
Consider, for the purposes of example only, a rogue device operated by a rogue operator that does not have permission to use a network. The rogue device is well hidden in a building. In some cases a network administrator may employ countermeasures, shutting down service to portions of the network that the rogue would use. However, using the technique disclosed herein, the rogue is located, security is dispatched, and the rogue computing device is quickly eliminated without interrupting service. Users of the network may remain unaware that an intruding rogue was ever present.
In the following description, several specific details are presented to provide a thorough understanding. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the concepts and techniques disclosed herein can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or in combination with other components, etc. In other instances, well-known implementations or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various examples disclosed herein.
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The wireless exchange switches 110 provide forwarding, queuing, tunneling, and/or some security services for the information the wireless exchange switches 110 receive from their associated access points 114. The wireless exchange switches 110 coordinate, may provide power to, and/or manage the configuration of the associated access points 114. An implementation of a wireless exchange switches, provided by way of example but not limitation, includes a Trapeze Networks Mobility Exchange® switch. The Trapeze Networks Mobility Exchange® switches may, in another implementation, be coordinated by means of the Trapeze Access Point Access™ (TAPA™) protocol.
In a non-limiting example, the access points 114 are hardware units that act as a communication hub by linking wireless mobile stations such as PCs to a wired backbone network. In an example the access points 114 connect users to other users within the network and, in another example, can serve as the point of interconnection between a WLAN and a fixed wire network. The number of users and size of a network help to determine how many access points are desirable for a given implementation. An implementation of an access point, provided by way of example but not limitation, includes a Trapeze Networks Mobility System® Mobility Point® (MP®) access point.
The access points 114 are stations that transmit and receive data (and may therefore be referred to as transceivers) using one or more radio transmitters. For example, an access point may have two associated radios, one which is configured for IEEE 802.11a standard transmissions, and the other which is configured for IEEE 802.11b standard transmissions. In a non-limiting example, an access point transmits and receives information as radio frequency (RF) signals to and from a wireless client over a 10/100BASE-T Ethernet connection. The access points 114 transmit and receive information to and from their associated wireless exchange switches 110. Connection to a second wireless exchange switch provides redundancy.
Station 202 may be a device capable of radio communication with one or more access points. In a non-limiting example, the station 202 may be configured for communication using IEEE 802.11 standard communication, but any known or convenient standard for communication may be used.
Access point 204 may be an access point as discussed in reference to
Network management module 206 may be practically any type of component or device that is capable of communicating with a communications network. A workstation as well as a module coupled to or operating in software on a server, AP, wireless exchange or other network component could be used. Access point 204 may be coupled to, or contain network management module 206. AP 204 and network management module 206 may further be modules in another component such as a wireless exchange switch.
Display 208 may provide a view of a layout of a building, floorplan, or other known or convenient manner of visualizing an environment including APs and stations. AP 204 may be displayed on display 208. Station 202 may be displayed on display 208. Display 208 may be connected to network management module 206 and display information provided by network management module 206.
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Such frames may be referred to as “ping” frames. Because of variance in acknowledgement over time, a single ping frame may be insufficient to acquire an accurate estimate of a distance between an AP and a device. It may be advantageous to use multiple ping frames and average a round trip time for transmitting a ping frame and receiving an acknowledgement frame. Averaging many values may lead to a more accurate estimate of the distance between the AP and the device. Multiple pings may be coordinated to occur during ActiveScan intervals to avoid interruptions in service.
A rogue device may encrypt data in transmission, and refuse to respond to frames that do not have proper encryption keys. However, by using a null frame, a rogue device may respond regardless of encryption. A rogue device may refuse to transmit an Acknowledgement frame. A system may respond by denying the rogue device use of system resources, and if necessary, completely suspending service to a portion of the network, or the entire network. This response may be automatic, or may be manually initiated by an administrator.
It may be necessary to “spoof” or supply an inaccurate 802.11 frame control field sequence number to be accepted by a device, however, many 802.11i implementations do not validate an 802.11 frame sequence number. A device may check the TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), or CCMP Packet No. (Counter Mode with Cyper Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol) instead. A rogue device may accept the transmitted ping frame, and respond with an acknowledgement frame.
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In subtracting time components for PLCP 608, MAC Header 610, FCS 612, PLCP 616, MAC Header 618, and FCS 620 from Δt, the remaining time may be attributed to the travel a round trip between the station and the AP. Half this time may be the amount of time for one frame to travel between the station and the AP.
In three dimensions, it may be necessary to use four APs to identify a single location for station 1102. This is because the intersection between two spheres representing distances d and d′ away from APs 1106 and 1108 may be a circle. A circle may intersect with the sphere representing the distance d″ away from AP 1108 in two points. Finally, a sphere representing the distance d′″ away from AP 1110 may intersect with a single one of the two points. This may identify a single point in three dimensions for a location of station 1102.
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Display 1204 may display not only warning messages, such as “Alert,” but also may display an entire floor plan animated with information about the location of rogues, clients, APs and other relevant information. Where the rogue is moving, the display may update the position of the rogue in real time.
The device 1302 interfaces to external systems through the communications interface 1310, which may include a modem or network interface. It will be appreciated that the communications interface 1310 can be considered to be part of the system 1300 or a part of the device 1302. The communications interface 1310 can be an analog modem, ISDN modem, cable modem, token ring interface, ethernet interface, wireless 802.11 interface, satellite transmission interface (e.g. “direct PC”), or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems.
The processor 1308 may be, for example, a conventional microprocessor such as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PC microprocessor. The memory 1312 is coupled to the processor 1308 by a bus 1320. The memory 1312 can be Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and can also include Static RAM (SRAM). The bus 1320 couples the processor 1308 to the memory 1312, also to the non-volatile storage 1316, to the display controller 1314, and to the I/O controller 1318.
The I/O devices 1304 can include a keyboard, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other input and output devices, including a mouse or other pointing device. The display controller 1314 may control in the conventional manner a display on the display device 1306, which can be, for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). The display controller 1314 and the I/O controller 1318 can be implemented with conventional well known technology.
The non-volatile storage 1316 is often a magnetic hard disk, an optical disk, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory 1312 during execution of software in the device 1302. One of skill in the art will immediately recognize that the terms “machine-readable medium” or “computer-readable medium” includes any type of storage device that is accessible by the processor 1308 and is intended to encompass a carrier wave that encodes a data signal to the extent that such a carrier wave is patentable.
Clock 1320 can be any kind of oscillating circuit creating an electrical signal with a precise frequency. In a non-limiting example, clock 1320 could be a crystal oscillator using the mechanical resonance of vibrating crystal to generate the electrical signal.
Distance calculation engine 1322 includes functionality to estimate a distance between a first computing system and a second computing system.
Radio 1324 may be any combination of known or convenient electrical components including by way of example, but not limitation, transistors, capacitors, resistors, multiplexers, wiring, registers, diodes or any other electrical components known or convenient.
The system 1300 is one example of many possible computer systems which have different architectures. For example, personal computers based on an Intel microprocessor often have multiple buses, one of which can be an I/O bus for the peripherals and one that directly connects the processor 1308 and the memory 1312 (often referred to as a memory bus). The buses are connected together through bridge components that perform any necessary translation due to differing bus protocols.
Network computers are another type of computer system that can be used in conjunction with the teachings provided herein. Network computers do not usually include a hard disk or other mass storage, and the executable programs are loaded from a network connection into the memory 1312 for execution by the processor 1308. A Web TV system, which is known in the art, is also considered to be a computer system, but it may lack some of the features shown in
In addition, the system 1300 is controlled by operating system software which includes a file management system, such as a disk operating system, which is part of the operating system software. One example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the family of operating systems known as Windows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated file management systems. Another example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the Linux operating system and its associated file management system. The file management system is typically stored in the non-volatile storage 1316 and causes the processor 1308 to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data and to store data in memory, including storing files on the non-volatile storage 1316.
Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
The present example also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present example is not described with reference to any particular programming language, and various examples may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages.
Claims
1. A system, comprising:
- an access point (AP), wherein, in operation: the AP transmits a frame; stores a time of beginning of transmission, t0; if an acknowledgement frame is received the AP stores a time of completion of receiving, t1; and if the acknowledgement frame is not received after one or more frame transmissions, the AP denies future requests for access to a network from the station and sends an instruction to a network management module (NMM) to broadcast an address of the station to other APs in the network to allow the other APs to deny the station access; and
- the NMM, coupled to the AP, including: memory having a value, tfixed, stored therein, representing a known frame exchange component period of time, and a value, c, representing the speed of light; a distance calculation engine, in operation, the distance calculation engine determining a distance, d, using a formula d=[(t1−t0−tfixed)/2]·c, d representing an estimated distance of the AP from the station; and a graphical display engine, wherein, in operation, the graphical display engine displays one or more predicted locations the distance, d, from the AP in a graphically rendered environment.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein, in operation, the AP transmits a plurality of frames, receives a responding acknowledgement paired to each frame transmitted; and wherein, in operation, the distance calculating engine calculates a plurality of distance values for paired frames from the plurality of times for t0 and t1 and averages the plurality of distance values to find an estimated distance.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the graphically rendered environment is two dimensional.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the one or more predicted locations are displayed on a circle, a location of the AP being at a center of the circle, the circle having a radius of length d.
5. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
- a second AP, wherein, in operation, the second AP transmits a second frame; stores a second time of beginning of transmission, t0′; receives a second acknowledgement frame from the station; stores a second time of completion of receiving, t1′;
- wherein, in operation, the distance calculating engine calculates a second distance d′ using a second formua d′=[(t1′−t0′−tfixed)/2]·c and d′ is used to reduce the one or more predicted locations to two or fewer predicted locations; wherein the two or fewer predicted locations are displayed at intersecting points of two circles, a location of the AP being at a center of a first circle having a radius of length d, a second location of the second AP being at a second center of the second circle having a radius of length d′.
6. The system of claim 5 further comprising:
- a third AP; wherein, in operation, the third AP transmits a third frame; stores a third time of beginning of transmission, t0′; receives a third acknowledgement frame from the station; stores a third time of completion of receiving, t1′ wherein, in operation, the distance calculating engine is used to calculate a third distance d″ and the third distance d″ is used to reduce the one or more predicted locations to one location; the one location is at a point a distance d from the AP, a distance d′ from the second AP, and a distance d″ from the third AP.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein the graphically rendered environment is rendered in three dimensions.
8. The system of claim 1 further comprising:
- a second AP, wherein, in operation, the second AP transmits a second frame; stores a second time of beginning of transmission, t0′; receives a second acknowledgement frame from the station; stores a second time of completion of receiving, t1′;
- a third AP a third AP; wherein, in operation, the third AP transmits a third frame; stores a third time of beginning of transmission, t0″; receives a third acknowledgement frame from the station; stores a second time of completion of receiving, t1″;
- a fourth AP a fourth AP; wherein, in operation, the fourth AP transmits a fourth frame; stores a fourth time of beginning of transmission, t0′″; receives a fourth acknowledgement frame from the station; stores a second time of completion of receiving, t1′″;
- wherein in operation, the second AP calculates a second distance d′=[(t1′−t0′−tfixed)/2]·c, the third AP calculates a third distance d″=[(t1″−t0″−tfixed)/2]·c, the fourth AP calculates a fourth distance d′″=[(t1′″−t0′″−tfixed)/2]·c; wherein the distance d, the second distance d′, the third distance d″, and the fourth distance d′″ are used to identify a single point on the graphically rendered environment as a location of a station; the one location is at a point a distance d from the AP, a distance d′ from the second AP, a distance d″ from the third AP, and a distance d′″ from the fourth AP.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein the frame is a null frame.
10. A method, comprising:
- transmitting a first message from a first access point (AP);
- if a second message, associated with the first message, is not received from the station, (1) disabling future access to a network by a station and (2) broadcasting an address of the station to a second AP in the network to allow the second AP to deny the station access; and
- predicting a location of the station if the second message is received from the station, comprising: calculating a time difference, Δt, between the start of transmission of the first message, t0 and receipt of the second message, t1, wherein Δt=t0−t1. calculating roundtrip propagation time by subtracting one or more fixed periods of time from Δt for one or more components of a frame exchange; determining a distance d by multiplying the speed of light by half the round trip propagation time; and predicting a location of the station based on d.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the one or more fixed periods time subtracted from Δt include times used to prepare the first message for transmission and to prepare the second message for transmission.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the one or more components of the frame exchange comprise:
- a transmission frame physical layer convergence procedure;
- a transmission frame mac header;
- a transmission frame check sequence;
- a short inter-frame space;
- an acknowledge frame physical layer convergence procedure;
- an acknowledge frame mac header;
- an acknowledge frame check sequence.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the method is performed in numerous iterations and an estimated distance is found by averaging the distance d from each of the numerous iterations.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein the first message includes a header and a body, and the body is null.
15. A device, comprising:
- a radio;
- a propagation distance calculating engine;
- wherein, in operation: the radio sends a frame to a station, the propagation distance calculating engine records a time of start of transmission of the frame, when the radio does not receive an acknowledgement frame from the station, the device (1) denies future access to a network by the station through the device and (2) broadcasts an address of the station to other devices in the network to allow the other devices to deny access to the network by the station; and when the radio receives an acknowledgement frame from the station: the propagation distance calculating engine stores a time of completion of receiving the acknowledgement frame, and the propagation distance calculating engine calculates a distance by d=[(Δt−tfixed)/2]·c, c being the speed of light, Δt being the time of completion of receiving minus the time of start of transmission, and tfixed being a known frame exchange component period of time.
16. The device of claim 15 wherein, in operation, the radio sends a plurality of frames, the propagation distance calculating engine calculates a plurality of distance values, and the propagation distance calculating engine averages the distance values to calculate an estimate of the distance d.
17. The device of claim 15 wherein tfixed includes time components for a transmission frame physical layer convergence procedure, a transmission frame mac header, a transmission frame check sequence, a short inter-frame space, an acknowledgement frame physical layer convergence procedure, an acknowledge frame mac header, an acknowledge frame check sequence.
18. The device of claim 15 wherein the frame is a data null frame.
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Type: Grant
Filed: Nov 21, 2007
Date of Patent: Feb 28, 2012
Patent Publication Number: 20090131082
Assignee: Trapeze Networks, Inc. (Pleasanton, CA)
Inventor: Matthew Stuart Gast (San Francisco, CA)
Primary Examiner: Nimesh Patel
Application Number: 11/944,346
International Classification: H04W 24/00 (20090101);