Abstract: An exposure mask is used for transcribing a desired pattern on a resist on a wafer in a photolithography step. This exposure mask is formed by the arrangement of transcribed pattern film formed in a desired pattern on the transparent substrate. In order to decrease background light, a dummy pattern film formed in a dummy pattern is arranged on the transparent substrate together with the transcribed pattern film. The dummy pattern is designed in such a manner that the dummy pattern is not transcribed on the resist under the exposure condition required for transcribing the desired pattern on the resist in a desired size. Besides, the dummy pattern film is arranged from the transcribed pattern film in a predetermined distance so that the intensity distribution of light which passes through the transcribed pattern film.

Abstract: A phase shifting mask can be used to form features on a semiconductor wafer with exposure lights of two different wavelengths. The depth of the phase shifting layer is calculated and fabricated such that it shifts a first exposure light about 180° and a second exposure light about 180°.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of manufacturing halftone phase shift masks in less steps to save time and cost and to increase the yield, and a halftone phase shift mask with higher phase- and size controllability. To achieve this, the halftone phase shift mask includes a structure having a shade band of resist film formed on the halftone film delineating fine patterns and around the area of fine pattern.

Abstract: A subresolution grating composed of approximately circular contacts is fabricated around the border of the primary pattern of a photomask. As a result, resolution at the edges of the photomask pattern is improved when the pattern is printed on a wafer surface. In addition, the reduced leakage enables a more efficient use of the glass plate on which the photomask is fabricated as well as a more efficient use of the wafer surface as a result of being able to place patterns closer together.

Abstract: A display device comprises a color filter pattern between a phosphor pattern and a display window. For blue, the thickness (t2) of this color filter pattern is more than 2.5 micrometer, preferably 5-7 micrometer, and/or for red said thickness is 0.25-1.5 micrometer. The red and/or blue color filter patterns are provided by means of a non-linear photoresist. This enables an improved contrast (LCP) to be achieved.

Abstract: There is provided a color filter comprising: a transparent substrate; a colored layer provided on the transparent substrate; and a protective layer provided so as to cover the colored layer, the protective layer having been formed by coating a photosensitive resin composition, exposing the coating, developing the exposed coating with an alkali, and heating the developed coating, the photosensitive resin composition comprising: a copolymer resin; a bifunctional or higher polyfunctional photopolymerizable acrylate monomer; an epoxy resin; and an initiator, said copolymer resin comprising 5 to 55% by mole of constituent units represented by formula (1) and 5 to 95% by mole of constituent units represented by formula (2), the constituent units represented by formula (1) having been partially reacted, through carboxyl groups thereof, with a (meth)acryloylalkyl isocyanate compound, the constituent units represented by formula (2) having been partially reacted, through hydroxyl groups thereof, with a (meth)acryloyla

Abstract: A method of detecting a position of a size check pattern on a substrate by using a size check apparatus so as to measure a size of the size check pattern for a purpose of checking precision of production, comprising the steps of a) providing image recognition assisting patterns on the substrate on both sides of a portion to be measured of the size check pattern, b) setting the size check apparatus to have an image recognition area that includes both the size check pattern and the image recognition assisting patterns, and c) detecting the position of the size check pattern by use of the size check apparatus based on the size check pattern and the image recognition assisting patterns.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of producing a screen (6) having a striped structure of electroluminescent material on a display window (3) of a color display tube (1). In present day color display tubes (1), this screen (6) is produced using a photochemical process for exposing a photosensitive material which is applied to the display window (3). Normally, the exposure device used for this process comprises two lenses, a first lens (28) for correcting the rotation of the image of the elongated light source (22) and a second lens (27) for taking care that the landing position of the light on the display window (3) will be representative of the landing position of the electron beams (7), (8), (9) in the color display tube (1) when it is operated. Unfortunately, the prior art system has the disadvantage that the line-growth factor is not constant over the entire screen (6).

Abstract: A transfer sheet has a base layer and a specific surface layer. In a plot graph with load P (mN) as ordinate and the square of indentation depth A (&mgr;m) as abscissa, plotted when the tip of a diamond triangular pyramid penetrator having a dihedral angle of 80° is pressed in on the side of the surface layer, the plot graph has a first flexing point that appears first, a first region extending from the first flexing point to zero and a second-and-further region subsequent to the first flexing point, and a gradient H of the graph in the first region is 0.09 mN/&mgr;m2 or smaller. Also disclosed are image-forming methods making use of such a transfer sheet. The transfer sheet has a superior effect of keeping dot toner images from scattering at the time of transfer. The base layer is paper made from pulp.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor including a photosensitive layer on an electroconductive substrate, wherein nitrate ion is present on the surface of the photosensitive layer in an amount of from 50 to 300 &mgr;g per 1 m2 of the surface of the photosensitive layer when the nitrate ion is determined by an ion chromatographic method. Preferably a material having a fluorine atom and a carbon atom or a fatty acid metal salt such as zinc stearate is further present on the surface of the photosensitive layer such that the F/C ratio is from 0.05 to 0.5 or the Zn/C ratio is from 0.001 to 0.1. An image forming apparatus using the photoreceptor is also provided.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate and a photosensitive layer which is formed on the electroconductive substrate and which includes a charge generation material, wherein the charge generation material comprises an organic pigment and wherein the photosensitive layer further includes at least one ion selected from the group consisting of K+, Na+, NO3−, HCOO−, NO2−, Cl−, Br−, and NH4+ or one or more water-soluble inorganic salts.

Abstract: Provided are a toner and its production, a developer, an image forming method and an image forming apparatus. The toner has excellent fixation characteristics of good releasability, hot offset resistance, folding resistance, surface glossiness, and OHP transparency. The toner contains a binder resin, a colorant, a release agent and an inorganic particles. The inorganic particles therein contain inorganic particles (A) having the mean primary particle size not less than approximately 5 nm and less than approximately 30 nm and inorganic particles (B) having the mean primary particle size not less than approximately 30 nm and less than approximately 200 nm.

Abstract: A toner composition that permits printing of clear-cut and high image quality without developing a fog or a blur is provided.

Abstract: An electrophotographic transfer sheet having a coating layer on at least one surface of a base material made of pulp fibers as a main body is provided. The elongation of the sheet in the cross direction when the humidity is changed from 25% RH to 90% RH at 20° C. is not higher than about 0.65% and the water content of the sheet at opening its package as measured according to JIS P8127 is approximately in the range from 3.5 to 6.5%. A method of forming a color image using color toners each containing a polyester binder resin having Mn in the range of from about 1,000 to 9,000 and using the above-described electrophotographic transfer sheet is also provided.

Abstract: A single layer lift-off resist composition comprising a novolac resin, a quinonediazidosulfonate photosensitive agent, and an aromatic hydroxy compound having at least one phenolic hydroxyl group in which the phenolic hydroxyl group is partially acylated is improved in adhesion to a substrate.

Abstract: The present invention is for a method of fabricating a high aspect ratio, freestanding microstructure. The fabrication method modifies the exposure process for SU-8, an negative-acting, ultraviolet-sensitive photoresist used for microfabrication whereby a UV-absorbent glass substrate, chosen for complete absorption of UV radiation at 380 nanometers or less, is coated with a negative photoresist, exposed and developed according to standard practice. This UV absorbent glass enables the fabrication of cylindrical cavities in a negative photoresist microstructures that have aspect ratios of 8:1.

Abstract: This invention is directed to a precursor for preparing a resist pattern by heat mode imaging, the precursor comprising a heat sensitive composition, the solubility of which in an aqueous alkaline developer is arranged to increase in heated areas, and a means for increasing the resistance of non-heated areas of the heat sensitive composition to dissolution in an aqueous alkaline developer (the “developer resistance means”), wherein said developer resistance means comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: (A) compounds which include a poly(alkylene oxide) unit; (B) siloxanes; and (C) esters, ethers and amides of polyhydric alcohols, wherein said heat-sensitive composition comprises an aqueous alkaline developer soluble polymeric substance (i.e. the “active polymer”) and a compound which reduces the aqueous alkaline developer solubility of the polymeric substance (i.e.

Abstract: A water-washable photosensitive flexo plate capable of reproducing images of a level as defined by a halftone resolution of 1% to 95% at 200 lines/inch, a minimum isolated dot having a diameter of 100 &mgr;m, and by a minimum isolated line having a width of 30 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A photopolymerization initiator comprising an iodonium salt compound; and a photocurable composition containing the compound. The composition is a photocurable cationic composition which cures in a short time upon irradiation with actinic energy rays.

Abstract: Imagable precursors for masks and for electronic parts comprise a polymeric layer applied to a substrate. The layer comprises at least one polymer having infra-red absorbing groups carried as pendent groups on the polymer backbone. Certain infra-red absorbing groups may also act to insolubilize the polymer in a developer, until it is imagewise exposed to infra-red radiation. Imagewise application of heat, resulting from imagewise exposure of the precursor to infra-red radiation, renders the polymer layer more soluble in the developer than prior to exposure to the infra-red radiation.

Abstract: A lithographic printing plate precursor comprises a hydrophilized aluminum support having provided thereon an interlayer and a photopolymerizable photosensitive layer, the interlayer containing a polymer having a cationic group and a radical reactive group or containing a compound capable of forming a complex with ammonium, and the photopolymerizable photosensitive layer containing a photopolymerization initiator, a compound having an addition polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated bond, and a polymer binder.

Abstract: A composition of a photosensitive silver conductor tape comprising: (1) finely divided inorganic solids comprising (a) finely divided particles of silver solids; (b) finely divided particles of inorganic binder having a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 325-700 ° C., the inorganic solids being dispersed in (2) an organic medium comprising a solution of (c) an organic polymeric binder which is a copolymer, interpolymer or mixture thereof selected from (1) nonacidic comonomers comprising butylmethacrylate or mixtures of butylmethacrylate and C1-10 alkyl acrylates, C1-10 alkyl methacrylates, styrene, substituted styrenes, or combinations thereof and (2) acidic comonomers comprising ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids containing moiety that are at least 15 wt. % of the total polymer weight; and having a Tg of 50-150 ° C.

Abstract: A method for treating a photosensitive lithographic printing plate, which comprises exposing the photosensitive lithographic printing plate to laser light, developing with a developer containing an alkali metal silicate and then carrying out post-exposure treatment, said photosensitive lithographic printing plate being prepared by forming a photopolymerizable photosensitive layer having a film thickness of from 1.2 to 4 g/m2 and further forming a protective layer having a film thickness of from 2 to 8 g/m2 on a support having a centerline average height (Ra) of at least 0.35 &mgr;m.

Abstract: A process for making a flexographic photopolymer printing plate includes providing a photosensitive element comprising a support, a layer of a photopolymerizable material on the support, and an infrared ablation layer which is ablatable by infrared radiation and substantially opaque to actinic radiation on the photopolymerizable material. The infrared ablation layer comprises at least one infrared absorbing material, a radiation opaque material, and at least one binder which is substantially incompatible with low molecular weight materials in the photopolymerizable layer. The infrared ablation layer is imagewise ablated with infrared laser radiation to form a mask. The photosensitive element is then overall exposed to actinic radiation through the mask, and treated with at least one developer solution to remove the remaining infrared ablation layer and areas of the photopolymerizable layer not exposed to actinic radiation.

Abstract: A system and method is disclosed for coating a conventional wafer or a spherical shaped semiconductor substrate with liquid material such as photoresist by utilizing a “drop on demand” piezo driven dispense nozzle, a bubble-jet dispense nozzle, or a continuous piezo jet with charging electrodes. The proposed system and method will greatly reduce, and in some cases virtually eliminate, the waste of photoresist in the process.

Abstract: Disclosed is a microlens manufacturing method which comprises the step of: positioning a X-ray mask for manufacturing the microlens on an substrate on which a sensitive film is formed, and arranging a rotation axis of the substrate and a central axis of the X-ray mask; applying X-rays to the X-ray mask to expose the sensitive film while fixing the X-ray mask and rotating the substrate; developing the sensitive film to form the microlens; performing an electroplating process on the plating base to form a metal layer; and separating the metal layer from the sensitive film structure and combining the metal layer with a mold frame for injection molding the microlens and manufacturing an injection mold.

Abstract: A stripping and cleaning composition for the removal of residue from metal and dielectric surfaces in the manufacture of semi-conductors and microcircuits. The composition is an aqueous system including organic polar solvents including corrosive inhibitor component from a select group of aromatic carboxylic acids used in effective inhibiting amounts. A method in accordance with this invention for the removal of residues from metal and dielectric surfaces comprises the steps of contacting the metal or dielectric surface with the above inhibited compositions for a time sufficient to remove the residues.

Abstract: Photothermographic materials comprise heat-bleachable antihalation compositions in backside antihalation layers. These compositions comprise a hexaarybiimidazole and an oxonol dye that can be represented by the following Structure I: A1═L1—(L2═L3)p—(L4═L5)q—(L6═L7)r—A2−(M)k wherein A1 and A2 are the same or different activated methylene moieties, L1 through L7 independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted methine group, M represents a counterion, k is the number of M counterions necessary to provide neutral charge for Structure I, p, and q, are independently 0 or 1, and r is 0, 1, or 2. The antihalation composition is typically bleached when subjected to a temperature of at least 90° C. for at least 0.5 seconds.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of optical exposure to form a lattice pattern on a photo-resist, wherein at least two times of multiple exposure are carried out by use of different patterns.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for exposing an object of exposure to a pattern of a mask by reduction projection with a projection lens utilizing light from a light source, comprising a mask fixed to the optical axis, means for dynamically moving the pattern and means for moving the object of exposure, wherein the exposure is moved in synchronization with the movement of the pattern displayed by the mask.

Abstract: A method and apparatus (100) for patterning the surface of a semiconductor wafer (130). A stage (148) is coupled to a motor (150) that is adapted to move the stage (148) and a semiconductor wafer (130) in a horizontal direction at a first speed A. A mask (140) is disposed above the semiconductor wafer (130), the mask (140) being coupled to a motor (142) that is adapted to move the mask (140) in a horizontal direction at a second speed B. The ratio of the first and second speeds is different than the magnification factor, which may be other than 1:1 if a lens (120) is used. The mask (140) and the wafer (130) may be moved in the same horizontal direction simultaneously during the exposure process at different speeds B and A, respectively, to provide a magnification or demagnification of the mask (140) pattern onto the wafer (130) surface.

Abstract: This invention relates to a poly(ethylene terephthalate)-based photographic film base having improved properties with regard to cutting, perforating, and other finishing or phototofinishing operations. The film base comprises a material in which a specified amount of monomeric units derived from 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol (CHDM), such that the film base has a specified cutting-related property. The level of CHDM in the PET-based polyester material can be adjusted either by physical blending of polyesters containing CHDM monomeric units or by synthetic incorporation of CHDM monomer units into a PET-based polyester backbone.

Abstract: Disclosed is a silver halide color photographic light-sensitive material that comprises at least one magenta emulsion layer containing at least one specific pyrazolotriazole magenta dye-forming coupler, in which a silver halide emulsion in the magenta emulsion layer containing the magenta dye-forming coupler comprises a high silver chloride emulsion whose silver chloride content is 98 mol % or more, at least one light-insensitive hydrophilic colloidal layer contains a solid fine-particle dispersion of a dye that has 1 to 7 dissociable hydrogen or group having a dissociable hydrogen, and the magenta emulsion layer containing the magenta dye-forming coupler is a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer most apart from the light-insensitive hydrophilic colloidal layer containing the solid fine-particle dispersion of the dye, among all the light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a silver halide direct view multicolor photographic element comprising a green record containing a green light sensitized silver halide emulsion and comprising either (a) a magenta dye-forming coupler and a cyan dye-forming coupler in an amount of at least 0.1 mole % of the couplers present in the green record, or (b) a green record having a coupler or couplers sufficient to provide upon development a Status A red density greater than 0.23 as measured using a green light separation exposure at a Status A green density of 1.0.

Abstract: A color photographic silver halide material containing in at least one red-sensitive layer a cyan coupler having formula (I) and in a photosensitive or non-photosensitive layer a UV absorber having formula (II) where R1 to R4, R11 to R16, Z, m, n and o have the meanings specified in the description, is characterised by good light and dark stability and low secondary densities.

Abstract: This invention relates to an imaging element comprising a dye represented by Formulae II and IIA below: wherein; R1 represents a hydrogen, an aryl group containing 6 to 14 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R2 and R3 together form an aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system containing 6 to 14 atoms; X represents a sulfoxide (S═O), sulfone (SO2), carbonyl (C═O) or dicyanovinyl (C(CN)2) group, and Y represents a sulfoxide (S═O), sulfone (SO2), carbonyl (C═O) or dicyanovinyl (C(CN)2) group, with the proviso that X and Y cannot both be carbonyl; L1, L2, and L3 represent methine groups, wherein the methine groups may combine to form a 5- or 6-membered ring when m is equal to or >1; m is 0, 1, 2, or 3; W is an aryl group; and D is a moiety in conjugation with the X and Y groups.

Abstract: A surface treatment method for enhancing hydrophobicity of the surface of a film support is disclosed, comprising subjecting at least one side of the surface to a gas-discharge plasma treatment in a gas phase atmosphere comprising (a) an inert gas comprising argon or helium and (b) a reactive gas comprising a hydrocarbon gas or fluorinated hydrocarbon gas. There is also disclosed a photothermographic material by the use of the support having been subjected to the surface treatment.

Abstract: This invention relates to an imaging element comprising an imaging layer having associated therewith a compound of Structure I: In the above Structure I, the substituents are as defined in the application. Such compounds have good reactivity and can by used to block photographically useful compounds such as developing agents until thermally activated under preselected conditions. Compounds according to the present invention are especially useful in color photothermographic imaging elements.

Abstract: A silver halide emulsion is disclosed, comprising tabular silver halide grains having an average iodide content of 3 to 15 mol % and comprising silver halide phases differing in halide composition, at least 50% of the total projected area of the tabular silver halide grains being accounted for by grains having an aspect ratio of not less than 12, wherein the first silver halide phase (A) has an average iodide content of not more than 3 mol % and accounting for 50 to 85% of total silver, the second phase (B) locating outside the phase (A), having an average iodide content of 8 to 25 mol % and accounting for 10 to 35% of total silver, and the third outermost phase having an average iodide content of not more than 4 mol % 0.5 to 15% of total silver.

Abstract: A method has been described for preparing an ultrathin tabular grain emulsion rich in silver bromide, having {111} major faces, wherein tabular grains having a thickness of less than 0.08 &mgr;m exhibit an average aspect ratio of more than 5:1 and account for at least 75% by number of hexagonal grains and a coefficient of variation on average equivalent surface area of less than 0.50. The process is characterized in that during formation, (a) pH is maintained from 0.8 to 10; (b) a gelatino-peptizer is present in a concentration of 0 to 50 g per liter of dispersing medium, and (c) pBr having a value of at least 1.8 is maintained during grain nucleation and pBr is maintained at less than 2.4 during growth provided that a gelatin peptizer which is free from calcium ions and has a methionine content of less than 30 micromoles per gram of gelatino-peptizer is present.

Abstract: This invention comprises a silver halide photographic material comprising at least one silver halide emulsion comprising silver halide grains having associated therewith a combination of two or more dyes comprising: (a) a first dye which is a cyanine dye of formula Ia and has a net charge of zero or −1  wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification; (b) a second dye which has at least one substituent that has a positive charge, and is a cyanine dye a merocyanine dye, arylidene dye, complex cyanine dye, complex merocyanine dye, homopolar cyanine dye, hemicyanine dye, styryl dye, hemioxonol dye, oxonol dye, anthraquinone dye, triphenylmethane dye, azo dye type, azomethines, or a coumarin dye, with the proviso that if the second dye is a cyanine dye, it is of formula IIa:  wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification; and wherein (c) the wavelength of maximum light absorption, in nanometers (nm), of the first dye and the wavele

Abstract: A photothermographic material comprising, on one surface of a support, at least one kind of photosensitive silver halide, a silver salt of an organic acid, a reducing agent for silver ions, and a binder, wherein (1) said material further comprises two or more kinds of organic polyhalogenated compounds, and (2) a melting point of a mixture which consists of the organic polyhalogenated compounds in the same content ratio as the content ratio of said compounds in the photothermographic material is in the range of from −10° C. to 50° C. relative to a heat development temperature for the photothermographic material. The photothermographic material of the present invention shows high sensitivity and superior storability before heat development, and the material can be used for medical images, photoengraving and the like.

Abstract: A process for preparing monosheet black and white photothermographic recording material, the photothermographic recording material being exclusive of a dye-providing compound and comprising a support and a photo-addressable thermally developable element, the photo-addressable thermally developable element being thermally developable under substantially water-free conditions and consisting of one or more layers, the layers together comprising photosensitive silver halide, a substantially light-insensitive organic silver salt, a reducing agent therefor in thermal working relationship therewith and a binder, comprising the steps of: (i) coating at least one of the one or more layers of the photo-addressable thermally developable from an aqueous medium; (ii) drying the layer or layers coated in step (i); and (iii) heating the photothermographic recording material at a temperature of at least 35° C. in the dark for a period of at least 3 days; and a photothermographic recording material obtainable therewith.

Abstract: A silver salt photothermographic material is disclosed, comprising on a support (a) a light-insensitive organic silver salt, (b) light-sensitive silver halide and (c) a reducing agent capable of reducing a silver ion of the organic silver salt to silver upon heating, wherein when the exposed and thermally processed photothermographic material having a density of 3.0 have been kept at 50° C. and 50% RH for 120 hr., the photothermographic material exhibits a variation of density from 3.0 being within ±0.2.

Abstract: A device for determining a substance contained in a body fluid is provided. An indicator member has a testing zone that changes the color based on the concentration level of the substance contained in a body fluid applied to the testing zone. The indicator member is rotatably mounted on a basic carrier. A set of differently colored color fields is provided on the basic carrier along the circumference of a circle having a radius from the center of said basic carrier. The indicator member rotates about the center of said basic carrier. The changed color of said testing zone of said indicator member is compared to said differently colored color fields on the basic carrier.

Abstract: Hepatitis GB Virus (HGBV) nucleic acid and amino acid sequences useful for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, kits for using the HGBV nucleic acid or amino acid sequences, HGBV immunogenic particles, and antibodies which specifically bind to HGBV. Also provided are methods for producing antibodies, polyclonal or monoclonal, from the HGBV nucleic acid or amino acid sequences.

Abstract: The present invention is broadly directed to methods of screening viral-binding compounds. In particular, the present invention provides cell-free assays to rapidly screen libraries of compounds for viral-capsid binding activity. Such compounds are useful for anti-viral treatments.

Abstract: A cell-free system based on the cytosol of normally growing cells, which reproduces measurable aspects of the apoptotic program, is provided. The apoptotic program is initiated by addition of DATP in the specific exemplification of the HeLa 100,000×g supernatant. Fractionation of the cytosol yielded a 15 kDa protein, identified by absorption spectrum and protein sequence as cytochrome c, that is required for in vitro apoptosis. Elimination of cytochrome c from cytosol by immunodepletion or inclusion of sucrose to stabilize mitochondria during cytosol preparation, diminished the apoptotic activity. Addition of exogenous cytochrome c to cytochrome c-depleted extracts restored apoptotic activity. Cells undergoing apoptosis in vivo showed increased release of cytochrome c to their cytosol, suggesting that mitochondria may function in apoptosis by releasing cytochrome c.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences, either by a process of amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences or not. More particularly the invention provides for improved compositions and methods for reducing the chance for contamination from manipulation of reagents, internal controls for amplification, and the use of automated apparatus for the automated detection of one, or more than one amplified nucleic acid sequences.

Abstract: Mixtures containing a biological macromolecule, such as a nucleic acid molecule or a polypeptide, and a liquid matrix, which absorbs infrared (IR) radiation, are provided. These mixtures are useful for analysis of the biological macromolecule by IR matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) mass spectrometry. Also provided are processes for analyzing a biological macromolecule using IR-MALDI mass spectrometry. For example, processes for detecting the presence or identity of a biological macromolecule in a sample, or for sequencing a biological macromolecule are provided.