Abstract: A panel display assembly comprises an interface, a display panel, a backlight and a stage. The interface is electrically connected to the display panel and the backlight. The stage contains a lens to magnify the image projecting from the display panel, a reflecting mirror with 45° to the lens to reflect vertically an image from the lens, an eye lens atop the reflecting mirror to magnify an image from the reflecting mirror, and a viewfinder atop the eye lens from which a user can view an image from the eye lens.

Abstract: A distortion compensation system for use in an imaging device such as a photolithography system is described. The system projects a plurality of image portions onto a plurality of portions of a subject. The system includes a plurality of light-distance modulators corresponding to the plurality of image portions and a mechanical manipulator for individually manipulating each of the light-distance modulators. In this way, any distortion in the subject is compensated by the individual manipulation of the light-distance modulators.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of magnetic materials in combination with magneto-optic materials to improve performance of Faraday rotator devices by enhancing the latching capability and reducing the driving current. Semi-hard magnetic materials are advantageously used in connection with some embodiments of the present invention. Placing such semi-hard magnetic materials in proximity with the magneto-optic material enhances latching and reduces the drive current required to cause switching. Encompassing both the magneto-optic material and the semi-hard magnetic material further reduces drive current requirements and enhances latching by reducing leakage of the magnetic field from its generation within the coil to the magneto-optic material. Some embodiments further include soft or semi-hard material encompassing the coil.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for adjustably reflecting light is provided. The apparatus includes a base and, positioned above the base, a member having an upper surface and a lower surface. A reflective coating is applied to at least a portion of the upper surface. The system also includes a capacitive plate positioned between the member and the base. The capacitive plate is operable to deflect the member, which alters the orientation of the member relative to the base. A second member, which may be deformable, may be attached to the first member so that deformation of the second member alters the orientation of the first member relative to the base.

Abstract: A movable MEMS mirror system with a mirror position detection system, such as a capacitive sensor, is calibrated using a physical stop with a range of movement of the mirror structure. Thus, drift in the position detection system can be compensated without the need for a separate reference signal source as used in conventional systems.

Abstract: An oversampling electromechanical modulator, including a micro-electromechanical sensor which has a first sensing capacitance and a second sensing capacitance and supplies an analog quantity correlated to the first sensing capacitance and to the second sensing capacitance; a converter stage, which supplies a first numeric signal and a second numeric signal that are correlated to the analog quantity; and a first feedback control circuit for controlling the micro-electromechanical sensor, which supplies an electrical actuation quantity correlated to the second numeric signal.

Abstract: A grating light valve with a plurality of spaced and movable ribbons attached to a substrate surface is sealed within a die structure containing a dampening gas. The tops of the ribbons and the regions of the substrate between the ribbons are reflective. The ribbons move toward and away from the substrate to constructively and destructively interfere with an incident light source having a wavelength &lgr;. In accordance with the invention, the ribbons and the substrate surfaces are sealed within a die structure that contains a dampening gas. Preferably, the dampening gas is a Neon or a Krypton-based gas with a Neon partial pressure in a range of 50 to 100% of the total dampening gas pressure. The Neon-based damping gas is sealed within the die structure such that the total pressure within the sealed die is between 0.5 to 3.0 atmospheres at 20 degree Celsius.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electro-optical device for displaying sharp color images at low cost. The electro-optical device can include a first substrate, a second substrate facing the first substrate, an electro-optical layer which is disposed between the first and second substrates and which includes electrophoretic particles and a dispersion medium, and a colored layer which is located at a position corresponding to the electro-optical layer and which includes at least one color element, wherein at least a part of the dispersion medium has substantially the same color as that of the color element.

Abstract: An optical delay generator comprises a first waveguide made from electro-optically active material resonantly coupled to a second non-electro-optically active waveguide. The first waveguide contains a chirped distributed Bragg reflector structure which reflects optical signals at a specific wavelength at a specific reflection point within the structure. An electric field applied to the first waveguide changes the refractive index of the electro-optically active material and thus shifts the reflection point. Optical signals reflecting from the reflection point are resonantly coupled into the second waveguide, and are thus not affected by the electric field applied to the first waveguide. The controllable optical delay applied to the optical signals results from control over the reflection point and the round-trip travel time for an optical signal forward propagating in the first waveguide, being reflected at the reflection point, and backward propagating in the second waveguide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a laser amplifier system consisting of a solid body, which comprises a laser-active medium, of a pumping radiation source for generating a pumping radiation field, which repeatedly permeates the solid body, and of a focusing system. Said focusing system generates a number of different branches of the pumping radiation field that enter the solid body and converts at least one branch emerging from the solid body into one of the branches which enter the solid body and which are different from the emerging branch. The aim of the invention is to improve a laser amplifier system of the aforementioned type in order to be able to generate the highest possible pumping power density in the solid body while requiring the smallest possible amount of complexity.

Abstract: In a Raman optical amplification system in which WDM optical signals comprising two or more signal bands are transmitted in a transmission line, and in which a plurality of pumping lightwaves are introduced into said transmission line so that WDM optical signals in the shortest signal band are Raman-amplified by said plurality of pumping lightwaves, the interval between the longest pumping wavelength and the next-longest pumping wavelength differs by 0.2 to 1.4 THz in frequency. This makes it possible to flatten the level of the WDM signals by means of canceling the Raman gain ripple on the longer wavelength region of the distributed amplification.

Abstract: Optical transmission systems of the present invention include at least one optical amplifier in which pump power being provided to an amplifying medium is amplified using a pump amplifier prior to being introduced into the amplifying medium. In various embodiments, a cascaded Raman resonator is used as a pump booster source to provide Raman amplification of the pump power being supplied from one or more pump sources to the signal channel amplifying medium.

Abstract: The invention includes a method for controlling amplifier output power in an optical communications network having channel add/drop capability. A first transmission parameter and a second transmission parameter are determined at a first amplifier. In an exemplary embodiment, the first transmission parameter is a composite express signal-to-noise ratio and the second transmission parameter is a composite signal-to-noise ratio. The total output power of a downstream amplifier is adjusted in response to the first transmission parameter and second transmission parameter. A system for implementing the method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An antireflection substrate comprising a substrate which is transparent to ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet rays in the wavelength region from 155 nm to 200 nm and a mono-, bi- or tri-layer antireflection film formed on at least one side of the substrate, wherein the refractive index and the physical thickness of the antireflection film at the center wavelength &lgr;0 of the wavelength region of ultraviolet or vacuum ultraviolet light which needs antireflection satisfy particular conditions, and an optical component for a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus and a substrate for a low-reflection pellicle which is the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet antireflection substrate

Abstract: The present invention concerns a method and a microscope for detection of a specimen, having a light source that illuminates the specimen and an imaging system that images the specimen onto a detector. For purposes of an increase in the effective resolution capability of the imaging system that goes beyond the limit of the resolution capability defined by the properties of the imaging system, the method and the microscope according to the present invention for detection of a specimen are characterized in that the specimen is detected repeatedly with a different resolution of the imaging system in each case; and that in order to determine an optimized resolution capability, the detected image data are conveyed to a statistical and/or numerical analysis operation.

Abstract: An adjustable eyepiece for a viewing device includes a diopter ring with at least one cam follower mounted to the diopter ring and a cam sleeve axially aligned with the diopter ring. The cam sleeve is positioned around a tubular portion of the diopter ring and has at least one cam pathway formed in the cam sleeve. Each cam follower that is mounted to the diopter ring is positioned in a cam pathway such that the cam sleeve may be secured in at least two axial positions relative to the diopter ring. In one embodiment of the invention, three cam pathways are formed in the cam sleeve as L-shaped slots, which may be used in combination with three cam followers to secure the cam sleeve in two axial positions relative to the diopter ring.

Abstract: A portable altitude/azimuth telescope mount having an integral locator system with a magnetic encoder mechanism for facilitating location of astronomical objects and telescope positioning for observation thereof. A microprocessor receives signals from the encoder mechanism and translates such into position data for display. The locator system also includes a database of astronomical objects, including their locations and other relevant information.

Abstract: Autostereoscopic image display apparatus comprising a display device including a 3D image source emitting lightbeams carrying pixels to a lenticular screen having an array of lenses for displaying said 3D image, a parallax barrier being located between the image source on the one hand and the lenticular screen on the other hand, said parallax barrier being provided with an array of light transmissive slits for transmitting said lightbeams to the array of lenses of said lenticular screen, and a viewpoint tracker detecting right and left eye positions and tracking said display device therewith.

Abstract: A “glasses-free” autostereoscopic viewing environment based on a large-diameter, concave vacuum-controlled mirror allows the user to view and interact with a “floating” hologram-like image in real time, without the use of special peripheral devices such as shutter glasses. This technology creates the unique ability to vary focal length over a wide range, yielding superior quality stereo images. Compatibility allows PCs or high-end graphics workstations to drive the system. It also easily interfaces with most haptic devices. A telepresence embodiment allows remote viewing of a live or recorded scene while giving the user the feeling of immersion at the remote site. The remote system consists of a site sensor platform containing stereo cameras and microphones. The platform's patented ability to pan, tilt, and/or roll delivers enhanced control of the captured visual and aural images of the remote site. When captured, any telecommunications system (e.g.

Abstract: There is disclosed a manufacturing method of a large-area polarization element (10) whose film formed on a surface has an excellent adhesion. The method includes the steps of: forming an under film (12) on a glass substrate (11); coating the under film (12) with a metal dispersion; heating the metal dispersion; and forming a metal dispersed film (13) containing a fine metal particle (14). When the metal dispersion is heated, a noble metal ion in the metal dispersion is reduced to generate the fine metal particle (14). The fine metal particle (14) interacts with the under film (12), and is localized in the vicinity of an interface (16) of the under film (12) and metal dispersed film (13).

Abstract: An interleaver has a birefringent element assembly and a reflector configured so as to direct light from the birefringent element assembly back into and through birefringent element assembly. The birefringent element assembly has at least one birefringent element. Directing light from the birefringent element assembly back through the birefringent element assembly enhances transmission characteristics and/or mitigates dispersion.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical instrument including means (1, 2) to produce an optical image to be viewed by an observer including a diffractive element (7) located at an intermediate focal or image plane (4) of the optical instrument and comprising a pattern of a plurality of areas effective to cause diffraction interference in light passing through the optical instrument and thereby produce an expanded exit pupil (6) comprising a combination of a multiplicity of exit pupils displaced relative to one another transverse to an optical axis (3) of said instrument.

Abstract: A laser illuminating apparatus that illuminates a linear or strip-shaped area (S) of sheet material (B) with high radiant power contains a diode laser (2) whose output is followed by two mutually orthogonally oriented rod lenses (4, 6) whose focal length is small in comparison to their distance. Between the two rod lenses (4, 6) a laser light beam fan (L2) is formed. Said fan is focused by the second rod lens (6) on a narrow linear area (S). Behind said area the laser beams diverge at a large angle (&agr;) so that the power density decreases accordingly rapidly. If the light falls on the retina of an observer's eye, the laser light is not focused pointwise but only linearly, which excludes injury to the eye due to the accordingly low power density.

Abstract: A method for fabricating a geometric beamsplitter involves applying a reflective coating having at least one metallic layer to a transparent substrate. A pattern of holes containing numerous holes that are preferably randomly distributed over its reflective surface is created in the reflective coating using laser processing. The method allows inexpensively fabricating beamsplitters that have accurately defined transmittances. Beamsplitters in accordance with the invention are suitable for use as dosimetry mirrors on, for example, the illumination systems of microlithographic projection exposure systems.

Abstract: The present invention provides a light source device which is safe for human eyes and whose switching is performed at high speed.

Abstract: A zoom lens system includes a first lens group, a second lens group, a third lens group, and a fourth lens group.

Abstract: The invention relates to a two-group zoom lens of +− construction, which, albeit having a high zoom ratio, is reduced in length not only at the wide-angle end but also at the telephoto end and has a low telephoto ratio at the telephoto end where the length of the system becomes longest. The zoom lens comprises a first lens group G1 having positive refracting power and a second lens group G2 having negative refracting power. For zooming from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end of the system, each lens group moves toward the object side while the spacing between the first and second lens groups G1 and G2 becomes narrow. Specific conditions for the focal length of the second lens group G2, the amount of movement of the second lens group G2 and the zoom ratio shared by the second lens group G2 are satisfied.

Abstract: An optical apparatus according to the present invention has a plurality of lens units which can move in the direction of an optical axis, each of the lens units has a cam follower, a guide member which guides the each lens unit in the direction of the optical axis, and a cam member which has cams engaging with the cam followers and drives the lens units in the direction of the optical axis by rotating. The cam followers of the lens units are disposed substantially straight in the direction of the optical axis.

Abstract: An objective lens is a single-lens objective lens both surfaces of which are aspherical. The objective lens has a numerical aperture not less than 0.75, and is made of glass satisfying 1.75<n, and 35<v, where n is a refractive index of the glass for at least one of used wavelengths, and v is an Abbe number for a d-lay. With this arrangement, it becomes possible to provide an objective lens which is downsized, has less aberration, and corrects the aberration easily, without a decline in light utilization efficiency; a method for correcting a manufacturing error thereof; and an optical pick-up device using the objective lens.

Abstract: An objective lens for use in an optical pickup apparatus for conducting recording and/or reproducing information for an optical information recording medium, has a lens section shaped in an approximate circle and including a flange section; and a connecting section integrally provided to the lens section.

Abstract: A plurality of baffle rails (4C) extending along a front-rear direction of a vehicle body are provided on a periphery of a mirror body (4) of an automotive door mirror (1), at least on a surface (4A) opposite a side of the vehicle body. Wind that sweeps along the periphery of the mirror body (4) during driving of the automobile passes along the baffle rails (4C) to the end of the surface (4A) without deviating partway from the surface (4A). Accordingly, the wind noise of about 1-3 kHz like a whistle may be reduced. The baffle rails (4C), which may serve as an accent of patterning, are provided without marring the beautifully designed appearance of the mirror body (4). The automotive door mirror (1) with the baffle rails (4C) lends itself to injection molding of the mirror body (4), and thus may be easily manufactured.

Abstract: An exterior rearview mirror assembly, especially suited for towing vehicles, includes a casing which houses a reflective element and a support supporting the casing and adapted to mount a vehicle. The mirror casing is adapted to pivot about the support between an inboard position and an extended outboard position thereby extending the field of view of the mirror assembly.

Abstract: A fusion monitor system for vehicles which includes a sideview mirror unit having an object lens and an eye lens at both sides of a housing which is disposed backwardly from inside and outside of the vehicle and a movable reflecting mirror between two lenses to form an afocal optical system, a movable reflecting mirror driving unit for rotating the movable reflecting mirror, a terminal holder for accepting a mobile phone, a display panel for outputting the same information as that of a display window of the mobile phone through the mirror unit. According, air resistance can be reduced, information outputted on the display window of the mobile phone can be enlarged for easy viewing and reading, and it allows hands free for user's convenience.

Abstract: In an optical switch system for switching over plural input lights and plural output lights corresponding thereto through spatial optical connection therebetween, having: a first reflection mirror to be directed with an input light and being controllable in position thereof; a second reflection mirror disposed opposite to the first reflection mirror, for reflecting the light reflected on the first reflection mirror, so as to outputted it therefrom; means for controlling positions of the first and second reflection mirrors, respectively; and means for adjusting the position of the first and second mirrors, which are controller by the controlling means, wherein a reference light being substantially different from the input light in wavelength is generated; both the reference light and the input light reflect upon the first and second reflection mirrors; and (c) optical intensity of the reference light selectively diverged from the reflection light is detected, thereby controlling positions of the first and said

Abstract: A mirror system for a vehicle comprising an exterior rearview mirror assembly, which includes a fixed portion which is configured to mount to a side of the vehicle. The movable portion includes a reflective element and a reflective element actuator. The reflective element has a generally rearward field of view when the mirror system is mounted to the vehicle. The reflective element actuator provides selective adjustment of an orientation of the reflective element to adjust the rearward field of view to a desired orientation, and the movable portion is movably mounted to the fixed portion. The movable portion actuator selectively moves the movable portion between a viewing position wherein the movable portion extends outwardly from the vehicle at an angle with respect to the side of the vehicle and another viewing position wherein said movable portion extends outwardly from the vehicle at another angle with respect to the side of the vehicle.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical filter not having any discontinuous portion from the maximum transmissivity to the minimum transmissivity, which is excellent in linearity. The optical filter includes a first member 1 provided with an inclined plane erected from the flat plane 3b of a rectangular base at an acute angle &thgr;, and a second member 2 provided with an inclined plane erected from the flat plane 3a of a rectangular base at an acute angle and having an optical feature which is different from that of the above-described first member, wherein the inclined planes of the above-described two members are thermally adhered to each other.

Abstract: A neutral density filter has a multi-layer structure of thin films laminated on a substrate made of a transparent material. The multi-layer structure contains a transparent thin film composed of a dielectric material effective to transmit the incident light and a non-transparent thin film effective to absorb a part of the incident light. The non-transparent thin film is composed of a metal material which is deposited by vacuum evaporation. The non-transparent thin film contains an oxide of the metal material, which is generated during the vacuum evaporation by introducing a gas containing an oxygen while maintaining a vacuum degree in a range of 1×10−3Pa to 1×10−2Pa, and which is deposited concurrently with the metal material.

Abstract: A magnetic disk evaluation apparatus, including an evaluation head for evaluating a magnetic disk, and a support member for supporting the evaluation head, wherein the support member supports the evaluation head in a state where a flying surface of the evaluation head and a surface of a magnetic disk make a flying pitch angle of 95 &mgr;rad or more.

Abstract: A new technique for Hard Disk Drive (HDD) servo-burst demodulation is provided. A 4-samples per dibit Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) amplitude estimation is used to calculate the read-head servo-position error signal. Comparatively, the conventional method of burst demodulation—called burst integration—typically uses more than 8 samples/dibit. Consequently, the new 4-samples/dibit DFT burst-demodulation scheme requires fewer samples per dibit than does burst integration, thus reducing the disk space occupied by the burst data while increasing the performance as compared to burst integration. Furthermore, the DFT scheme does not require the samples to be synchronized to any particular points of the servo burst, and can include an averaging algorithm that further improves performance for a given Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Moreover, the same sample-clocking circuit that detects the Gray Code servo information can also implement the DFT burst-demodulation scheme to demodulate the servo burst.

Abstract: A method for optimizing the read-to-write offset of a disk drive system in respect of a track is provided. In one aspect the method includes the step of determining a first read position amongst a range of test positions offset relative to the track on the basis of read signal strength. The method further includes the steps of calculating a subrange of test positions about the first read position, selecting a second read position from the subrange on the basis of bit error rates and setting the read-to-write offset as a function of the second read position. In addition a disk drive system including means for optimally setting the read-to-write offset in respect of a track is provided.

Abstract: A method of recovering data from a data sector through adaptive fly height to improve reliability of a disc drive is disclosed. Encountering a data error in a data sector initializes an error recovery routine that increases a fly height of the read/write head for asperity encounters, or decreases the fly height of the read/write head for low amplitude read signal encounters. In the case of asperity encounters, when the increased fly height fails data recovery, the read/write head is positioned off track, then lowered to burnish the asperity and the data sector is re-read.

Abstract: A computer hard disk drive has a drive controller that monitors the condition of the head-disk interface within the drive. In response to sensing a degradation of the head-disk interface, the drive prolongs the onset of failure by selectively altering performance parameters. In one embodiment, the internal pressure of the drive is increased to allow the air bearing surfaces of the heads to achieve a greater flying height above the surfaces of their respective disks, thereby delaying the onset of a catastrophic head-disk interface failure. In other embodiments, the spindle rotation rate and/or the slider head access rate are decreased to avoid hastening the imminent failure. Measurements of the condition and stability of the head-disk interface inside the drives are made by monitoring data error rates, head flying height, or other performance variables.

Abstract: A data reader arranged to read a data-holding medium 10 containing both user 30 and non-user 32, 34 data, said non-user data 32, 34 holding information relating to said user data 30, said data reader comprising at least one read head 12 arranged to read the data-holding medium 10 and generate a data signal 14 comprising user data and non-user data, said user data being arranged into a plurality of sets interspersed with said non-user data, said non-user data being arranged to identify said user data within said sets, processing circuitry 8 being arranged to receive and process said data signal 14 and obtain said user data 30 from said data signal 14 using said non-user data 32, 34 to identify said user data 30 within said data signal 14. The data reader is particularly suitable for use in tape drives, and/or in situations in which re-writes, and overwrites of data occur.

Abstract: Provided is a method, system, and program for storing data in a storage medium. A layout of a storage medium including a first and second user data sections is provided, wherein the first user data section comprises a faster access storage space than the second user data section. A determination is made of a first set of data to be accessed at a faster rate than a second set of data. The first set of data is written to the first user data section and the second set of data is written to the second user data section.

Abstract: A servo mark detector detects a servo mark from each servo information item detected by the servo detector. A counter measures a time period each time a servo mark is detected, thereby measuring a servo interval. A correction circuit corrects a time period T2 on the basis of the measured servo interval and an ideal servo interval. A determination circuit determines which one of the time period T2 and a time period T2′ obtained by correcting the time period T2 should be used. A servo-sector-pulse-generating unit generates a servo sector pulse a time period T1 after the detection of each servo mark, and generates a pseudo servo sector pulse when the time period determined by the determination circuit has elapsed after the detection of each servo mark, if the next servo mark is not detected during the determined time period.

Abstract: In a first mode, an R/W channel starts to monitor read information to thereby detect a servo mark contained in servo information, each time a servo controller generates a servo gate pulse. Upon detecting the servo mark, the R/W channel detects, from the read information, position information contained in the servo information and following the servo mark, at a timing determined by the detection timing of the servo mark. When the first mode has been switched to a second mode, the R/W channel detects the servo mark and position information using the synchronous method.

Abstract: A recording equalizer for correcting a write timing of magnetic information when the magnetic information is recorded with a magnetic recording head on a magnetic recording medium, includes a buffer for storing a recording object bit and bits before and after the recording object bit and a calculator for calculating a precompensation parameter using the bits stored in the buffer. The calculator calculates the preconpensation parameter of the recording object bit by linearly adding influence of a transition existing at a two-previous bit of the recording object bit, influences of a transition at a one-previous bit of the recording object bit and influences of a transition existing at one-following bit of the recording object bit and further adding an offset. The offset is determined to a value such that a write timing of the magnetic information is corrected always in a delaying direction.

Abstract: A data reader is arranged to read data comprising user data and non-user data written across at least two channels of a data-holding medium, the data being arranged into a plurality of data items each containing user data and non-user data, with the non-user data holding information relating to the user data, including a header with information relating to the user data and header error detection information, and data items written across the channels at the same time being identified as a set of data items.

Abstract: To improve the quality of transfer signal by reducing loss of azimuth when the magnetic transfer is performed by bringing a master carrier and a slave medium into close contact with each other and applying transfer magnetic field thereto, even if the width of track is narrowed.

Abstract: The invention provides a signal transmission apparatus using a rotary transformer by which a wide bandwidth and a high transfer rate can be used without a significant increase of the cost. The signal transmission apparatus includes a transmission side circuit and a reception side circuit between which a rotary transformer is interposed. A passive element circuit including an inductance element is connected to an output stage of the rotary transformer in parallel to the transformer. The passive element circuit has an inductance value set substantially equal to or lower than an equivalent inductance value when the circuit of the rotary transformer side is viewed from the reception side circuit.