Abstract: A flame-retardant polyacetal resin composition comprising 60 to 90% by weight of a polyacetal resin, 1 to 30% by weight of red phosphorus, 1 to 40% by weight of at least one resin selected from phenol resins and polycarbonate resins, and 0.1 to 5% by weight of a metal salt of a fatty acid. The polyacetal resin composition of the present invention is provided with flame retardancy while maintaining the excellent innate properties of polyacetal resins, so that it can be applied to the fields where the use of polyacetal resins has been restricted.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tire comprising a colored rubber composition, the elastomeric base of which comprises primarily an essentially unsaturated diene elastomer, wherein the rubber composition comprises a mineral filler selected from titanium oxide and zinc monoxide in an amount greater than 100 parts per hundred parts by weight of elastomer (phr), and less than 10 phr sulfur.

Abstract: A flame-retardant thermoplastic resin composition comprising (A) 100 weight parts of a thermoplastic resin, (B) 10 to 300 weight parts of particulate metal hydroxide; (C) 0.01 to 50 weight parts of a branched polyorganosiloxane having alkoxy groups and described by average unit formula R1a(R2O)bSiO(4−a−b)/2, where R1 and R2 are monovalent hydrocarbon groups selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, a is 0 or a positive number; b is a positive number; and a+b is a number from 0.75 to 2.5; (D) 0.01 to 50 weight parts of a branched polyorganosiloxane having silanol groups and described by average unit formula R3a(HO)bSiO(4−a−b)/2, where R3 is a monovalent hydrocarbon group selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, and aryl groups, a is 0 or a positive number, b is a positive number, and a+b is a number from 0.75 to 2.5; and (E) 0.01 to 10 weight parts of a condensation reaction promoting catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a lubricant-feeding material which can be used at a temperature as high as from 100° C. to 120° C., exhibits an excellent mechanical strength and stably maintains a lubricating oil having a high polarity such as ester oil and polyphenylether oil, which have excellent lubricating properties or heat resistance, or a grease comprising such a lubricating oil as a base oil in a large amount. The lubricant-feeding material comprises a polyester elastomer comprising a hard component made of a first polyester and a soft component made of a second polyester or polyether solidified containing a lubricating oil compatible with the polyester elastomer or a grease comprising the lubricating oil as a base oil, the lubricating oil oozing from the surface of the polyester elastomer.

Abstract: A molding composition is provided that includes an inorganic component, an organic binder component, and a debinding catalyst. The molding composition is capable of lowering the sintering temperature, for example, when the molding composition is used to make ceramic microstructures such as barrier ribs for plasma display panels.

Abstract: An adhesive composition and methods incorporating the adhesive composition in semiconductor applications are provided. The adhesive composition is an instant setting adhesive composition that does not require external energy input such as heat or radiation such for application of the adhesive composition on a surface. The instant setting composition possesses sufficient thixotropic characteristics such that applying the instant setting adhesive composition to a surface can be accomplished by a variety of application techniques and in a variety of patterns. Once applied to the surface, the instant setting adhesive composition sets to retain the discrete pattern as applied, in a relatively short period of time, typically from about 0.10 to about 120 seconds at an ambient temperature, typically from 20° C. to 30° C.

Abstract: Compounds with both vinyl ether and carbamate, thiocarbamate or urea functionality are suitable for use in microelectronics applications and show enhanced adhesive strength compared to compounds that do not contain carbamate, thiocarbamate or urea functionality.

Abstract: An aqueous 1-component composition which forms a resilient silicone network on drying and is obtained by reaction, at a temperature of at least 40° C., of I) a surfactant-stabilized dispersion of a highly crosslinked silicone compound which carries reactive groups which are selected from silanol, hydrocarbon-oxy and silanolate groups with II) a surfactant-stabilized emulsion of optionally precrosslinked silicone oil which carries reactive groups which are selected from silanol, hydrocarbon-oxy and silanolate groups.

Abstract: The present invention relates to modified alkyd polymers, and compositions made from such polymers, wherein the alkyd polymers are modified with polyol-containing latex compositions and/or diol-containing latex compositions. The invention further relates to compositions prepared from such modified alkyd compositions.

Abstract: Provided is a binder resin composition for high-solid primer with excellent high-octane gasohol resistance, adherence, warm water resistance, moisture resistance, etc., when painting onto polyolefinic resins. The binder resin composition is for a high-solid primer characterized by formulating one set or two or more sets of mixtures selected from alcoxylated melamine with carbamate group-containing compound, alcoxylated melamine with hydroxyl group-containing compound, and isocyanate group-containing compound with hydroxyl group-containing compound, to a mixture of particular carboxyl group-containing chlorinated polyolefin with ketonic resin.

Abstract: A coating composition which includes an aminoalkyl (meth)acrylate containing acrylic polymer, a fluorocarbon polymer and a solvent. The acrylic polymer includes at least one (meth)acrylate monomers and an aminoalkyl (meth)acrylate monomer described by the structure: where Z is a divalent linking group; R2 and R3 are independently selected from H or C1-C6 linear or branched aliphatic; and R4 is H or CH3. The fluoropolymer coating composition may be applied using coil coating, spray coating or extrusion coating methods to an appropriate substrate.

Abstract: There is provided a resin composition comprising; (A) from 1 to 99% by weight of a copolymer, which comprises an ethylene unit and an &agr;-olefin unit of 3 to 12 carbon atoms, and satisfies the specific requirements (A-1) to (A-4), and (B) from 99 to 1% by weight of a copolymer, which comprises an ethylene unit and a unit of a compound having a carbon-carbon double bond and an oxygen atom, and satisfies the specific requirements (B-1) and (B-2).

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a rubber composition which can give a vulcanized rubber with low rolling resistance and excellent wet skid resistance and wear resistance, which is particularly useful for automobile tire treads and the like. The rubber composition of the invention comprises (1) a crosslinked rubber particle containing, as repeating units, 40 to 79.99% by weight of a monomer unit formed by a conjugated diene such as 1,3-butadiene, 20 to 50% by weight of a monomer unit formed by an aromatic vinyl monomer such as styrene and 0.01 to 10% by weight of a monomer unit formed by a monomer having at least two polymerizable unsaturated groups such as divinylbenzene, and (2) a conjugated diene/aromatic vinyl copolymeric rubber whose vinyl content of the conjugated diene monomer unit is 10 to 30% and whose 1,4-trans bond content is more than 55%, such as styrene-butadiene copolymeric rubber.

Abstract: A rubber composition for a hose, which comprises a nitrile rubber (A) comprising 45-55 weight % of &agr;,&bgr;-ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer units and 55-45% by weight of conjugated diene monomer units, an epihalohydrin rubber (B), and a crosslinking agent (CA) for the nitrile rubber and/or a crosslinking agent (CB) for the epihalohydrin rubber; the amount of nitrile rubber (A) being 25-80 weight % based on the sum of nitrile rubber (A) and epihalohydrin rubber (B); and a hose having a layer comprised of a crosslinked product of the rubber composition. The hose has excellent resistance to fuel oil permeation and cold resistance, and therefore, it is especially suitable as fuel oil hoses of an automobile.

Abstract: The invention relates to rubber compounds that contain rubbers polymerized in solution with a secondary hydroxyl group content of 0.1 to 5 wt.- % that are not more than 4 carbon atoms away from the respective side chain end. The invention also relates to mixtures thereof with fillers, optionally additional rubbers and rubber auxiliary agents and the vulcanized rubbers produced thereof. The inventive rubber compounds are useful for producing highly reinforced, abrasion-resistant molded bodies, especially for producing tires that are characterized by excellent non-skid properties on wet surfaces.

Abstract: A cationic catalyst composition comprising a reactive cation and a compatible non-coordinating anion is preferably used at a temperature of 20° C. or less to produce olefin polymers, particularly polymers and copolymers of isobutylene.

Abstract: Hetero-telechelic polymers having the formula: FG—(Q)d—Z—J—[A(R1R2R3)]x  (I) wherein FG is a protected or non-protected functional group; Q is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group derived by incorporation of a compound selected from the group consisting of conjugated diene hydrocarbons, alkenylsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof; d is an integer from 10 to 200; Z is a branched or straight chain hydrocarbon group which contains 3-25 carbon atoms, optionally containing aryl or substituted aryl groups; J is oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen; [A(R1R2R3)]x is a protecting group, wherein A is an element selected from Group IVa of the Periodic Table of Elements; R1, R2, and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl groups containing lower alkyl, lower alkylthio, and lower dialkylamino groups, aryl or substituted aryl groups containing lower alkyl, lower alkylthio, and lower dialkylam

Abstract: The present invention is directed toward cyanoacrylate-based tissue adhesive or sealant compositions comprising cyanoacrylate-capped heterochain polymers, such as those comprising one or more oxyalkylene, alkylene carbonate, and ester-units derived from cyclic lactones. Such compositions can be radiochemically sterilized and used in repairing internal organs or tissue blocking body conduits.

Abstract: The present invention relates to selectively hydrogenated block copolymers where one of the blocks is a random copolymer of a mono-alkenyl arene monomer, such as styrene, and a 1,3-cyclodiene monomer, such as 1,3-cyclohexadiene, and one of the other blocks is a hydrogenated polymer or copolymer of an acyclic conjugated diene, such as 1,3-butadiene or isoprene.

Abstract: A curable powder coating composition is disclosed comprising a film-forming polymer having reactive functional groups, a curing agent having functional groups reactive with the functional groups of the polymer, the curing agent being present in an amount sufficient to cure the coating composition, and a tricarbamoyl triazine compound. The curable powder coating composition has improved mar resistance properties.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a curable, water-based coating composition utilized in waterborne coating systems. The coating composition is the reaction product of a water-based copolymer prepared by free-radical polymerization, and a cross-linking agent. The copolymer is the reaction product of a first block and a second block. The first block is the reaction product of a first ethylenically unsaturated monomer, acrylic acid, and a second ethylenically unsaturated monomer, methyl methacrylate, as well as the reaction product of a vinylaromatic hydrocarbon monomer, diphenylethylene. The second block is the reaction product of a plurality of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, styrene, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, and carbonate-modified glycidyl methacrylate including a carbonate functional group that is subsequently converted into a carbamate functional group by ammonium hydroxide.

Abstract: An acrylic rubber composition providing crosslinked products of good handleability and good characteristics is provided. The acrylic rubber composition comprises the following two components: (A) an acrylic polymer having at least one active halogen represented by the formula (1) at a main terminus: —CH2—C(R1)(R2)(X)  (1) wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or univalent organic group derived from a group bonded to a vinyl group of a main chain-constituting vinyl monomer and X represents chlorine, bromine or iodine; and (B) a crosslinking agent.

Abstract: A formaldehyde free co-binder solution formed by using a polyol to crosslink polycarboxylic acid and a polyacid monomer is provided. In forming the co-binder solution, the polyacid monomer and the polyol are mixed in any conventional device with heat and agitation for a period of time sufficient for the chemicals to react and form a reaction product. The resultant product is then admixed with polycarboxylic acid to form a co-binder solution. In a preferred embodiment, the polyacid is maleic anhydride and the polyol is triethanolamine.

Abstract: Polyphenylene sulphide-based compositions essentially containing 60 to 99.5% by weight of polyphenylene sulphide and 0.5 to 40% by weight of a combination (C) containing a compound (C1) chosen from olefinic elastomers containing epoxy groups and a compound (C2) chosen from crosslinking agents containing functional groups which are reactive towards the epoxy groups of the compound (C1) and are chosen from amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl and carboxylic acid anhydride groups. They are obtained by melt-blending polyphenylene sulphide with each of the compounds (C1) and (C2) of the combination (C) successively and in any order.

Abstract: In a process for producing Phillips catalysts in which an oxidic support material is treated in suspension with a chromium salt solution and subsequently, after removing the solvent, calcined in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at above 300° C., the oxidic support material and/or the catalyst after calcination are/is, according to the present invention, comminuted until a mean particle size of <100 &mgr;m has been reached and the proportion of particles having a size of <50 &mgr;m is at least 30%, preferably in the range from 40 to 80%. A process for preparing homopolymers or copolymers of ethene in a loop reactor at from 30 to 150° C. under a pressure in the range from 0.2 to 15 MPa in the presence of a catalyst produced by the process of the present invention is also provided.

Abstract: Substituted monocyclopentadienyl, monoindenyl, monofluorenyl and heterocyclopentadienyl complexes of chromium, molybdenum or tungsten in which at least one of the substituents on the cyclopentadienyl ring carries a donor function which is bonded rigidly, not exclusively via sp3-hybridized carbon or silicon atoms, and a process for the polymerization of olefins.

Abstract: An in situ controlled oxidation reaction of trialkylborane (BR3) in the presence of polyolefin and maleic anhydride produces mono-oxidized trialkylborane adducts, i.e., peroxyldialkylborane (R—O—O—BR2), that can undergo homolytic cleavage to form (R—O* *O—BR2) and activate the polyolefin chain by alkoxyl radical (R—O*) hydrogen-abstraction at ambient temperature. The formed polymeric radical (C*), associated with the oxidized borane moiety (*O—BR2), then reacts with maleic anhydride by addition reaction, without side reactions, to form functional polyolefins that contain incorporated maleic anhydride side groups.

Abstract: A process for producing a copolymer of an isoolefin and at least one other comonomer comprising the step of polymerizing a reaction mixture comprising an isoolefin, a catalyst and at least one of a cycloconjugated muitiolefin and an unconjugated cyclic olefin in the presence of an activator comprising a carbo cation producing species, a silica cation producing species and mixtures thereof. The process can be practiced using a slurry polymerization approach. One of the main benefits achieved with the present invention is the conversion of the monomers over a shorter period of time and higher percent conversion than when the activator is not used.

Abstract: Disclosed are a monomer, a polymer for a photoresist, a photoresist composition and a phosphor layer for a cathode ray tube.

Abstract: A modular cytomimetic biocompatible biomaterial, comprising a phospholipid or phospholipid derivative comprising various functional groups (e.g., lipid, peptide, sugar) having specific chemical properties which can function as a modular surface design unit to be incorporated or appended to a desired substrate (e.g., a polymer or a metal) on which it is then polymerized in situ, thereby contributing new or specified biochemical characteristics to the polymerized and stabilized biomaterial.

Abstract: The present invention provides a material for optical lenses which not only sufficiently has properties such as impact resistance and dye-affinity essential for the optical lenses but also simultaneously attains a high refractive index, a high Abbe's number and a low specific gravity, and which is photopolymerizable. The present invention further provides a lens made of a synthetic resin which is a copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a composition comprising 20 to 80% by weight of bis-2-methacryloylthioethyl sulfide represented by the following structural formula (1), 5 to 50% by weight of a bifunctional or multifunctional thiol and 0 to 75% by weight of a monomer copolymerizable with these compounds, and which has a refractive index of 1.58 or more, an Abbe's number of 35 or more and a specific gravity of 1.35 or less: CH2═C(CH3)COSCH2CH2SCH2CH2SCOC(CH3)═CH2  Structural formula (1).

Abstract: The invention concerns a monomer of general formula A—(Q—S)p wherein: A=an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring; Q=a carbonaceous or siliceous divalent radical, respectively corresponding to general formulae: (CR1R2)n wherein: R1, R2=H, alkyl, alkenyl comprising between 1 to 4 carbon atoms and n ranges between 4 and 24; and [O—Si(R1R2)]n wherein R1, R2=H, alkyl, alkenyl comprising between 1 and 4 carbon atoms and n ranges between 3 and 24; S=a solvating segment consisting of at least an aliphatic chain comprising at least a polar heteroatom. 1≦p≦6. The invention also concerns the polymer (homopolymer or copolymer) incorporating said monomer, and their use in organic electroluminescent devices.

Abstract: Ethylene, dienes and optionally &agr;-olefins are copolym-erized by selected iron complexes of 2,6-pyridinecarbox-aldehydebis(imines) and 2,6-diacylpyridinebis(imines). The resulting copolymers contain residual olefinic unsaturation from the diene monomers, and some of these copolymers contain cyclic units in the main chain.

Abstract: A highly dielectric addition type curable composition is provided comprising (A) an organopolysiloxane containing a cyanoalkyl group and a monovalent hydrocarbon group having an aliphatic unsaturated bond, (B) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane containing a cyanoalkyl group, and (C) a platinum group metal catalyst. The composition is easy to handle because of liquid despite solvent-free, less hygroscopic and effectively curable, and has a film-forming ability. The cured composition has excellent dielectric properties as demonstrated by a large dielectric constant and a low dielectric loss.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a polyurethane elastomer comprising the reaction product of: A) at least one aliphatic diisocyanate monomer; B) at least one high molecular weight polyol; C) at least one low molecular weight diol comprising an aromatic moiety; and D) at least one saturated diol curing agent. These elastomers are useful as components of golf ball covers.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to compositions and a process leading to colorless or light colored aqueous phicinol-formaldelhyde resoles. Unlike previous technologies, these compositions lead to clear storage stable fast curing, high molecular weight resins. These materials are also capable of producing composite wood panels with superior water absorption and thickness swell test results when soaked in water. The invention essentially consists of an aqueous copolymer of phenol, formaldehyde, and a phenolic carboxylate (e.g. salicylic acid). Methylol phenols are formed under alkaline conditions in the presence of metal chelating agents. These are then condensed into a polymer under alkaline, neutral or acidic conditions. The finished aqueous polymer solution is then acidified to the desired pH using a benzoic acid or a phelnol-carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A melt-polymerized polycarbonate is disclosed. The polycarbonate has a shear thinning ratio (y) that is defined by the limiting values of the following equation c+axb>y>−c+axb  (Q) wherein y≧1, c=0.3 to 0.1, b=14.831±0.05 to 0.02, a=0.1262±0.005 to 0.003 and x is the relative viscosity of the polycarbonate. The polycarbonate exhibits a flow behavior similar to that of a linear polycarbonate of comparable molecular weight obtained by the interface polymerization process.

Abstract: A polyamide is prepared by reacting at least one dinitrile and at least one diamine with water at a temperature from 90 to 400° C. and a pressure from 0.1 to 50*106 Pa in a molar ratio of at least 1:1 for water to the sum total of dinitrile and diamine in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, tin oxide, silicon oxide, oxides of the second to sixth transition group of the periodic table, oxides of the lanthanides and actinides, sheet-silicates and zeolites.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a DMC catalyst useful in the polymerization of alkylene oxides into polyether polyols, which process having the steps of (a combining an aqueous solution of a metal salt with an aqueous solution of a metal salt with an aqueous solution of a metal cyanide salt and reacting these solutions, wherein at least part of this reaction takes place in the presence of an organic complexing agent, thereby forming a dispersion of a solid DMC complex in an aqueous medium; (b) combining the dispersion obtained in step (a) with a liquid, which is essentially insoluble in water and which is capable of extracting the solid DMC complex formed in step (a) from the aqueous medium, and allowing a two-phase system to be formed consisting of a first aqueous layer and a layer containing the DMC complex and the liquid added; (c) removing the first aqueous layer; and (d) recovering the DMC catalyst from the layer containing the DMC catalyst.

Abstract: A process for removing low molecular weight constituents from polyamide 6 or from copolyamides based on caprolactam (herein (co)polyamide) is disclosed. The process comprise subjecting the (co)polyamide to liquid-extraction at a temperature which is above the boiling point of the liquid at atmospheric pressure said liquid containing water in an amount of at least 80 percent relative to its weight.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for grinding a plastic material to produce superfine particles and compositions, such as suspensions and dry powders, resulting from such process. Common ice is the abrasive for grinding.

Abstract: A production method of polymer particles produces graft polymer particles by contacting a coagulant with a polymer latex (A) obtained by graft polymerizing a monomer containing methylmethacrylate to a rubber-like polymer. The method comprises a coagulation step in which polymer latex (A) is discharged into a stirring tank from an immersed nozzle provided so that the cross-sectional surface area of the discharge portion is 40 mm2 or more and the direction of discharge is facing in the same direction as the flow in the stirring tank and so that the linear velocity at the nozzle outlet is a velocity of 50-350 mm/s, and contacted with a coagulant to coagulate the graft polymer and obtain a slurry liquid; and a solidification step in which the resulting slurry liquid is held at a temperature of 60-100° C. to solidify the coagulated graft polymer.

Abstract: G Protein-coupled receptor proteins originating in the vicinity of rat brain stem and human brain or salts thereof, or peptide fragments thereof or amides, esters or salts of the same; ligands thereto; a method/kit for screening compounds capable of altering the binding properties of the ligands to the G protein-coupled receptor proteins; the compounds or salts thereof obtained by the above screening; antibodies against the G protein-coupled receptor proteins, etc.

Abstract: The invention features a polypeptide complex synthesized by bacteria of the genus Clostridia that contains the serotype E botulinum neurotoxin and five neurotoxin associated polypeptides having molecular weights of about 118, 80, 65, 40, and 18 kDa, respectively. The complex is useful in the treatment of diseases or conditions that are caused by excessive release of acetylcholine from presynaptic nerve terminals.

Abstract: The present invention provides HDGFX, a novel isolated polypeptide, as well as a polynucleotide encoding HDGFX and antibodies that immunospecifically bind to HDGFX or any derivative, variant, mutant, or fragment of the HDGFX polypeptide, polynucleotide or antibody. The invention additionally provides methods in which the HDGFX polypeptide, polynucleotide and antibody are used in detection and treatment of a broad range of pathological states, as well as to other uses.

Abstract: A purified mammalian proteoglycan, and genetic information encoding such proteoglycans, having a core polypetide molecular weight of about 30 kD to about 35 kD, and comprising a hydrophilic amino terminal extracellular region, a hydrophilic carboxy terminal cytoplasmic region, a transmembrane hydrophobic region between said cytoplasmic and extracellular regions, a protease susceptible cleavage sequence extracellularly adjacent the transmembrane region of the peptide, and at least one glycosylation site for attachment of a heparan sulfate chain to said extracellular region, said glycosylation site comprising a heparan sulfate attachment sequence represented by a formula Xac-Z-Ser-Gly-Ser-Gly (SEQ ID NO: 44), where Xac represents an amino acid residue having an acidic sidechain, and Z represents from 1 to 10 amino acid residues. Additional peptides having this glycosylation site and genetic information useful for preparing a number of variations based on this glycosylation site are also provided.

Abstract: This invention provides assays for agents that modulate (e.g. upregulate, downregulate or completely inhibit) microtubule depolymerizing or microtubule severing proteins. Such agents will have profound effects on progression of the cell cycle and act as potent anti-mitotic agents. The microtubule severing protein or microtubule depolymerizing protein is preferably a katanin, a p60 subunit of a katanin, an XKCM 1, or an OP18 polypeptide.

Abstract: According to the present invention, an isolated and purified DNA sequence which encodes a lantibiotic, mutacin I, is disclosed. The nucleic acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID No: 1 and the amino acid sequence is set forth in SEQ ID No: 2.

Abstract: The present invention relates, in general, to Epstein Barr virus induced (EBI) genes. In particular, the present invention relates to DNA segments coding for EBI 1, EBI 2, or EBI 3 polypeptides; EBI 1, EBI 2, or EBI 3 polypeptides; recombinant DNA molecules; cells containing the recombinant DNA molecules; antisense EBI 1, EBI 2, or EBI 3 constructs; antibodies having binding affinity to an EBI 1, EBI 2, or EBI 3 polypeptide; hybridomas containing the antibodies; nucleic acid probes for the detection of the presence of Epstein Barr Virus; a method of detecting Epstein Barr virus in a sample; and kits containing nucleic acid probes or antibodies.

Abstract: A chimeric protein expressed from a transgene tranduced into a mammalian tumor cell and method of using the chimeric protein for cancer treatment. The chimeric protein comprises an effector and an anchor, which are linked by a spacer. The chimeric protein, when expressed and exposed on the tumor cell surface in vivo can activate T cells, which further lead to lysis of the tumor cells. The anti-tumor effects can be enhanced by co-expression of certain co-stimulators, such as CD80 or CD86.